3. Most of the systems in the body are affected by these xenobiotic
compounds including the immune, neurological, and the
endocrine systems.
Toxicity in these systems can lead to immune
dysfunction, autoimmunity, asthma, cancer, learning
difficulties, mood changes, neurological illnesses, changes in
sexual desire and functioning, reproductive dysfunction, and
upsets in blood glucose levels, etc.
4. SOURCES OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUND
Petrochemical industry : oil/gas industry, refineries, and the
production of basic chemicals e.g. vinyl chloride and benzene
Plastic industry
- closely related to the petrochemical industry
- uses a number of complex organic compounds
such as anti-oxidants, plasticizers, cross-linking agents
Pesticide industry : most commonly found central structures are
benzene and benzene derivatives, often chlorinated and often
heterocyclic
Paint industry : major ingredient are solvents, xylene, toluene,
methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and preservatives
Others : Electronic industry, Textile industry, Pulp and Paper
industry, Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical industry, Wood
preservation
5. Human health is also deteriorated by many other sources of
toxic substances, i.e. chlorine and heavy metals contained in
water, toxic ingredients and heavy metals contained in
household and personal care products
(shampoo, lotion, makeup, deodorant, detergent, air
deodorizers, antiseptic solutions and sprays, cleaning
agents, etc.), synthetic materials, dry cleaning, plastic
products, etc.
13. Phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme
UDP glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs),
Sulfo transferases (STs),
N-acetyl transferases (arylamine N-acetytransferase; NATs),
glutathione S- transferases (GSTs)
various methyl transferases ,such as thiopurine S-methyl
transferase and catechol O-methyl transferase.
14. Cytochrome P450: Terminal
Oxidase in Xenobiotic Metabolism
Cytochrome P450s family ("superfamily') of similar
hemoproteins, and is critically important in xenobiotic
metabolism.
The human genome encodes 57 P450 proteins:
(Guengerich, 2003). 15 of these are involved in metabolism of
xenobiotic chemicals.
14 are primarily involved in the metabolism of sterols
(including bile acids);
4 that are oxidizing fat-soluble vitamins; and
9 are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and
eicosanoids.
19. Flouoride
Fluoride is very poisonous substance which is added to foods
and water. Fluoride is a poison that causes many health
problems, including:
1. It accumulates in our bones and makes them more brittle
and prone to fracture.
2. It accumulates in our pineal gland, possibly lowering the
production of melatonin a very important regulatory hormone
(Luke, 1997, 2001).
3. There are serious, but yet unproven, concerns about a
connection between fluoridation and osteosarcoma in young
men (Cohn, 1992), as well as fluoridation and the current
epidemics of both arthritis and hypothyroidism.
20.
21.
22. References
Jos G. M. Bessems* and Nico P. E. Vermeulen .Paracetamol
(Acetaminophen)-Induced Toxicity:Molecular and Biochemical
Mechanisms,Analogues and Protective Approaches, Critical
Reviews in Toxicology, 31(1):55–138 (2001)
S.Fatzner.BIOTECHNOLOGY –Vol-X Biodegredation of
xenobiotics
Curtis J. Omiecinski et.al.Xenobiotic Metabolism, Disposition, and
Regulation by Receptors: From Biochemical Phenomenon to
Predictors of Major Toxicities. TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES
120(S1), S49–S75 (2011) doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq338 Advance Access
publication November 8, 2010
Andrew D. Patterson et al. Xenobiotic Metabolism: A View
through the Metabolometer.Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2010, 23, 851–860
