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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1760 - 1840.docx
- 1. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1760 - 1840 Historical Significance An ancient Greek or Roman would have recognized daily life in Europe in the early 1700s Agriculture and technology had changed little in 2000+ years The Industrial Revolution changed human life dramatically and permanently More technological advances were made in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history DOMESTIC System Under the domestic system: A woman selected fabric and had a businessperson give it to a
- 2. home-based worker to make into a dress. Factory System Replaces the domestic system of production Under the factory system: The factory owner bought large lots of fabrics and workers created multiple dresses in common sizes for women to buy.
- 3. The Industrial Revolution Transportation improved Canals Ships Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers Trains Communication improved Telegraph Canals vs Railroads Look at the map on the following slide Why are the states east of the Mississippi River shaped so oddly? Why are the states west of the Mississippi River more square shaped?
- 4. RAILROADS
- 5. Convict labor was utilized during the construction of the Western North Carolina Railroad. The state of North Carolina leased the convicts to the rail company, and 3,500+ men worked on the rail line; the majority were African-Americans. The work was hazardous with several men laying the rail line, grading, and the excavating tunnels. 450+ died during the railroad's construction. Each mile of track required approximately 2500 cross ties. A wooden railroad tie, which weighs 200 pounds and is nine feet long, typically lasts 40 to 70 years. total mileage: 18301840185018601870Canals1,2773,3263,698Railroads733,32
- 6. 88,87930,63650,000 Effects OF THE Railroad Further Industrial Growth New Jobs
- 7. Boosted agriculture and fishing industries People able to take jobs in distant cities People able to travel further Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton (American)Thomas Telford & John McAdams (British)George Stephenson (English)Steamboat (1807)Macadamized roads (1810- 1830)Locomotive (1825)Faster water transportation Better RoadsSped land transport of people and goods Steamboat Roads
- 8. LOCOMOTIVE Thomas Edison NIKOLATESLA VS. which was a more profound discovery – Edison’s Direct Current (DC) electricity or Tesla’s Alternating Current (AC) electricity? Ultimately, the “War of Currents” may have ended in a tie, as many electronic devices still require both AC and DC technologies to work together simultaneously 24 Agricultural REVOLTUION Eli Whitney – Cotton gin (1793) – Increased cotton production
- 9. Cyrus McCormick – Mechanical reaper (1834) – Increased wheat production Other inventions: Horse-drawn hay rake, threshing machine, steel plow, steam engines, gasoline and diesel engines Electric motors were added to farm machinery as these types of engines were invented. Agricultural REVOLUTION Agriculture became a science & research began Established agricultural societies, experimental stations, and schools (such as OSU) Progress Pesticides, stock breeding, new foods, food preservation, new farming techniques and irrigation methods, frozen foods Results Today, in the industrialized world, more food is grown by far fewer farmers than 200 years ago. Notes: A good topic of discussion might focus on the modern taste for organic foods which do not emphasize technology. Question: What methods and technologies of the Agricultural Revolution do organic farmers utilize? How might our lives be different if we lived 200 years ago, when food was costlier and
- 10. could not be easily preserved? Another point of discussion could focus on the differences in agricultural production between the industrialized and non-industrialized world. 26 Pliny says: "After seed is put in the ground harrows with long teeth are drawn over it.“ The spike tooth harrow of the early settlers in the west was so simple in construction that the frame was usually homemade or made to order at the village wagon-maker's, the teeth being forged of iron by the village blacksmith. Aside from changes in frame and manner of hitching, the only improvement of which this harrow was susceptible was giving the point of the teeth a backward pitch to thus make them more effective in smoothing the surface and crushing clods. 27 SPIKE-TOOTH HARROW
- 11. The peg-tooth harrow, also called a spike-tooth harrow, is a secondary tillage implement. Several implements are used after a field is plowed to finish preparing the soil for planting. Various implements will turn, chop or pulverize the soil and organic material into smaller pieces. A peg-tooth harrow will uproot small weeds and smooth the soil, to help eliminate a rough surface left by more aggressive tillage implements. 28 SPRING-TOOTH HARROW invented by David L. Garver, of Hart, Mich., and patented in 1869. D. C. Reed, of Kalamazoo, became interested in the harrow, and endeavored to establish the manufacture of it. Finding Carver's invention incomplete, he improved it by the addition of an adjustable clip for holding the teeth in any position desired, which he patented in 1877. This improvement made the new implement a successful one, and the demand for it became general among the farmers, especially in the eastern and central states. 2008 MODEL – SELLING FOR $28,000 29
- 12. “Necessity Is the Mother of Invention” Power Loom The Spinning Jenny
- 13. WAS THE “PROGRESS” ALL BENEFICIAL?? Cotton Gin led to the spread of slavery 1830 - US produced approx. 750,000 bales of cotton 1850 - widespread use of the COTTON GIN 2.85 million bales produced Increased cotton production larger cotton plantations need for more slaves 1860 – South provided 2/3 of the world’s cotton supply
- 14. New York City, 1900: “When a horse died, its carcass would be left to rot until it had disintegrated enough for someone to pick up the pieces. Children would play with dead horses lying in the street.” Columbia University professor David Rosner