Soc315 v6 multicultural matrix and analysis worksheetsoc315 v

1. SOC/315 v6
Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet
SOC/315 v6
Page 2 of 2
Multicultural Matrix and Analysis WorksheetPart 1: Matrix
Using Ch. 10 of Sociology in Modules and your own Internet
research, select and identify six different ethnic groups.
Complete the matrix for the groups you identified.
Ethnic Group
Explain a historical fact about this group that has implications
in the present.
What are some cultural practices and/or customs shared by this
group?
How is this group represented in the media?
What is a current challenge faced by this group in the
workplace?
1.
2.
3.
4.

2. 5.
6.
Part 2: Analysis
Write a 350- to 700-word analysis of the advantages of a
multicultural society and labor force. Include specific examples
related to at least three of the ethnic groups you identified in
Part 1. Use the following questions to guide your writing:
· How has U.S. society influenced these ethnic groups’ mindset
and identity?
· How has each group been stereotyped? How accurate are these
stereotypes?
· How do the social concepts of prejudice, discrimination, and
privilege affect multicultural groups?
· How do the behavior and thinking patterns in U.S. society
(biases, stereotypes, discriminatory practices) affect
multicultural groups, especially regarding class systems and
employment?
<Write your analysis here.>Part 3: References
Include references formatted according to APA guidelines.
<List your references here.>
Copyright 2020 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2020 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
112-111 Lent Term Project

3. [45
marks]
Use the following information on the Final Grade on the 11th
Grade Math Project. time
6 18 49 35 26 37 46 68 78 79 80 91
20 76 86 85 67 58 56 89 30 32 76 57
98 98 89 23 47 87 57 77 68 18 69 21
51 30 65 95 87 48 68 78 89 52 56 17
65 66 46 8 49 99 100 80 58 48 37 26
1) Draw a grouped frequency table using the interval limits 1 -
10, 11 - 20, 21 - 30, …..91 - 100. Label your score column,
Grade, and your frequency column, Number of students. Also
include a boundaries column, midpoint column and cumulative
frequency column [10]
2) Turn your table landscape. Draw and label a histogram. Let
every 1 cm = 1 units on the y-axis and 1 cm = 5 units on your x-
axis. [13]
3) Turn your table landscape. Draw and label a frequency
polygon. Let every 1 cm = 1 units on the y-axis and 1 cm = 5
units on your x-axis. [10]
4) Turn your table landscape. Draw and label a cumulative
frequency curve. Let every 1 cm = 5 units on the both axes
[10]
5) Are the final grades a continuous or discrete variable?
How do you know?
[2]

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terns. In the United States, Puerto Ricans, Jews, and Polish
Americans are all categorized
as ethnic groups (Table 31-1).
TABLE 31-1 RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE
UNITED STATES,
2016
1270885 - McGraw Hill Education ©
Note: Arab American population excluded from White total. All
data are for 2016. Percentages do
not total 100 percent, and when subcategories are added, they
do not match totals in major
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categories because of overlap between groups (e.g., Polish
American Jews or people of mixed
ancestry such as Irish and Italian). Only White ancestry groups
over 5 million listed.
Sources: American Community Survey 2017a:Tables B01001H,
B02001, B02016, B02018, B03001, B04006;
Steinhardt Social Research Institute 2016.
Minority Groups
A numerical minority is any group that makes up less than half
of some larger population.

5. The population of the United States includes thousands of
numerical minorities, including
television actors, green-eyed people, tax lawyers, and
descendants of the Pilgrims who
arrived on the Mayflower. However, these numerical minorities
are not considered to be
minorities in the sociological sense; in fact, the number of
people in a group does not
necessarily determine its status as a social minority (or a
dominant group). When
sociologists define a minority group, they are concerned
primarily with the economic and
political power, or powerlessness, of that group. A minority
group is a subordinate group
whose members have significantly less control or power over
their own lives than the
members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Sociologists have identified five basic properties of a minority
group: unequal
treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity,
and in-group marriage
(Wagley and Harris 1958):
1. Members of a minority group experience unequal treatment
compared to members
of a dominant group. For example, the management of an
apartment complex may
refuse to rent to African Americans, Hispanics, or Jews. Social
inequality may be
created or maintained by prejudice, discrimination, segregation,
or even
extermination.
2. Members of a minority group share physical or cultural
characteristics that

6. distinguish them from the dominant group. Each society
arbitrarily decides which
characteristics are most important in defining groups.
3. Membership in a minority (or dominant) group is not
voluntary; people are born into
the group. Thus, race and ethnicity are considered ascribed
statuses.
4. Minority group members have a strong sense of group
solidarity. William Graham
Sumner, writing in 1906, noted that people make distinctions
between members of
their own group (the in-group) and everyone else (the out-
group). When a group is the
object of long-term prejudice and discrimination, the feeling of
“us versus them” can
and often does become extremely intense.
5. Members of a minority group generally marry others from the
same group.
A member of a dominant group is often unwilling to marry into
a
supposedly inferior minority group. In addition, the minority
group’s sense of
solidarity encourages marriage within the group and discourages
marriage to
outsiders.
Race
Many people think of race as a series of biological
classifications. However, research
shows that that is not a meaningful way of differentiating
people. Genetically, there are no
systematic differences between the races that affect people’s
social behavior and abilities.

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Instead, sociologists use the term racial group to refer to those
minorities (and the
corresponding dominant groups) who are set apart from others
by obvious physical
differences. But what is an “obvious” physical difference? Each
society labels those
differences that people consider important, while ignoring other
characteristics that could
serve as a basis for social differentiation.
Social Construction of Race
Because race is a social construction, the process of defining
races typically benefits
those who have more power and privilege than others. In the
United States, we see
differences in both skin color and hair color. Yet people learn
informally that differences in
skin color have a dramatic social and political meaning,
whereas differences in hair color
do not.
When observing skin color, many people in the United States
tend to lump others rather
casually into the traditional categories of “Black,” “White,” and
“Asian.” Subtle differences
in skin color often go unnoticed. In many nations of Central
America and South America,
in contrast, people recognize color gradients on a continuum
from light to dark skin color.
Brazil has approximately 40 color groupings, while in other
countries people may be

8. described as “Mestizo Hondurans,” “Mulatto Colombians,” or
“African Panamanians.”
What we see as “obvious” differences, then, are subject to each
society’s social definitions.
The largest racial minorities in the United States are African
Americans (or Blacks),
Native Americans (or American Indians), and Asian Pacific
Americans (Japanese
Americans, Chinese Americans, Hawaiians, and other Asian
Pacific peoples). Figure 31-1
provides information about the population of racial and ethnic
groups in the United States
over the past five centuries, projected through 2060.
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FIGURE 31-1 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States,
1500–2060 (Projected)
Sources: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 2004a; Colby
and Ortman 2015:9. Top photo: Source: Library
of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZC2-
1745]; bottom photo: ©Ken Usami/Photodisc/Getty
Images
The racial and ethnic composition of what is today the United
States has been undergoing
change not just for the past 50 years, but for the past 500. Five

9. centuries ago the land was
populated only by indigenous Native Americans.
Given current population patterns, it is clear that the nation’s
diversity will continue to
increase. In 2011, for the first time ever, census data revealed
that the majority of all
children ages three and under are now either Hispanic or non-
White. This turning point
marked the beginning of a pattern in which the nation’s
minority population will slowly
become the majority. By 2014, the majority of people under age
18 in the United States
belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups (Colby and Ortman
2015).
Racial definitions are crystallized through what Michael Omi
and Howard
Winant (2015) have called racial formation, a sociohistorical
process in which
racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and
destroyed. In this process, those
who have power define groups of people according to a racist
social structure. The
creation of a reservation system for Native Americans in the
late 1800s is one example of
racial formation. Federal officials combined what were
distinctive tribes into a single racial
group, which we refer to today as Native Americans. The extent
and frequency with which
peoples are subject to racial formation are such that no one
escapes it.
Another example of racial formation from the 1800s was known
as the “one-drop rule.”
If a person had even a single drop of “Black blood,” that person

10. was defined and viewed as
Black, even if he or she appeared to be White. Clearly, race had
social significance, enough
so that White legislators established official standards about
who was “Black” and who
was “White.”
The one-drop rule was a vivid example of the social
construction of race—the process
by which people come to define a group as a race based in part
on physical
characteristics, but also on historical, cultural, and economic
factors. For example, in the
1800s, immigrant groups such as Italian and Irish Americans
were not at first seen as
being “White,” but as foreigners who were not necessarily
trustworthy. The social
construction of race is an ongoing process that is subject to
debate, especially in a diverse
society such as the United States, where each year increasing
numbers of children are
born to parents of different racial backgrounds.
Recognition of Multiple Identities
In 1900, in an address to the Anti-Slavery Union in London,
scholar W. E. B. DuBois
predicted that “the color line” would become the foremost
problem of the 20th century.
DuBois, born a free Black man in 1868, had witnessed prejudice
and discrimination
throughout the United States. His comment was prophetic.
Today, over a century later, race
and ethnicity still carry enormous weight in the United States
(DuBois [1900] 1969).
The color line has blurred significantly since 1900, however.

11. Interracial marriage is no
longer forbidden by law and custom. Thus, Geetha Lakshmi-
narayanan, a native of Ann
Arbor, Michigan, is both White and Asian Indian. Often
mistaken for a Filipina or Latina,
she has grown accustomed to the blunt question “What are
you?” (Navarro 2005).
file://view/books/9781260399271/epub/OPS/s9ml/glossary/gloss
ary.html#key-racial_formation
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In the late 20th century, with immigration from Latin America
rising, the fluid nature of
racial formation became evident. Suddenly, people were
speaking about the “Latin
Americanization” of the United States, or about a biracial,
Black/White society being
replaced by a triracial one. In the 2010 Census, over 9 million
people in the United States
(or about 2.9 percent of the population) reported that they were
of two or more races. Half
the people classified as multiracial were under age 18,
suggesting that this segment of the
population will grow in the years to come. People who claimed
both White and American
Indian ancestry were the largest group of multiracial residents
(Bonilla-Silva 2004; Humes
et al. 2011).
This statistical finding of millions of multiracial people
obscures how individuals are
often asked to handle their identity. For example, the enrollment
forms for government

12. programs typically include only a few broad racial-ethnic
categories. This approach to
racial categorization is part of a long history that dictates
single-race identities. Still, many
individuals, especially young adults, struggle against social
pressure to choose a single
identity, and instead openly embrace multiple heritages. Public
figures, rather than hide
their mixed ancestry, now flaunt it. Singer Mariah Carey
celebrates her Irish American
background, and former President Barack Obama speaks of
being born in Hawaii to a
Kenyan father and a White mother from Kansas.
use your sociological imagination
Using a TV remote control, how quickly do you think you could
find a television show in which all the
characters share your racial or ethnic background? What about a
show in which all the characters
share a different background from yours—how quickly could
you find one?
Ethnicity
An ethnic group, unlike a racial group, is set apart from others
because of its national
origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Among the ethnic groups
in the United States are
peoples with a Spanish-speaking background, referred to
collectively as Latinos or
Hispanics, such as Puerto Ricans, Mexican Americans, Cuban
Americans, and other Latin
Americans. Other ethnic groups in this country include Jewish,
Irish, Italian, and Norwegian
Americans. Although these groupings are convenient, they serve
to obscure differences
within ethnic categories (as in the case of Hispanics), as well as

13. to overlook the mixed
ancestry of so many people in the United States.
Man: ©Juanmonino/Getty Images; woman:
©SnowWhiteimages/Shutterstock
Today, some children of mixed-race families identify
themselves as biracial or multiracial,
rejecting efforts to place them in a single racial category.
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Page 230
The distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is not
always clear-cut. Some
members of racial minorities, such as Asian Americans, may
have significant cultural
differences from other racial groups. At the same time, certain
ethnic minorities, such as
Latinos, may have obvious physical differences that set them
apart from other
ethnic groups in the United States.
Despite categorization problems, sociologists continue to feel
that the distinction
between racial groups and ethnic groups is socially significant.
In most societies,
including the United States, socially constructed physical
differences tend to be more
visible than ethnic differences. Partly as a result of this fact,
stratification along racial
lines is more resistant to change than stratification along ethnic
lines. Over time, members

14. of an ethnic minority can sometimes become indistinguishable
from the majority—
although the process may take generations and may never
include all members of the
group. In contrast, members of a racial minority find it much
more difficult to blend in with
the larger society and gain acceptance from the majority.
Prejudice and Discrimination
Looking at the United States in the 21st century, some people
wonder aloud if race and
ethnicity are still relevant to social stratification. After all,
African Americans have served
as secretary of state, secretary of defense, chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, and,
most notably, president of the United States; the office of
attorney general has been held
by both an African American and a Hispanic. As historic as
these leaders’ achievements
have been, however, in every case their elevation meant that
they entered an
overwhelmingly White government department or assembly.
At the same time, college campuses across the United States
have been the scene of
bias-related incidents. Student-run newspapers and radio
stations have ridiculed racial
and ethnic minorities; threatening literature has been stuffed
under the doors of minority
students; graffiti endorsing the views of White supremacist
organizations such as the Ku
Klux Klan have been scrawled on university walls. In some
cases, there have even been
violent clashes between groups of White and Black students. In
2018, students staged
protests, sit-ins, and hunger strikes over incidents such as

15. prejudiced statements by
college leaders, hassling of Black students by campus police,
fraternities issuing
invitations to “white girls only,” and human feces on bathroom
walls in the form of
swastikas.What causes such ugly incidents?
Prejudice
Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of
people, often an ethnic or
racial minority. If you resent your roommate because he or she
is sloppy, you are not
necessarily guilty of prejudice. However, if you immediately
stereotype your roommate on
the basis of such characteristics as race, ethnicity, or religion,
that is a form of prejudice.
Prejudice tends to perpetuate false definitions of individuals
and groups.
Sometimes prejudice results from ethnocentrism—the tendency
to assume that one’s
own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior
to all others. Ethnocentric
people judge other cultures by the standards of their group,
which leads quite easily to
prejudice against cultures they view as inferior.
file://view/books/9781260399271/epub/OPS/s9ml/glossary/gloss
ary.html#key-ethnocentrism
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One important and widespread ideology that reinforces
prejudice is racism, the belief
that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.

16. When racism prevails in a
society, members of subordinate groups generally experience
prejudice, discrimination,
and exploitation. In 1990, as concern mounted about racist
attacks in the United States,
Congress passed the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. As a result,
hate crimes are now
beginning to be reported and investigated in much the same way
as conventional crimes
against property and people.
©Paul Bereswill/Getty Images
Even successful members of minority groups, like Jeremy Lin,
point guard for the Brooklyn Nets,
are subjected to ethnic slurs. “Chink in the Armor” proclaimed a
headline on ESPN’s website in
2012 after Lin, who had spearheaded a multigame winning
streak, had a bad night. The network
later apologized for the remark.
Prejudice comes from a number of sources, including the open
expression of prejudiced
views and the idea that taking advantage of some other group
may help one’s own group
to advance. In Box 31-1, we see the results of an experiment
where White college students
were given the opportunity to make recommendations for
college scholarships and how
the recipient’s race affected their decision.
Prejudice is also rooted in racial and ethnic stereotypes—
file://view/books/9781260399271/epub/OPS/s9ml/glossary/gloss
ary.html#key-racism

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Page 231
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do
not recognize individual
differences within the group. The dominant or majority group
creates these stereotypes
through the process of racial formation. As the interactionist
William I. Thomas noted, the
dominant group’s “definition of the situation” is often so
powerful, it can mold the
individual personality. That is, people respond not only to the
objective features of a
situation or person, but also to the social meaning that situation
or person carries. Thus,
the false images or stereotypes created by the dominant group
can become real in their
consequences (Thomas 1923).
BOX 31-1
Sociology on Campus
Bias in Awarding Scholarship Money
In this study, a team of social psychologists asked college
students to evaluate portfolios of
incoming art students who they were told were competing for a
scholarship. Each White student
was shown four portfolios containing artwork samples and
background information that contained
the purported applicant’s picture (three applicants were White,
one African American).
The student evaluators were told that the university had
allocated a total of $100,000 for the

18. four scholarships and asked to recommend how much each
applicant should receive. Before the
experiment, the artwork had been evaluated to be so similar that
worthiness of talent was
irrelevant. The only real difference between applicants was
their race.
The outcome was striking. If race did not matter, the average
allocation among the over one
hundred students looking at the portfolios would be about
$25,000, or $100,000 split four ways.
Instead, the average scholarship recommendation for the Black
applicant was under $19,000—a
significant difference.
The researchers argued that the scarcity of the reward (the
limited amount of money available
and the fact that the applicants were in fact competing for it)
invited the unsuspecting students to
show bias. To have awarded more to the Black applicant would
have disadvantaged the White
applicants.
In a variation of this experiment, another group of student
evaluators was asked to recommend
scholarship amounts based on their review of the art portfolios,
but this time the total scholarship
funds were not limited: giving more to one applicant did not
necessarily mean giving less to another.
Still, the African American applicant was awarded less money
than his or her White counterparts.
Resources in society are not evenly distributed, and certainly
this is something that college
students appreciate with respect to scholarship money. So when
given the chance to help out other

19. students, what did the White student evaluators do? Did they
allocate funds equally between Whites
and Blacks? No. Did they, out of some sense of “White guilt” or
desire to help members of a group
they know to be disadvantaged, award more to the would-be
Black college art student? No. Instead,
White evaluators typically awarded more money to White
applicants than to Black applicants.
Resources in society are not evenly distributed, and certainly
this is something that college
students appreciate with respect to scholarship money.
1270885 - McGraw Hill Education ©
L E T ’ S D I S C U S S
1. What do you think the results would have been if the races of
the evaluators and applicants
had been reversed? If other groups, such as Asian Americans,
had been included as
evaluators or applicants? Why?
2. What are some other situations in which this kind of bias
might affect the life chances of
members of a minority group?
Source: Krosch et al. 2018.
Color-Blind Racism
Over the past three generations, nationwide surveys have
consistently shown growing
support among Whites for integration, interracial dating, and
the election of minority group

20. members to public office—including the presidency of the
United States. How can this
trend be explained, given the persistence of residential
segregation and the commission of
thousands of hate crimes every year? The answer, to some
extent, is that prejudice and
discriminatory attitudes are no longer expressed as freely as
they once were. Often, they
are couched in terms of equal opportunity.
Color-blind racism is the use of the principle of race neutrality
to defend a racially
unequal status quo. Proponents of race neutrality claim they
believe that everyone should
be treated equally. However, the way they apply the principle to
government policy is
anything but neutral. Proponents of this approach oppose
affirmative action, public
welfare assistance, and to a large extent, government-funded
health insurance, all of
which they see largely as favors to minority groups. Yet they do
not object to practices that
privilege Whites, such as college admissions criteria that give
preference to the relatives of
alumni. Nor do they oppose tax breaks for homeowners, most of
whom are White, or
government financial aid to college students, who are also
disproportionately White.
Though race neutrality is not based on theories of racial
superiority or inferiority, then, the
idea that society should be color-blind only perpetuates racial
inequality.
Color-blind racism has also been referred to as “covert racism.”
Although its proponents
rarely speak of racism, other indicators of social status, such as

21. social class or citizenship,
tend to become proxies for race. Thus, many White people can
convince themselves that
they are not racist—nor do they know anyone who is—and yet
remain prejudiced against
“welfare mothers” and “immigrants.” They can conclude,
mistakenly, that racial tolerance,
or even racial and ethnic equality, has been achieved.
Researchers who have surveyed White attitudes toward African
Americans over the
past several decades have reached two inescapable conclusions.
First, people’s attitudes
do change. In periods of social upheaval, dramatic attitudinal
shifts can occur within a
single generation. Second, less racial progress was made in the
late 20th and early 21st
centuries than in the relatively brief period of the 1950s and
1960s.
Today, economically disadvantaged groups such as African
Americans and Latinos
have become so closely associated with urban decay,
homelessness, welfare, and crime
that those problems are now viewed as racial issues, even if
they are not labeled as such.
The tendency to blame the victims of these social ills
complicates their resolution,
especially at a time when government’s ability to address so
file://view/books/9781260399271/ep ub/OPS/s9ml/glossary/gloss
ary.html#key-color-blind_racism
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