80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
The Collapse Of Rome In The Third Century
1. The Collapse Of Rome In The Third Century
New problems arose after Marcus Aurelius died in a.d.180. Rome Empire came near collapse in the third century. Following a series of civil wars,
the military government under the Severan rulers restored order. After the Severan rulers restored order there was more disorder from 235 to 284
almost 50 years. Rome was occupied by whoever had the military strength to invade Rome. The Rome Empire was attack by series of invasions. In
the east, the Sassanid Persians made inroads into Rome territory. Germanic tribes poured into Spain, Balkans, and Gaul. In the third century all the
invasions, civil wars, and plague almost caused an economic collapse. Both military and the economy affected by an epidemic disease because of
this they was a decline in trade and small industry. The farm production declined as crops were ravaged by invaders or the defending Roman army.
The armies were needed so they pay more soldiers. The state had to hire Germans to fight but they did not understand the Rome traditions and had no
loyalty to the empire.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Roman Empire had grown too large for a single ruler, Diocletian divided it into four units know as prefectures. Roman divided into two parts,
east and west they both had two leaders. Roman population was not growing so the tax base could not pay for them and the money began to lose
value. Both rulers devised new economic and social policies to deal with the financial burdens. To fight the inflation Diocletian issued a price edict in
301 that set wage and price controls for the
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2. The Fall Of The Roman Empire Summary
In the book The Fall of the Roman Empire the author Peter Heather talks about the ways the Roman empire conquered the many territories
surrounding them and how strong of an empire the Roman empire was. He also talks about the build up all the events that causes the empire to fall.
Peter also talks about the people that helped or was involved with the build up or the collapse of the Roman empire. Peter Heather mainly wrote this
book to speak of how the European barbarians that got turned into enemies through imperialism and that these Barbarians were capable of tearing
apart an empire that ruled over them for many of years.Peter also, mentions all the battles and build ups that occurred throughout the Barbarians
"reign" of power and speaks mainly of the battles that they went through. Peters argument is that the empire did not collapse because of social or
moral collapse but he believes that the empire fell because of the Barbarians. There was many events that occurred in The Fall of the Roman Empire.
Peter Heath speaks of many Hunnic battles, because Heather is trying to explain how military strategical the Huns are and he also talks about the
battles because the Huns begin to become an issue with Roman Empire, he also speaks of these battles because they have such a large effect on the
collapse of the Roman Empire. Peter speaks of the Battle of Hadrianople,this battle was when the Goths defeated their first Roman army and this is
what made the Goths realize that they
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3. Why Did Diocletian Reform The Roman Empire
Diocletian understood that ruling over a major political entity like the Roman Empire was too difficult for one ruler. This lead to the first major
political reform of the Roman Empire. Diocletian's solution to this problem was the tetrarchy. Diocletian divide the empire into 4 territories that were
all ruled by a separate leader. The tetrarchy was to help bring the empire back to the ways of the "Good Emperors" where the succession of power was
peaceful. Diocletian wanted the Emperors to select their successors from the ranks of the nobles. After Diocletian's retirement in 305 CE, his hope for a
smooth transition of power quickly turned into complete chaos. Diocletian also tried to reform the economy of the empire to provide it with stimulation.
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The Visigoths were being forced into the empire the Huns and there leader Attila. The Visigoth eventually settled in the areas of Spain and Gaul were
they won the right to settle. Roman had been importing slaves, servants, and soldiers into the empire. It wasn't until the population of the Visigoths in
the Empire increased that the peaceful arrangement ended. The Romans treated the Visigoth poorly which led to the Visigoths rebelling against Valens
at the Battle of Adrianople and defeating him. When the defeat of Valens, the Romans allowed the barbicans to form settlements in the center of the
empire. The Vandals, within three decades, had gained control over northwest Africa and the majority of the Mediterranean. The Burgundians came
into the Empire right after the Vandals and settled in Gaul. The Franks settle in north and central Gaul.
How did these tribes take over such a mighty empire so easily? "The invaders were successful because they came in rapid succession upon badly
overextend Western empire divided politically by ambitious military commanders and weakened by decades of famine pestilence and over–taxation"
(KOTF 184). The Romans tried to assimilate the barbarians in to their armies. This "barbarizing" of the army just lead to a further weakening of the
army. By the middle of the 5th century, the power of theRoman Empire had been passed from the Emperors to
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4. Essay On How Did The Roman Empire Divide
An Empire Divided When the massive civil conflict finally ended in 284. It was decided the empire was too strained and large to be governed by
one man in one city. It limited military power. And created pockets where ambitious generals could become usurpers. No one wanted another Crisis.
The empire was split in two. The Western and Eastern Roman Empires, The West contained Rome, and the provinces west of the Greek peninsula. The
East, often called the Byzantine Empire due to the name of its capital, with everything to the east. While this helped the governing process of Rome it
did lead to the downfall of the Western Empire. When the East split away, Western Rome lost a significant part of its territory that generated money for
the empire. Most of Western Rome was agricultural with the exception of North Africa and western Hispania. Both of which would later be taken over
by the Vandals. Western Rome could not sustain itself without the support of the Eastern Empire. Religious Tensions Both during the third century
crisis and after the split of the empire there were widespread persecutions of minority... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only attacking to regain lost territory. This was a good thing for the Roman military. But, it did cripple the workhorse of the Roman economy.
Slaves. Once the expansion ended, Rome stopped receiving fresh slaves from the outside. When a slave died, you couldn't really replace them. Less
and less work was getting done in Rome. Its reliance on slavery to do almost all physical labor made the Roman people themselves weak. They
couldn't perform the same tasks to keep money flowing. When The Vandals took Carthage and North Africa, they also took Rome's last reliable source
of income. The Vandals became pirates, raiding and sabotaging Roman trade throughout the Mediterranean. By the time the Vandals sacked Rome in
455, in many senses the West did not have its own economy.
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5. West Goths Research Paper
Jessica Rangel
August 10,2015
Mr.Carter/7th period
Visigoths
The Visigoths or West Goths were the first Germanic people also known as goths,that had a major impact on European history. The Goths were
originally from southern Scandinavia and Baltic area. The term Visigoths originally came from the word Ostrogoths which means EastGoths. One
group differs from the other because one strayed away from the place of origin while the other stayed in the same area. The Goths were hospitable to
Roman ways of life, adapted to Roman luxuries, and embraced the Arian form of Christianity. Much of whom were enlisted into the Roman army, and
even took offices of state in Constantinople itself. Thus, when the westward drive of a Mongolian people called ... Show more content on
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famine broke out and in a decisive battle in 378 near Adrianople, in which Valens was killed. The victorious Goths then threatened Constantinople .
Theodosius I, who succeeded Valens as emperor in the East, made peace with the Goths and incorporated their army into the Roman forces. From that
time on, the Visigoths were an important influence in the Roman Empire. Goths who had established in Moesia became producers and were known as
Moeso–Goths.The alteration of Goths to a type of Christianity (Arianism) was due to Ulfilas who translated the Bible to Goths .On the death of
Theodosius in 395, the Visigoths renounced their allegiance to Rome and chose Alaric I as their ruler. Alaric invaded Greece and then Italy, and in
410 he captured and pillaged the city of Rome. In that same year he was succeeded by Ataulf, who led the Visigoths across the Pyrenees mountain
range into
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6. Roman Empire Dbq Essay
The Roman Empire was once one of the most powerful empires in the world, but still to this day we ask, how did the empire end? Romans built their
territory to be the best. They expanded their land across regions, had all the power, a large population, and technological innovations; so how could
such a 'great' empire end? Rome was once at it's peak but was destined to fall due to political instability, overconfidence, negligence, and barbarian
attacks.
If the United States had six different presidents every year, our nation would be unstable. According to Document A, in 30 years Rome had 22 different
emperors; only two died of natural deaths. The Roman Empire had frequent change in leadership. An example is, from 238–244 BC there were five
different emperors in a year, Gordian 1 & 2, Balbinus and Pupienus, and Gordian 3 (Document A). To barbarians, or people outside of Rome, this sent
a message of weakness; which meant they were losing power. The desiration to become a ruler ceased, as there were many assassinations. It was
dangerous to be an emperor at this time because there was minimal protection from the military and army. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome was at the peak of their time. They had powerful armies and constantly won wars, so Romans became lazy and neglected their daily drills and
armor such as helmets and breastplates because they thought it was unnecessary (Document B). According to Document B it states, "...the customary
armor began to seem heavy since the soldiers rarely wore it." Overconfident, the soldiers were unprotected during times of war leaving Rome with
little defense. Also, people such as clergymen, senators, bureaucrats, cooks, chefs, and slaves were exempted from joining the army, leaving a small
group of people to defend their empire from foreign invaders (Document
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7. Barbarians: The Ostrogoths Of Rome
The Ostrogoths The Goths, being well known throughout the country and to other barbarians, came from Scandinavia and around the Baltic. Splitting
into two parts, the Visigoths, the Western Goths, and the Ostrogoths, the Eastern Goths, they became two of the most known Germanic Tribes to this
day due to their large impact on the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths were led by Theodoric towards Italy after removing themselves from Hun control.
Theodoric ruled from 493 until 526, during such time he had conquered northern Italy and the Visigoths had made it their home (Willis). Theodoric
was ruthless to everything and one he came across, using his sword he would slice people in two. Although he did such terror, his people saw him as
an effigy. After
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8. The Internal And Economic Causes Of The Fall Of Rome
Many seem to see the fall of Rome as a single event that suddenly occurred all at once, with one date marking the collapse of the empire. However,
the fall of Rome wasn't a clear–cut event. It was long, drawn out over several centuries, with many causes that, together, proved disastrous for the
empire. The fall was most likely caused by a combination of internal and external issues, most notably economic collapse, corruption, the rise of
Christianity, and attacks by barbarians (Squires). There were several factors contributing to the economic collapse of Rome. The first was lavish
spending. Emperors and other nobility became known for spending extravagant amounts of money on "lavish parties where guests drank and ate until
they became sick." Many also spent money on prostitutes – of which there were many – and entertainment at the Colosseum. Another economic issue
was the rise of unemployment. Slavery made it easy to grow a lot of food very cheaply – for some. For those who didn't have slaves, it was nearly
impossible to compete, meaning that only the richest farmers could afford to farm. Over time, the rest all became unemployed. The third economic
reason for the fall of Rome was inflation that began after Marcus Aurelius. Rome was no longer conquering new lands, reducing the amount of money
entering the empire. The price of goods began rising higher and higher, until gold became meaningless and Romans returned to a system of bartering
to pay for goods and services.
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9. The Cycle From Nomadic To Sedentary And Then Conquered
The cycle from Nomadic to sedentary and then conquered by nomads would spin its wheel right into the mighty Empire of Europe, as Roman
expansion in Europe spreading its resources thin and the migratory period of nomadic tribes, like the Germanic Goths, to expand south near the black
sea, from Scandinavia in the late first century AD. The Roman empire had always been on the offense for centuries, conquering territory after territory,
but with every large empire, military units needed to increase to keep its boarders safe from invaders. Rome would rely on hiring foreign tribes as
mercenaries in the north for protection, but even with this, the Emperor Diocletian would split the empire into four sections for better management.
The Goths had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The welcoming party was short lived, as the Visigoths were treated inhumanly by the Romans, allowing many to starve to death, and exploiting the
children of Goths in exchange for dog meat. Feeling betrayed, in 376 AD, the Goths rebelled against Rome by plundering the nearby towns with
whatever they can take. The Goths would continue pillaging the countryside of Rome, gathering resources and soldiers made up of prisoners of Rome
and former slaves, and in 378 AD they went up against the emperor Valens himself at the battle of Adrianople. Consequently, Emperor Valens, along
with two–thirds of his armies, perished under the brute force of Fritigern armies. This was one of the most devastating defeat to the Romans in
centuries. The Visigoths armies would split in 380 AD with the Greuthungi going north to invade, and the Therving going south. The new Eastern
Roman Emperor, Theodosius I, would campaign against the Goths and either defeated or signed a peace treaty with the Greuthungi Goths. Western
Rome would send two generals to help its eastern counterpart against the remaining Goths producing no results, and in 382 AD, Rome would end the
war with a treaty, allowing land distribution to the visigoths, while they agreed to produce men for Rome's ever diminishing military. Rome would
break the treaty with the foreigners after the death of Theodosius I a few years later, creating a series of catastrophic events for the western division of
the empire. In 397 AD,
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10. What Are The Primary Reasons For The Fall Of Rome
Fall of Rome
The superpower of the Mediterranean world was the Roman Empire which lasted from 50 BCE to 200 CE. Rome became the center of one of the
world's greatest empires around 750 BCE. It became magnificent settlement with many wealthy people. Around 200 BCE Rome was transforming into
a enormous, expanding empire. Rome was expanding into foreign lands, officially enhancing a powerhouse. The primary reasons for the fall of Rome
were outside invasion(DC), corruption(DE), and diseases(DF).
Outside invasion was one of the many reasons for the collapse of Rome. there were two groups that invaded in Rome.One of the invaders were the
Visigoths. The other one was Ostrogoths. The Visigoths were the first one to invade Rome and then spread
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11. Why Did The Viggoth Invade The Greeks
The Visigoths were a part of the german barbaric tribe the Goths. They were settled in the western part of Germany near the black sea, this was their
original origin. Their enemy were The Huns, a barbaric group from modern day central Asia. This is important information because The Huns were the
reason why the Visigoths went to Rome. The Huns had started to invade and The Visigoths asked roman emperor Valen for shelter. The Romans were
happy with having them there and they wanted them to assimilate to Roman culture. They ended up settling in an area near Danube. By 376 CE. The
Visigoths began to feel mistreated by the Roman governors and began to rebel. This barbaric rebellion led to The Gothic Wars between roman forces
and the Visigoths. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the Valens death the new emperor Theodosius tried to create peace between the Romans and the Visigoths. This was only successful until
the death of Theodosius in 395 CE. After that the Visigoths began to see Alaric I as their king. He tried to bring Visigoth culture into Roman
culture by using Visigoth governors. Alaric I took Visigothic forces into Greece to begin and take over. After he was done with Greece he went
back to Italy and in 410 CE began to sack Rome. When Alaric I died, Athaulf was the new leader and he took over Gaul and created the Visigothic
Kingdom of Toulouse. Many leaders later the Visigoths managed to take over a large chunk of Spain. In 507 CE, Frank leader Clovis defeated
Visigoth leader Alaric II in the battle of Clovis and the Visigothic kingdom became Frankish. The legacy that the Visigoths left were that they are seen
as nation builders. They were the first to create a united kingdom and be successful. The Visigoths themselves did not make any inventions but they
basically created Hispania and then they therefore led to the inventions of glass mirrors and
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12. A Disappeared World By Chris Lowney
A vanished World written by Chris Lowney chronicles the daily life of the Jews, Muslims and Christians, living in the Muslim kingdoms in Medieval
Spain. He covers different spectrum of this world that was torn by religious antagonism. In Medieval Spain, in the medieval Spanish villages Muslims,
Christians, and Jews rubbed shoulders on a daily basis. They shared irrigation system, bathhouses, municipal ovens, and marketplaces. But they created
a system that made everything work efficiently. Medieval Spaniards introduced Europeans to paper manufacture, Hindu–Arabic numerals,
philosophical classics, algebra, citrus fruits, cotton, and new medical techniques. More astonishing than Spain 's wide–ranging accomplishments,
however, was the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rising above politics, propaganda, and name–calling, A Vanished World provides a hopeful meditation on how relations among these three faith groups
have gone wrong and some ideas on how to make their interactions right. This book is not a conventionally styled history of the kings, battles and
dynasties of Spain from 711 to 1492, but a work that makes medieval Spain's thrilling and horrific stories about the adaptation and collision who the
three great monotheistic faiths that Chris Lovey begin this book in 711 C.E. when about 10,000 Muslim invaders from North Africa came up with a
plot to conquer the Iberian Peninsula, which had a population of 5 million. The Muslims ended up vanquishing the Visigoth monarchy in Spain and
Spain became the first and only Islamic state to take root on mainland Europe. The Visigoth are descendants of northern European barbarians who had
seized control of the Iberian Peninsula about two centuries prior, but under their rule the economy suffered. When the Muslim conquered the Peninsula
and began their rule, the economy and cultural life began to flourished. They had advance technology and trade system that was unrivaled in Europe.
Even though the Muslims had a pretty unchallenged ruling, the Christians rulers were still in the north with resentment, waiting to reconquer Spain
from the Muslims. The Muslims, Jews and Christians embraced and rejected each
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13. How The Huns Affected Rome
On the year of 370, the Huns arrived in what is now called Eastern Europe, they pushed the tribes called The Vandals and The Visigoths out of
Eastern Europe, therefore these two tribes needed a new home. In 376 the Visigoths crossed the Danube river, a boundary of the Roman empire, and
moved southward. The Visigoths then beat the Romans at the battle of Adrianople, two years later. Which effected Rome a lot, because Rome already
had a lot of enemies waiting to bring them down, the Visigoths made a path for that. At the west, the Vandals crossed the Rhine river, another boundary
of Rome in 406. The Vandals were known for fighting every city they stumbled upon, even if they won or lost, they kept going, that is what made them
successful in their
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14. Roman Empire Research Paper
"Rome has grown since its humble beginnings that it is now overwhelmed by its own greatness."– Titus Livius (59 BC– 17 AD). The fall of the Roman
Empire is one of the most well–known events in history. However, as thoroughly as it may be studied very few people know the many reasons for
the fall of this empire. This paper's intent is to argue that there are two major internal and two major external reasons for the fall of this massive
empire. Although the Romans were known for the spread of Christianity, we see that all good things must come to an end. Before discussing whyRome
fell we must introduce the time, place, events and people that were a part of it. The Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D. this empire extended from
North–western Europe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To understand how the expansion of Rome led to its fall we must first look at how much territory was truly under the control of the empire. Firstly, in
291 BC after the Samnite Wars, the Roman Empire colonized the Samnite City of Venosa. In 29 BC, Moesia (modern
–day Serbia) was added to Rome.
Furthermore, in 16 BC Raetia and Noricum (modern–day Austria and Slovenia) were conquered and added to Rome. In 17 BC, Tiberius expanded his
territory to the province of Syria. In addition, Claudius , in 43 AD added Lycia (modern–day Turkey) into the Roman Empire as a province. Now that
we comprehend how large Rome really was, we can explain how it led to the fall of the empire. As Rome continued to expand more and more, it
became difficult to rule and to have a constant military presence. Even though Rome had already established an excellent road system, it was still
difficult to transmit a message from the capital to all the provinces, ultimately this became one of the main reasons that the Roman Empire
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16. A Vanished World Chris Lowney Summary
A Vanished World by Chris Lowney Book Report A vanished World written by Chris Lowney chronicles the daily life of the Jews, Muslims and
Christians, living in the Muslim kingdoms in Medieval Spain. He covers different spectrum of this world that was torn by religious antagonism. In
Medieval Spain, in the medieval Spanish villages Muslims, Christians, and Jews rubbed shoulders on a daily basis. They shared irrigation system,
bathhouses, municipal ovens, and marketplaces. But they created a system that made everything work efficiently. Medieval Spaniards introduced
Europeans to paper manufacture, Hindu–Arabic numerals, philosophical classics, algebra, citrus fruits, cotton, and new medical techniques. More
astonishing than Spain 's wide–ranging accomplishments, however, was the simple fact that until the destruction of the last Muslim Kingdom by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492, Spain 's Muslims, Christians, and Jews often managed to bestow tolerance and freedom of worship on the
minorities in their midst. A Vanished World chronicles this panoramic sweep of human history and achievement, encompassing both the agony of
Jihad, Crusades, and Inquisition, and the glory of a multi–religious, multi–cultural civilization that forever changed the West. Chris Lowney in his
writing showed how these three controversial religious groups once lived and worked together in Spain, creating commerce, culture, art, and
architecture. He reveals how these three faith groups eventually
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17. The Fall Of Rome: How Did Rome Fall?
How did Rome fall? Well, to start off tribes of fierce Germanic warriors started attacking Rome's northern borders. Not only this but the Persians
attacked the east. For two hundred years the romans dealt with this. People who lived on the northern borders soon had to start abandoning their land.
Not much after the Germanic farmers started farming the land there. They also completely ignored whatever the Roman leaders had to say. The
empire eventually had to raise taxes pay for defense against these tribes. Soon, disease swept through and killed many. The main source of raids on
Roman land were the Huns. They were from Central Asia. The group of victims to the Huns would be, Goths. These Goths are, Visigoth and Ostrogoth.
These two groups
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18. Roman Western Empire Research Paper
Background:
Issue:
Despite 500 years of complete domination over the Mediterranean and much of Europe, the Roman Western Empire quickly collapsed in the 5th
century C.E.
Research Question:
Why did the Roman Western Empire collapse?
Thesis:
Likely, the most convincing explanation is that the fall of the Roman Western Empire, was largely determined by the Empire's economic instability
after repeated invasions by Barbarian tribes.
Two Areas of Arguments:
First, the Empire's economy was weakened as the government was overexpanding and overspending, which also led to the rise of the Eastern Empire.
Second and more importantly, the Barbarian invasions, which constantly put the Romans under attack, caused much trouble and devastation to ... Show
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Evidence Items:
There was a lot of overspending, to cover the costs of the army, weapons and defence.
The constant civil wars, rebellions, and attacks had required the constant increase of taxation on the people of Rome, which made the citizens poorer. In
addition, many rich citizens fled to avoid tax collectors which in turn further weakened the economy by drawing wealth outside the empire.
The WesternRoman Empire was so big (from the Atlantic Ocean to Middle East) that it was really hard to govern it and communicate throughout. With
the lack of communication, orders were not able to reach the people/troops quite as quickly as hoped, which made it much harder for Rome to defend
itself.
The constant civil wars, rebellions, and attacks, all required much military spending by the government, also links to the barbarian invasions as they
caused many of the attacks.
19. Factor 2: Political power struggles led to civil wars, which affeted the trade, ultimately collapsing the economy.
Evidence Items:
Since the economy was already suffering, many citizens began making their own goods instead of trading, furthermore, the civil wars caused many
merchants to lose their safe routes throughout the empire. The civil wars accelerated the failure of
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20. Barbarian Invasions
Evidently, Barbarian invasions were the most significant factor in the downfall of the Western Roman Empire predominantly because they weakened
the empire and thus made it vulnerable to other problems such as a poor economic situation and political weaknesses within the empire. Barbarian
invasions occurred frequently throughout the timeline yet one of the most significant invasions was the sack of Rome in 410 AD by Alaric and the
Visigoths because this was the first time Rome was defeated in 800 years therefore signalling the beginning of the end of the WesternRoman Empire.
The Visigoths has crossed the Rhine river and were looking for land to settle and to be accepted within the empire and so Alaric decided to
besiege Rome until the senate paid him to leave. This resulted in Rome being sieged a total of 3 times before the gates to Rome were opened from
within and Rome was finally sacked. This was a massive shock to the empire as it accentuated its' weaknesses and the Visigoths looted places of
aristocracy and killed Romans who resisted and women were raped. This also drastically worsened the economic situation as during the months in
which Rome was under siege, people began to die of hunger with some even resorting to cannibalism. This event is mimicked 45 years later in 455
AD by the Vandals, led by Genseric. The Vandals had already been causing trouble for the Roman Empire after they sacked North Africa and captured
Carthage in 439 AD which cut off the grain supply and
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21. Golden Age Research Paper
In the 19th Century, The Jews Muslims and Christians living in Spain experienced a golden age. The golden age was a time of great peace and
prosperity among the nations due to the Muslim's acceptance, accommodation and peaceful relations with the Jews and Christians. This golden age
began when the Muslims began conquering the Iberian Peninsula in 711. When Islam was first founded, it was only practiced within the borders of
Arabia(modern day Saudi Arabia). However, the Muslims began converting large numbers of indigenous tribes, who resided across North Africa as
well as in Asia, and in this way, Islam started to spread. The people of these indigenous tribes were known as pagans, someone who is not a Muslim,
Christian nor a Jew. The Pagans... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the first time since their exile from Jerusalem in the year 70CE, they had the opportunity to participate fully in society. The Muslims were tolerant
rulers who wanted all their citizens, whether Muslim, Jewish or Christian to participate in the life of the new commonwealth they had founded. In
wake of the new tolerant Muslim leaders, a "golden age" of Jewish immigration dawned in Al–Andalus. Middle Eastern as well as North African
Jewish immigrants poured into Al–Andals by the thousands. At the Jewish population's peak in the 10th century, Al
–Andalus was by far the largest
Jewish centre in all of Europe. Jews were very well integrated and had phenomenal access to the highest levels of power. The Jews were especially
well integrated into economic and social life, regularly doing business and interacting with Muslims. Society was very open and Muslims rulers were
not threatened by the minorities and were accommodating. Al–Andalus, once a mere outpost of the Islamic kingdom becomes a bustling centre of
European trade. Viking ships from the North sea as well as merchants from the Islamic capital of Baghdad bring an influx of goods to Al–Andalus. The
Jewish merchants brought treasures from far and wide and the honesty of the Muslims helped to regulate the market. This example demonstrates how
coexistence lead to extremely notable achievements. Within 1 century, the Muslims and Jews built a civilization that exceeded every other European
country. By the 8th century's end, the land was the most productive, populated and diverse in all of Europe, staying so for many centuries. During this
prosperous period, Al–Andalus was exporting and importing more than double the amount of goods than its neighbors. Trade with other European
countries was unmatched and by the 11th century more than 40% of Europe's freight was being produced in
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22. The Fall Of The Roman Empire Analysis
In "The Fall of the Roman Empire", the author Peter Heather talks about the ways the Roman empire conquered the many territories surrounding them
and how strong of an empire the Roman empire was. He also talks about the build up of the events that caused the empire to fall. Peter also talks
about the people that helped or was involved in the build up or the collapse of the Roman empire. Peter Heather mainly wrote this book to inform the
reader of how the European barbarians got turned into enemies through imperialism; additionally, he mentions that these Barbarians were capable of
tearing apart an empire that ruled over them for many years. Peter, also, mentions all of the battles and build ups that occurred throughout the
Barbarians "reign" of power and speaks mainly of the battles that they went through. Peter's argument is that the empire did not collapse because of
social or moral collapse, but that the empire fell due to the Barbarians. There were many interesting events that occurred in "The Fall of the Roman
Empire". Peter Heather speaks of many Hunnic battles; he tries to explain how military strategical the Huns were, and he also talks about the battles,
due to the fact that the Huns begin to become an issue with Roman Empire. He speaks of these battles because they had such a large effect on the
collapse of the Roman Empire. Peter mentions the Battle of Hadrianople; this battle was when the Goths defeated their first Roman army. The battle
made the Goths
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23. Western Roman Empire Research Paper
Many factors led to the transition from a republic to an empire, no one event or person is to blame. For one the Roman Republic constitution was
never really laid out for conquest with wealthy oversea territories so the addition of more provinces caused the delicate balance within the political
constitution the begin to collapse. The Romans had a fatal flaw: they were great in warfare changes but when it came to political changes, they were
pretty hard–headed. Their refusal to adapt to political change soon became a major factor in the fall of the Republic and rise of an Empire. Since the
Romans were great at warfare, of course that was also a factor in the fall but it wasn't just war with other countries, it was war within as well. As they...
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The Empire was split in half because the Empire had grown far too large to govern all of Rome from one seat alone. Diocletian, an Emperor, divided
Rome where the Eastern side would be governed out of Byzantium and the Western side governed out of Rome. The two halves of the Empire were
equally doing great but then when Emperor Theodosius came into power in 379 CE, the fall began. Barbarian attacks and religious disagreement were
two major causes for the fall. Christianity was rising, pagan rites were being knocked, and Roman beliefs were just crumbling. The waring within the
Empire left it weakened and ultimately vulnerable. Which then left their defences down long enough for barbarian attacks. Christianity is a
monotheistic religion, only one god, which clashed with the traditional Roman religion that was polytheistic, multiple gods. Persecution was brought
down on Christians horribly that is, until Constantine, the first Christian Emperor, ended the tyranny over the Christians in 313 CE. Soon Christianity
became an official religion and the Western Empire was Roman Catholic. By Roman beliefs, the Emperor was considered a god of sorts but the
Christians only followed one god and since Christianity was spreading more and more the Emperor's authority was
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24. Evaluate The Factors: The Fall Of The Roman Empire
Jennifer Kanu
October 24, 2014
Block G
Evaluate the factors that brought about the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in all of history. They were so powerful that many aspects of Roman
civilization influenced the cultures of people around the world and continued to do so even after its demise. The Ancient Romans were exceptional
warriors and ruled over most of what is modern day Europe, Africa and Asia. Although it seemed that they could only profit from all the land they had
amassed, it was quite the contrary and their gains marked the beginning of the end. The decline of the Roman Empire can be linked to host of reasons
all of which are debated by historians. Of those reasons, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
External tribes such as the Visigoths and the Vandals frequently raided parts of the Roman Empire, weakening it as time elapsed. Of these tribes,
the Visigoths were the most damaging. The Visigoths, headed by a former Roman warrior named Alaric, came to Rome looking for power, plunder
and food. The ruthless Visigoths blocked all the supply routes to Rome and starved the city. The Romans suffered for 2 years and finally gave in in
410 A.D. when they opened the city gates and the Visigoths stormed in. The occupation of the Visigoths in Rome was the first time in over 800 years
that anyone had seized the entire city. They ruled over Rome for the next 20 years and the city gradually declined. Because Rome was the capital of
the Roman Empire, once it was captured, the rest of the empire began to deteriorate until it ceased to exist altogether. In 476 AD, after years of being
under the control of the Visigoths, Romulus Augustus, the emperor at the time was dethroned. This date is seen as the day that the once magnificent
Roman Empire came to an
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25. Essay on A Comparison of Christian and Islamic...
A Comparison of Christian and Islamic Architecture in Spain
By the 6th century a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths, converts to Arian Christianity, had established themselves as the aristocratic elite. The
Christians built many monumental basilica–plan churches. The Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Vinas, Burgos, Spain and San Juan de Banos de
Cerrato are two such churches that still remain today. In the beginning of the 8th century Islamic Muslims conquered Spain and ended Visigothic rule.
They constructed militaristic and religious architecture including castles, watchtowers, rock castes, the Great Mosque, and the Red Palace. The
remaining Christians adopted some of the Islamic styles and soon built upon a new style that ended up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Moors also built atalayas, or watchtowers and rock castles that served as part of the defense system for the castle. The watchtowers were used as
communication devices for castles that were great distances apart. The watchtowers would signal the castle in case of an enemy attack by using smoke
and mirrors. They built rock castles, or small defense castles high on rocks, using the natural terrain to the maximum effect. Since the rock castles were
small they did not house many soldiers.
Another important Islamic site is situated in Cordoba, southern Spain, along the banks of Guadalquivir river (the Great River). Cordoba served as the
capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba. Cordoba houses the famous Great Mosque or Gran Mezquita, the largest mosque in the Western World. The
interior of the mosque consisted of a mirhab, a niche that separates the qibla wall from the others. The mirhab was intentionally positioned facing
Mecca for the faithful who prayed in that direction.
The mosque can be identified by its elaborate squinch–supported domes. The Great Mosque of Cordoba is one of the finest surviving examples of
Umayyad architecture in Spain. The mosque has marble capitals and columns in the hypostyle prayer hall. A person enters the hall through an open
courtyard called a sahn. Its famous horseshoe arches have an alternated pattern of pale stone and red brick voussoirs
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26. The Theory Of ' Convivencia ' Between Christians And Muslims
Is the theory of 'convivencia ' between Christians, Jews and Muslims in Iberia convincing in the first four centuries after 711?
4243296
Word Count: 1904
The theory of 'convivencia' between Christians, Jews and Muslims is considered to be the period in Medieval Spain in which the three Abrahamic
religions were able to coexist and live together peacefully. The notion of convivencia not only refers to the overall tolerance of Christians and Jews to
be able to practice their religion in Al–Andalus, it also incorporates the idea of members of these three faiths sharing a common culture, a language
and working towards advancing civilisation through poetry, literature and science. Historians who have studied this issue are largely divided on
whether this time period really was as harmonious as it is commonly described. Historians such as Bat Ye'or highlight the lack of convivencia by
placing emphasis on how leaders of Al–Andalus would enforce rules such as granting non–Muslims with the status of dhimmi, essentially making them
second–class citizens which by today's standards would undoubtedly lead to the theory of convivencia being somewhat unpersuasive. However,
relative to this era, Islamic Iberia was the apex of religious tolerance, immensely surpassing the level of tolerance in surrounding nations and empires.
Montgomery Watt goes as far to say that under Muslim rule, Jews and Christians were considered as "People of the Book" who were to be a
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27. Reasons For The Fall Of The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire had existed as a powerful force for over 1000 years. The Romans brought prosperity, order, technological advances, and advanced
military to the West. The empire which was thought to run for several centuries would only be seen in the waning years as a Golden Age Empire
which could not hold itself in the end. The Roman Empire fell due to several reasons. Some reasons of why Rome fell was due to Insubstantial
Military, Economic Decrease, The Huns, Barbarian Tribes, Full power of the Emperor, and Rise of The East Empire. An Empire which was taught to
had mastered its civilization had no way to let it's own people be the cause of one the most renowned empires. How indeed did this mighty empire fall?
The Roman Empire fell due to many reasons and one of the main reasons due to why it collapsed was due to insubstantial military. Insubstantial
military was mainly caused by financial issues. The government had not enough money to pay militants to work for their army. Many soldiers did
not receive their salary by cash as the state deducted food and clothing tax from their pay. To this decision, a legionary on active campaign would
hope to add the "booty of war", from the bodies of their enemies and as plunder from enemy settlements. Slaves could also be claimed from the
prisoners of war and divided amongst the legion for later sale, which would bring in a sizeable supplement to their regular pay. In the late Roman
Empire, it became increasingly difficult for
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28. Visigoths Research Paper
Visigoths Black sea, what do you think of? Probably water that's black, that's what comes to my mind too. That's not the case however. The Northern
shore of the Black sea is where the Visigoths first originated from. That's modern day Romania/ Moldova today. The Visigoths were consider amber
merchants while they settled at the Baltic sea for a short amount of time. Where did they go? They surely aren't there now. You are correct, the
Visigoths migrated to modern day Spain. They settled in a small community called Toledo. Arab invaded Spain in 711 which caused the Visigoths to
intermix with the Arabs and today there is no said ethnic groups to claim they came from the Visigoths. (My analysis). The Visigoths wernt know for
very much. However,
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30. Fall Of The Han Dynasty And Roman Empire
Fall of the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire
The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire are two very important ruling times that have shaped today's agriculture. The Han Dynasty ruled from 206
BC–220 AD. It was the second imperial dynasty of china. The Han Dynasty started off by ruling a strong decentralized government, but it began to
fall. Emperor Xian, was defeated by the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei. Cao Cao tried to reunite them but once the Huns noticed that China was
in distress, they invaded. The Han dynasty did not have enough warfare to fight back. Although, they did try to fight back, they failed and a new
dynasty had started. The Roman Empire ruled from 27 BC– 395 AD. It was the post–republican period of the ancient rome civilization.
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31. Alaric: A Gothic Leader
Alaric was the greatest of the Gothic leaders. A noble leader fighting for the fair treatment of his people. Beginning his career of battle at the mere
age of sixteen. The goths struggle began long before Alaric came into the picture. The history between the Romans and Goths is a bloody one.
Initially, the romans had their border on the Danube border. Until the Huns forced the Goths to flee into the romans vast Empire. This civil strife
forged a great Leader that will never be forgotten. Alaric was born in 370 Ad in Peuce Island, now Romania. Not much is known about his childhood
other than he was a nobleman by birth. His father was an offspring of the family of Balthi, next in formality amid Gothic warriors to the Amals. He and
his father... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alaric did not want to sack Rome, and tried various ways to reason and negotiate with the romans. Starting at the end of 408 ad, the goths army
remained outside of Rome in an attempt to force them to meet their demands. The Goths remained there for over a year–and–a–half, creating their own
empire to pressure the roman emperor into paying them. Eventually, Alaric's army began to grow impatient and desired to attack. In august, 410,
Alaric was almost successful in negotiating with the romans, convincing the emperor of Rome, Honorius, to meet with him. However, instead he
was attacked by an ally of Honorius, who tried to kill him. Alaric survived the attack and gave up trying to negotiate, finally allowing his army to
sack Rome. The Goths succeeded in sacking Rome, leaving them weakened. This was the first successful sack of Rome for over 800 years. The
goths took some prisoners and destroyed and looted parts of the city. However, the attack was fairly restrained for the time, as many buildings were
left intact and relatively few citizens were killed. This event was still enough to cause significant damage to the Roman
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32. The Internal And Economic Causes Of The Fall Of Rome
Many seem to see the fall of Rome as a single event that suddenly occurred all at once, with one date marking the collapse of the empire. However,
the fall of Rome wasn't a clear–cut event. It was long, drawn out over several centuries, with many causes that, together, proved disastrous for the
empire. The fall was most likely caused by a combination of internal and external issues, most notably economic collapse, corruption, the rise of
Christianity, and attacks by barbarians (Squires). There were several factors contributing to the economic collapse of Rome. The first was lavish
spending. Emperors and other nobility became known for spending extravagant amounts of money on "lavish parties where guests drank and ate until
they became sick." Many also spent money on prostitutes – of which there were many – and entertainment at the Colosseum. Another economic issue
was the rise of unemployment. Slavery made it easy to grow a lot of food very cheaply – for some. For those who didn't have slaves, it was nearly
impossible to compete, meaning that only the richest farmers could afford to farm. Over time, the rest all became unemployed. The third economic
reason for the fall of Rome was inflation that began after Marcus Aurelius. Rome was no longer conquering new lands, reducing the amount of money
entering the empire. The price of goods began rising higher and higher, until gold became meaningless and Romans returned to a system of bartering
to pay for goods and services.
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33. Explain Why the Arab Invasions of 710 and 711 Were so...
Explain why the Arab invasions of 710 and 711 were so successful. In answering this question we must first appreciate the difficulty historians face in
discovering the real truth of the early Arab invasions, a fact well demonstrated in the varying estimates of Arab invasion forces (ranging from
1,700–9000 in current publications). Scant contemporary evidence exists beyond a short narrative present in a Spanish chronicle of 754, a vital
surviving Islamic administrative document of the time, and some archaeological remains. Our knowledge of the invasions is largely founded on the
works of later Islamic historians, the Ajbar Machmua text for example and the works of Ibn Idhari and al Maqqari. Unfortunately there are fewer
Christian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The existence of a rival claimant caused dangerous divisions throughout the kingdom and in Akhila's demesne land of Tarragona and Narbonne coins
were minted without the king's image, a clear measure of defiance. It is also reported in some sources that during the invasion Akhila conspired with
the Arabs to depose Roderic. Some go as far as to say that during the final battle a wing of Roderic's army loyal to Akhila turned on him in the midst of
the fighting. Whether this is true can hardly be proven but something catastrophic must have happened for the King's army supposedly far larger than
Tarik's (Estimates 24,000–30,000 ) to suffer such a devastating defeat. Many historians support the idea that elements within the Visigothic nobility
gave assistance to the invaders probably as a means of removing Roderic. It is unlikely however that they foresaw the long term implications of the
invasion and the extension of Muslim presence in Iberia. It is argued that as well as the problems the succession dispute posed, the very fabric of
Visigothic society itself was weak. It is suggested that the Visgothic nobility of the time, who had placed themselves above the native Hispano–Roman
population in terms of rights and privileges, were suffering a backlash from the lower sections of society. Incidents of rebellion had increased as had
the number of slaves deserting their Lords. Many runaways turned to outlawry and as a consequence
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34. China's Defeat Of The Huns
During its decline and ultimately its subsequent fall towards the end of the fifth century, the Western Roman Empire witnessed the significant political
disruption, civil war, and frequent barbarian invasions from the north. Of these groups that continuously invaded the Western Roman Empire included,
but was not limited to, the Huns who were a pastoralist tribe originating from East Asia, north of China. The Huns caused a great deal of problems for
many during the fifth century. They were almost successful in taking down the classical world, and even though they were backwards in a sense, they
were always great fighters and excelled at war. Like many pastoralist tribes, the Huns spent most of their time training or fighting. They even developed
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Other Germanic tribes "came under new pressure when the Huns... moved into the Black Sea Region" because of how fierce they actually were
(Duiker and Spielvogel 165). The Black Huns defeat the Visigoths, and the Visigoths were forced to flee. As a result of their defeat, the Visigoths
found themselves begging the Romans for asylum. The Romans agreed and allowed the Visigoths to settle comfortably in the Roman Empire, however,
as time passed this did not work because the Romans did not treat the Visigoths nicely. As a result, the Visigoths rebelled against the Romans because
they treated them mean. In 378 A.D., the Battle of Adrianople took place between the Visigoths and the Romans. The battle proved to be a major
upset, and the Visigoths defeated the Roman army. In the past, if the Romans lost then they could regroup and fight again until they win the war. Now,
it has gotten to the point where the Romans have no more resources to do that anymore. After Adrianople, the Visigoths began to wander around the
Roman Empire, killing, destroying, and even stealing. They even tried to attack Constantinople, and the Romans were unable to stop them. The
Visigoths went west and somehow wandered into Italy. They captured the city of Rome, and for the first time in 800 years, a foreign army captured
Rome. However, the Visigoths did not stay long and eventually
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35. Essay On The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire
Rome was once the most powerful empire of the Mediterranean. However, overtime Rome's power started failing. The people became less interested
in the affairs of the state, and the emperors became less interested in the well being of the people. Overtime the infrastructure of Rome began to fall
apart because of the lack of connection between the people and the government which ultimately lead to the many issues that occurred later on in the
empire. Not only was the Roman Empire filled with internal problems, but it also suffered from a variety of external problems such as invasions from
different barbaric tribes. The fall of the Western Roman empire was caused by Barbarian invasions, economic decline, and a corrupt government.
The most evident factor that led to Rome's downfall was invasion from Barbaric tribes. Rome continued to conquer new lands and expand, but the
people of Rome had lost the will to fight. The lack of Roman citizens in the military forced government officials to hire foreigners to fight, most of
whom were Barbarians. This seemed like a logical idea, but little did the Romans know that some of the Barbarians they trained in their military would
cause destruction that Rome had never before faced. As the Great Wall of China went up, dangerous tribes from the North were displaced. Among
these tribes were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome's population dropped from a booming 1.5 million to less than в…• of that since the height of the Empire. The Gale Group – "The Fall of the
Roman Empire" says, "Neither group was having children, the rich because they could not be bothered, the poor because they could not afford them.
Both groups practiced widespread abortion and infanticide, or the murder of children. Soon the Roman population began to decrease, and the Italian
countryside was filled with empty houses"
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36. Essay On The Fall Of Rome
Rome was one of the largest empires to ever reign . With it's traditional agriculture and massive army it could take any country it wanted . The fall of
rome didn't happen due to one reason but in fact a few.
. The government was constantly at bankruptcy due to its disorganization and so forth. The cost of defending the empire , the failing economic , heavy
taxation and high inflation were why the empire fell. The majority of the inhabitants of the roman empire failed to share the prosperity of Rome . Since
the military was conquesting a lot land and getting more and more of it, which meant more slaves. Landowners started to think that they didn't need
workers to do the labor when they could just buy cheap slaves. They started to think which made the unemployment rate go up , since everyone just
started buying cheap slaves to do all their work for them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vandals , germanic barbarians , started conquering the northern empire .The Huns, which swept across Europe from Mongolia in the far east ,
eventually came into conflict with those in northern Europe . Barbarian tribes living in northern europe were divided by the attack of the huns. This
caused them to split into two groups ostrogoths and Visigoths .The ostrogoth lands were soon completely taken over by the huns , leading the
visigoths to seek protection with rome. The visigoths found much wrong with the Roman society , and soon demanded fair treatment . When they
weren't given this , the visigoths went on a rampage . Roman soldiers were sent to control the "barbarians" but the visigoths defeated the Roman
Legions and killed the Roman emperor Valens in Battle. The outer edges of the empire were well defended but the interior was poorly planned for
defense .The Roman network of roads allowed easy access for invaders to reach Rome easy without defense . Poor defense planning within the empire
allowed easy access for invaders
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37. The Origin Of The Mongolian People
Everyday, people move to different cities, towns, neighborhoods, or just the middle of nowhere. And these people who relocate, bring something
unique to the new area that they live in. When people migrate, a society becomes more diverse. Cultures, foods, religions, languages, beliefs, and
much more are exposed to different people and this in turn, causes many people to become more informed, diverse, less ignorant, and sometimes
even infuriated. Just like in the present, the same things occurred in medieval times. When the Gothic tribes invaded Rome, Rome changed forever.
It was no longer what it used to be in terms of culture or strength. Another big migration of people was of the Mongolian people taking over most of
Asia. This migration was more of a positive one because although the Mongolians killed many people, they allowed freedom of religion and granted
other rights to the people they ruled. In this paper we will discuss why these people moved, weather or not the migrations were peaceful, how these
migrations affected the empire/culture/religion, and compare the migrations/invasions. The reason the Goths migrated to Rome to take it over was
that Rome was a very alluring place to live. The quality of life was much higher than what the Germanic tribes were used to. Rome was very affluent,
and towards the end of the empires reign, was rather feeble. So due to this, the Romans were a great target because they were rich and weak. And
although the Germanic tribes were poor,
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38. Roman Empire Dbq Essay
Conquering three continents, Rome lacked the proper amount of soldiers required to protect the empire. This was due to its "immoderate greatness
(Doc 2)." According to Document 2, the size of Rome played a great and inevitable role in the decline of Rome. Regarding the military, a large
portion of the soldiers not only lacked discipline and training, but were not actually Romans. As seen in Document 5, "the Roman army was composed
entirely of Germans." These people were mercenaries, or foreign soldiers who serve in return for pay. Though they were expensive and not loyal to
Rome, the Roman empire was constantly under attack by barbarians including the Huns, Visigoths, and the Germanic Tribes. The Huns including Attila
the Hun, other times
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39. Diocletian Persecution Essay
When Christianity first came to the Roman Empire it was met with persecution, ridicule, and even execution. Emperor Nero blamed the Christians
for the Great Fires of Rome which was a widespread urban fire that lasted for six days before being put out. The Fire took out three complete
districts of Rome and only three were left unmarred by its devastation. After being blamed for the Great Fire, the Christians faced persecution for two
and a half centuries. The most official and widespread persecution of the Christians was carried out by Diocletian. Diocletian was the Emperor who
split the ruling of Rome into fourths and purged the empire of all invading and threatening outside sources. Diocletian was considered a restorer of the
world and roman... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once Roman occupation of Britannia ended and the Anglo–Saxons moved in to the previous land of Roman occupation. The Swabians, Vandals, Alans,
Visigoths, Franks, and Burgundians invaded Rome seeking a more permanent settlement. The Huns pushed westward into the Roman territory of Gaul,
which led to the battle of Catalaunian Plains and Atilla retreated with his loot after he lost the battle to Emperor Aetius. After the Huns came as close
as they dared after their previous defeat they took over Italy and in the next year Attila died and the Hun empire fell apart. The Roman empire hired the
Visigoths as mercenaries to guard the borders they has become laxe in watching. Eventually, Aleric and the Visigoths invade Rome and tack over
some of the Western Empire. The Vandals came next in the invasion of Rome and they too took some of the precious Roman territory. Odoacer, a
German warrior becomes king of Italy and disposes of the Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus and the Western Empire ceases to exist. After
the Western Empire fell the Eastern Empire thrived and continued on for another thousand of years known as the Byzantine
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40. Saint Sernin: The First Bishop Of Toulouse
The first people to inhabit Toulouse were the Volques Tectosages. In 118 BC, the Roman armies allied with the Volques Tectosages and built their first
military fort close to the city. Then, due to Julius Caesar and the Gallic War in 52 BC, Tolosa was turned into a real Roman city, integrated into the
Empire. The first bishop of Toulouse, Saint Saturnin (known as Saint Sernin) worked hard to extend the Christian community but was martyred by the
Romans. (Saint Saturnin is the Saint the "Basilique Saint–Sernin" is named after) In 413, the Visigoths captured Toulouse. However, the Roman army
fought back and made the Barbarian troops retreat to the south of the Pyrenees. In 418, the Visigoths were granted the region of Aquitania and at its
border,
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