Regional Integration And International Business

Regional Integration And International Business
There are many definitions that could pertain to what Regional Integration means depending on the context, but generally it implies two things. First,
integration can be the combination of parts into a whole or in other words it could mean the completion of an object by combining parts together and
secondly region suggests an area having definable boundaries or characteristics. Having both regional integration combined in the context of
international business, implies the attempt to create free trade between two of more nations, becoming a staple to harmonizing tariff rates, freedom of
movement of goods and services, persons and capital. The need for regional integration dates back all the way to ancient civilizations from allowing
for its economic prosperity, political influence, and recently for its creation and maintaining peace amongst nations. With a law of this magnitude it is
important for business persons to be aware when conducting foreign business in an integrated region, because it is the integration law that supersedes
a countries law, an example could be Germany's law could be on a lesser level then the law of the European Union. Now the magnitude of the
integrated region can be evaluated on the agreed upon level between countries, there are currently six progressive levels of regional integration starting
with Free Trade Area, and building upon the free trade area each level adds additional laws that would help create a closer relationship between two
nations
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How Successful Was The Marshall Plan
The United States saw the need to help Europe rebuild and came up with the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan gave roughly $13 billion in aid for
Europe to rebuild its economy after the end of World War II. The Marshall Plan spanned over a four year period beginning in 1948. The United States
have many goals with the Marshal Plan which included: to remove trade barriers, rebuild destroyed regions, modernize industry, have Europe booming
again, and prevent the spread of communism. The plan required a lot of different things but the main concern would be they adopted the modern
business procedures.
The largest recipient of the aid was the United Kingdom, followed by France and West Germany. The aid was divided by using the per capita basis.
The larger amounts were given to the major industrial powers since the goal of the plan was that their recovery was essential for general European
recovery. Aid was also directed towards our Allied nations with less for the other nations. The initiative is named after Secretary of State George
Marshall. The plan had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although most small towns and villages had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated. None of
these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in its execution. The only major powers
whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were theUnited States and Canada. They were much more prosperous than
before the war but exports were a small factor in their economy. Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured
goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada. For this reasoning, the United States and Canada would be better off than the rest of the

The European Union ( Eu ) And North American Free Trade...
The European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) both consists of twenty
–seven countries that makes it the largest
trading bloc in the world. Based on the 2008 figure, the value of the exports of goods/services from European Union to NAFTA was 639. One billion
Canadian dollars while the import of goods/services to the European Union from the NAFTA was amounted to 513.9 billion Canadian dollars. Two
trade blocs are also highly interdependent by the means of FDI. In 2007, the value of inflows of FDI NAFTA from EU was about 1.77 trillion
Canadian dollars and 1.63 trillion Canadian dollars from NAFTA to EU respectively.
After the United States, the European Union is Canada's second most significant trading partner. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2012, US exported $265.1 billion worth of merchandise to EU and imported $380.8 billion respectively. When one add services this figure, it
increases by $193.8 billion (30.6% of total United States service exports) and $149.7 billion (35.4% of total United States service imports).
Mexico heavily relies on the European Union market as well; after the United States the EU is the second most important trading partner to
Mexico. EU and Mexico do have an established free trade agreement that came into effect as of 2000. Although Mexico still imposes tariffs and
quotas on certain products such as meat and dairy, the EU and Mexico partnership is still one of the most comprehensive in the world's economy. In
2014, the EU exported в‚¬27.4 billion worth of goods to Mexico and в‚¬18 billion in imports. FDI from Mexico to EU amounted for в‚¬22.6
billion(inflow) in 2013 while the FDI outflow was around в‚¬102.3 billion.
The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of two policies that are related to Trans–Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Firstly,
we will explore the effects of bilateral FTA between Canada and the EU on different Canadian sectors (policy 1). Secondly, to investigate the
economic effect if there is a free trade agreement between EU and NAFTA (Policy 2). There are various techniques that could be utilized to carry out
this analysis. In this paper we use Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and used Global

Impacts Of The Regional Trading Blocs
Since the World War II, the creation of regional economic blocs has become an essential political remedy that gathers countries and nations rather than
divide. Essentially, the creation of the economic regional blocs aims to minimize the obstacles between nations that share the same geographic border
and to facilitate the circulations of goods and services. In fact, the regional trading blocs differ in terms of political structure and economic objectives,
but the rapidity of trading goods and services within the different regions around the globe wouldn 't be possible without establishing unified political
and economic units. For example, the European Union (EU) as other regional blocs gathers different countries that share the same geographical borders
and differ in cultures, languages, and political systems. Actually, the differences and similarities between the various political structures and economic
objectives are due to numerous factors such as history, culture, and the level of imports and exports to each country. However, the impacts of the
regional trading blocs have some disadvantages that have negative impacts on the local economies of the regional blocs and on the global economy as
well.
2.Regional economic integration
a)What is regional economic integration?
Regional integration is the combination of political and economic regulations and agreements between two or more nation–states. In fact, the main
objective of regional integration is to collaborate and

Bridge Of Spies Cold War
A movie based on events in the Cold War is Bridge of Spies. The Cold War was a war between the US and the Soviet Union, where they were
fighting about who was the better country. James Donovan a lawyer of the Russian spy Rudolf Abel, as the lawyer tries to give the spy his rights, an
American spy Francis Gary gets captured by the Russians, which causes a trade of prisoners on the crossing point between East and West Berlin on a
bridge. Although they bear any superficial similarities, the differences between the Cold War and the Bridge of Spies are remarkable.
In the movie Bridge of Spies took place in the Cold War, and based off a true event. The film Bridge of Spies, a spy exchange took place in the Cold
War. "It stars Tom Hanks as attorney James Donovan, a man who was the lawyer of the Russian spy, then agreed to his swap for an American pilot
held by the Soviet Union."(Cold War) The pilot was captured by the Soviet Union because he was taking pictures over the Soviet with ... Show more
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As the movie is two hours and twenty–two minutes as the war took about a few months. Unlike the movie a few of the spies were not exchange and
never drawn back to go home, or a few never lived to be free and minority time that meant they were killed. The movie Bridge of Spies does not show
the real effect of the Berlin Wall caused.
Bridge of Spies based on events in the Cold War. The Cold War was a war between the US and the Soviet Union, where they were fighting about
who was the better country and what was better Communists and Capitalists. A lawyer of the Russian spy, as the lawyer tries to give the spy his
American prisoner rights, an American spy gets captured by the Russians, which causes a trade of prisoners on the crossing point between East and
West Berlin on a bridge. Similarity and differences between the Cold War and the Bridge of Spies are

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Trade Blocs
Trade Blocs
A regional trading bloc is an intergovernmental agreement or treaty among a group of countries, acting together for a common purpose of removing or
reducing trade barriers of trading between the participating nations. It is a form of economic integration, creating high level of globalization and
regionalisation. Economic integration is the integration of economies on different aspects of trade and thus, reduction of its barriers among the
countries. World trade is being shaped by economic integration, whose level defines the degree and nature of economic relationship among countries.
Types of Trade Blocs:
1.Preferential Trade Area or Agreement
Preferential Trade Areas or Agreements (PTAs) is for the countries agreeing to reduce... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages of trading blocs
1.Loss by Trade Policies
Free Trade benefits from trading among different blocs are lost.
The countries may also, lose their resources while trading it to the more efficient members and may become a country will less resources for future
and cause its downfall.
2.Competitiveness of trade
Trading blocs may like to distort world trade, and thus, reduce the benefits of the specialisation and exploit the competitive advantages of the members.
3.Monopoly
The firms of the member countries may merge to become a largest and leading monopoly. This would lead to the diseconomies of Scale, if this
becomes very large.
4.Trade diversion & Inefficiencies
When trade gets diverted from an efficient producer which are outside the trading area, is called Trade Diversion. This would lead to the loss of
efficient producers. Example: Inefficient farmers of European Union protected from low–cost imports that may come from developing countries.
5.Trade Disputes
One regional trading bloc lead to the making of another trading bloc, leading to the trade disputes. Example: In 1970s, reacting to the UK joining
European Market, various former UK colonies formed own trading

U.s. Bilateral Trade Agreements
As discussed before, the recent decades has seen proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs), of which bilateral and regional trade
agreements are a part. Of the 162 member countries, Mongolia was the only WTO member without PFA by 2005 (WTO, 2016). There are several
motivations behind bilateral trade negotiations, originating from the state of the economic and political situation of participating nations (McMahon,
2006). In the absence of broader trade agreements, bilateral trade agreements accomplish the objectives of market expansion and trade liberalisation of
nations. Such agreements also affect the domestic front positively by decreasing cost of imported goods, resulting in lower prices of consumer goods
and spurring... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recently signed Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) (signed on 4th February, 2016) by US and 12 Pacific Rim nations has be seen as one such
agreement (Feldman, 2015). The intent of TTP, according to Feldman (2015), is to pursue the strategy of competitive liberalisation, it was first pursued
by the US President Bush in 2003, in which bilateral, regional and global trade negotiations would complement and reinstate each another (Sbragia,
2010). The US strategy aimed to create a competition for liberalisation among its trading partners so that trade reforms in one market led to similar
reforms and tariff reduction in other markets (Chan, 2005). The period witnessed many trading partners re–negotiate their trade pacts with the US,
thereby fulfilling the US objective to increase its sphere of influence and hegemony (Sbargia, 2010). Through TTP, the US now seeks to increase its
sphere of influence in the Pacific Rim along with gaining economic benefits. Since the participating nations account for 40% of the world's GDP, any
rules set by these will have global repercussions (Cao, 2015). The estimates of economic gains from the treaty, however, currently account for only
0.5% of US GDP (Rines, 2015). This strengthens the argument that the TTP is less about economic benefits and more about putting down a legal

The Cold War And Its Effects Of The Cold War
ABSTRACT
After the World War II, the military and political tension started between two powers of Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw
pact) and Western Bloc (The United States and its NATO allies). The military and political term used as the "cold war", because there was no any
direct large scale war started between the Eastern and Western Blocs. But there were some major regional wars, which are known as the Proxy wars in
Vietnam, Korea and Afghanistan. In these Proxy wars both sides supported their allies' against each other. Thiscold war split the war time temporary
against the Nazi Germany and divided into two supreme powers on the ground of political, economical, technology, one as US and 2nd as USSR.
Both super powers have nuclear deterrent and they engaged to prepare their self for possible nuclear world war. East side was busy in struggle of
dominance via Proxy wars and around the world psychological warfare. International relations was effected by this ... Show more content on
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Further than five hundred people vanished their careers. Many of them were "blacklisted" like the directors, writers, actors and many others were
powerless to effort again for further than a years. The 'House Un–American Activities Committee' (HUAC) also suspect National Sector employees of
charming in dissident activities. In a little while other anti–communist statesmen, most remarkably Senator 'Joseph McCarthy' prolonged this
investigation to contain everyone who functioned in the central administration. Thousands of central workers were inspected dismissed and even
impeached. As this anti–communist emotion feast all through in the 1950s. Liberal college professors vanished from their occupations, individuals
were requested to give evidence against associates and 'trustworthiness promises' became

Essay about Globalization and SC Johnson
Globalization is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy (Hill, 2005). Globalization has several different areas including
the globalization of markets and of production. The Globalization of markets is the blending of different markets from different nations into one large
global marketplace. Cross–border trading has made it easier to sell internationally. Companies can sell standardized products efficiently and
effectively all over the world thus helping to build a global marketplace. The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services
from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy,... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many major drivers for globalization. There are two factors that seem to drive the trend toward greater globalization. The first factor is the
decline in international trade barriers that has occurred since the end of World War II. Once the barriers were removed then international trade had a
chance to grow and change the economy to a more global one. Tariffs were fees charged on top off the cost of imported goods. The hope was to
deter people from choosing the imports, instead choosing the domestic goods. Once the tariffs were stopped, many more people were able to buy and
sell imported goods.
The second factor is the numerous technological advancements in recent years pertaining to communication, information processing, and
transportation technologies.
The development of the microprocessor was a huge step forward in computing technology. The microprocessor allowed growth of high powered, low
cost computers that could handle much more information than ever before. This enabled countries to grow their education and manufacturing
capabilities greatly in order to compete in a global market place.
Lastly, containerization has forever changed the transportation business by lowering the costs of shipping goods over long distances. Before
containerization, it cost time, money, and labor when shipping items over many miles. In the 1970s and 1980s, once containerization took charge, then

Marshall Plan Research Paper
The Marshall Plan was an American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild
European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States
were to rebuild war–devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of
communism. The plan required a decreasing of interstate barriers, a dropping of many petty regulations constraining business, and encouraged an
increase in productivity, labor union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.
The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Europeans asked for $22 million in aid. President Truman cut this to $17 billion in the bill he put to Congress. The plan encountered sharp
opposition in Congress, mostly from the portion of the Republican Party led by Robert A. Taft that was weary of massive government spending.
The plan also had opponents on the left, Henry A. Wallace notably among them. Wallace saw the plan as a subsidy for American exporters and sure
to polarize the world between East and West. However, opposition against the Marshall Plan was greatly reduced by the shock of the Communist
coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948. Not long after, a bill granting an initial $5 billion passed Congress with strong bipartisan support. Congress
would eventually allocate $12.4 billion in aid over the four years of the

Regional Development and Regional Blocks
Regional Development and regional blocks
1. Development of Regional blocks, goals and institutions
ASEAN
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand
ASEAN Declaration Founding Fathers of ASEAN (5 countries)
Today – 10 Member States
NAFTA
The North American market increased, create a free trade, elimination of tariff barriers
North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)was formed on 1 January 1994 Richest market in the world– Canada, United States, Mexico
MERCOSUR
Countries common values of economic development, the fight against poverty, sustainable development and so on An economic and political
agreement (Southern Common Market) was formed on 26 March ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approval of applications shall require the unanimous decision of the States Parties"
3. Cooperation with other countries
ASEAN and Australia
ASEAN 's first Dialogue Partner in 1974 Longstanding and deep relationship Joint Declaration on the ASEAN–Australia Comprehensive Partnership
AANZFTA (2009)– ASEAN, Australia, New Zeland Two
–way trade with ASEAN – 14.5 % of Australia 's total trade. (2011)
Exports
Crude petroleum Gold Wheat Copper

Imports
Refined petroleum Crude petroleum Good vehicles Gold
ASEAN–Australia summit (2010) – discussed new funding and support for ASEAN by Australia:
– В«Australia is investing A$132 million in infrastructure connectivity related initiatives in the Greater Mekong Subregion, in cooperation with the
World Bank and the Asian Development Bank– Australia will contribute A$10 million over four years to the Tripartite Action to Protect Migrants
within and from the Greater Mekong Subregion from Labour Exploitation (TRIANGLE) initiative in cooperation with the International Labour
Organisation – Supported by Australian funding, the Australian Human Rights Commission will build linkages with the ASEAN Intergovernmental
Human Rights Commission.В»
Australia is a leading provider of

Cold War Dbq Essay
After World War II, the Eastern and Western Allies started to grow apart. The Eastern Bloc was led by the Soviet Union and promoted communism,
while the Western Bloc was led by the United States and promoted capitalism, through democracy. Both wanted their country's ideals to spread
throughout the world, and at the same time, prevent the opposing superpower from taking over. In an attempt to stop the spread of communism, the
United States created NATO and the Truman Doctrine, while theSoviet Union tried to stop democracy by creating the Warsaw Pact. At this point, the
world was divided, and most third world countries became pawns in the fight of communism versus capitalism. The citizens in third world nations were
often displaced, politically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Tim Golden in a New York Times article,"poverty defines the lives of more than 40 percent of all Latin Americans" (Doc 7). Ultimately,
this demonstrates that the Cold War affected millions of people in third world countries. If the United States and Soviet Union weren't so competitive
with one another, a huge amount of people could have a better life. Golden also reports that Latin American countries "addicted to deficit spending and
dependent on imports of capital goods" caused "inflation that shot out of control" (Doc 7). This shows that several third world countries couldn't avoid
economic decline, because the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. controlled their entire economy. This led the financial system to became worthless and millions of
citizens to become poor. In Chile, Pinochet "imposed an economic system that seemed successful at the beginning, although it benefited the capitalists
while it maintained the labour force under an iron fist" (Doc 8). In other words, the economy that Pinochet, the non–Communist leader that the U.S.
supported, implemented created a huge gap between the very rich owners and the very poor workers. However, under normal circumstances Chile
would have been able to create an independent economy that didn't cause such a division between the upper and lower classes. Overall, the huge
amount of power that the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. had over third world nations at the time was a huge factor in their economic

What Is Significant About Developments in Post-Cold War Ir...
What is significant about developments in Post–Cold War IR theory?
This essay will explore the significance of developments in post–Cold War International Relations theory. It wasn't surprising that the collapse of the
Soviet bloc, arguably the third greatest cataclysm of the Twentieth Century and an event which drew a line under the Two World Wars, would pose
some serious theoretical questions for International Relations. In order to do this the essay will be broken down into two sections. The first will
analyse globalisation and the effect of it on Realism. The second the will analyse culture and its effect on Liberalism. As a result this will demonstrate,
theoretically, that issues in post–Cold War international relations can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Africa and other less developed countries, although not completely opening itself up to globalisation, is accepting the internet and other
telecommunications as an opportunity to gain access to knowledge and services from around the world in a way that would have been unimaginable
previously. The internet and technologies such as mobile telephony allow developing countries to leapfrog steps in their development of infrastructure.
A poor land line telephone system in the Philippines, for example, is being rapidly bypassed by mobile phones with internet access. The spread of
globalisation on this scale would have been unthinkable if the Soviet bloc hadn't collapsed opening up new markets and cultures.
Liberalism, which was very prominent after the First World War (WWI) during the setting up of the League of Nations, is concerned with the
individuals within the state. In other words the state is the В‘servant' to the people's thoughts. Francis Fukuyama in his book The End of History and
the Last Man says that he could see no major competing ideology to the В‘liberal idea' after the Cold War but only localised resistance. (Fukuyama
1992: 45–46). During the Cold War cultural differences had to take a backseat to the global geopolitical struggle between the US and USSR. Both
the US and USSR offered their way of living, either democratically or totalitarian, to the rest of the worlds states. When the Cold War ended the way at
which the liberal politics of the West were

An Overview On Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment is the direct investment in new facilities or companies to expand a business in a new country. In evaluating and analyzing
East Asia, it is important to focus on cultural issues as they are major indicators of the business environment and implementation in a given local. East
Asia, including China, only began opening up for foreign investment in the 1970s. Japan is considered a developing market, where the rest of Eastern
Asia is an emerging market, the majority of FDI around the world is targeted to developing nations due to increased stability, consumer culture, and
large markets. The risk of emerging markets is greater than in developed, thus yielding a greater return on investment when the endeavor succeeds....
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Cultural managerial implications including long–term planning and results based rewards will likely be a shock to the traditionally, faced–paced, and
instantaneous American companies operating currently in the American Culture. Communication and interaction also differs once operating in a given
country, with the cultural norm being close and multiple relations occurring simultaneously. Transitioning the American corporate culture to a more
collectivism culture where employees are focused on the team instead of individual success will be a major factor that affects the overall company
culture. Implementation of service in a country where traditional culture and outlook is significantly different than the company's home culture poses a
barrier to success. Identifying and shifting managerial implications so they address the local expectations are essential to success. Both Anthropology
and Hofsteder's cultural dimensions are imperative to analyzing cross–cultural differences especially when evaluating the expansion possibilities of a
company to a different country. The following are the top 5 dimensions as they relate to multi–national enterprise management: 1)Masculine/Feminine
Dimensions 2)Individualism – Collectivism Dimensions 3)Activity Orientation Dimension 4)Uncertainty Avoidance Dimension 5)Power Distance
Dimension I find that the basic interaction dimensions are most

Disadvantages Of Trade Blocs
TRADE BLOCS A trade bloc is a type of agreement between the government officials where local and the regional barriers to trade, (tariffs and
non–tariff barriers) are finished among the participating states . We can also say that the meaning of trading blocs is a group of countries that exist
within a particular geographical region that have the desire to protect themselves from the import of outside goods . It can also be seen as a form of
economic integration that is increasingly modifying and giving a unique shape to world trade . Major types of Trade Blocs :– 1.Preferential Trade
Area :– Preferential Trade Areas (PTAs) exist when inter–geographical countries agree to finish off the tariff barriers on selected goods imported from...
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Free trade within the bloc :–Knowing that they have free access to each other's markets, members are encouraged to specialise. This means that, at the
regional level, there is a wider application of the principle of comparative advantage. Each region develops on a particular thing which also lads to
have different things with producing and mastering only a single thing . 2.Market access and trade creation :– Easier access to each other's markets
means that trade between members is likely to increase. Trade creation exists when free trade enables high cost domestic producers to be replaced by
lower cost, and more efficient imports. Because low cost imports lead to lower priced imports, there is a 'consumption effect', with increased demand
resulting from lower prices. 3.Economies of scale:– The producers can also benefit from the application of economies of scale which will lead to
reduce in costs prices for consumers as you can easily sell or trade your produced quantity of products . 4.Jobs :– Jobs may be created as a consequence
of increased trade between member economies because of the fact that trade involves various operations including manufactuting , packaging ,
transporting , etc

Applying The Simple Cu Theory At Trade Flows And Related...
Fig. 2 shoes a possible negative welfare effect, it can also be zero when x+y=Z. We will now assume that SH and DS is inelastic. We will also
assume that the tariff is 50% instead of 100%. Again if country H and F form a customs union then the sum of X2 and Y2 would be the gain and
areas Z2 would be the loss. Again it's safe to say that in fig. 2 that there is an overall net loss as (X2+Y2)<Z2. Therefor showing that a customs
union may lead to an overall welfare loss. The empirical evidence of the simple cu theory looks at trade flows and related welfare changes. All
most all the evidence seems to suggest that initial first six countries have had positive net gains in welfare due to them forming a customs union. I
have taken dater from a table out of a book (Pelkmans, 2006: p.108). Balassa (1975) concluded that trade creation was $11 billion greater than then
trade diversion in 1970. Williamson and Bottrill (1973) found that trade diversion in 1969 was zero therefore overall net gain equals trade creation
which was $9.6 billion. But risk Nick and Truman found that in 1968 they calculated trade diversion to be $1.2 billion greater then trade creation
and therefore an overall net loss to welfare. Most of the empirical evidence shows that there is an overall net gain from the initial six members of the
EEC. Comparing the games from starting a customs union Europe compare to the overall GDP of Europe is tiny considering that in 1968 was nearly
$700 billion. Any increase in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The European Union
Questions:
1. Discuss in general the advantages and disadvantages of regional вЂЁ trading blocs such as the EU. Discuss the benefits that UB may now enjoy
after acquiring a stake in the Nigerian firm, A&P.
United Biscuits (UB) manufactures its products in factories throughout England, Ireland, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The advantages and
disadvantages of regional trading blocs such as the European Union (EU), since its creation with the Treaties of Rome in 1957, the European Union has
shown great progress in regional integration, mainly in the economic level, showing that it is the best model of world integration has been achieved.
We can not talk about economic integration or European Monetary System without speaking of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is defined
as: "Economic integration process whose ultimate goal was the creation of a single currency, the euro, and a single central bank (rector of economic and
monetary policy) within the European Union (EU)".
The European Union has been insistent is the highest expression of regional integration that exist today in the world, but to develop this work, we
emphasize that their marriage is not total and unified hundred percent, but it is fragmented into severe parts of your integrity and this has been proven
through historical processes of integration, where the UK has stated on several occasions that while it is not a weak link in the European Union, has
shown little alignment with the rest of countries in

The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade...
The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade Agreement
Introduction
The European Union (EU) is the organization which integrates the countries listed below, both politically and economically. It is a customs union,
which is an agreement amongst a group of countries to eliminate trade barriers between them on the movement of goods, services, labor and capital,
and also to establish a common external tariff on goods and services coming into the union. The EU evolved from the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC), which was formed in 1951 as a response to the First and Second World Wars to try to ensure future peace in Europe. This became
the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1965, which in turn became the European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, the ideological foundations that gave birth to the EU were based on ensuring development and maintaining international stability, i.e., the
containment of communist expansion in post World War II Europe (Hunt 1989). The Maastricht Treaty which gave birth to the EU in 1992 included
considerations for joint policies in regard to military defense and citizenship.
Trading blocs could strongly affect a company's investment decision. This particular trading bloc development prompted Ford to realise it could
consider Europe to be one common market rather than a collection of individual markets. In 1967, Ford changed its management structure to include its
European operations under one umbrella organisation known as Ford Europe Incorporated. Its two large U.K. and German manufacturing centres
remained an important dimension of the new strategy, but they were no longer considered separate, independently operating companies. Despite
nationalistic tendencies on the part of the host–country management, Ford decided that, from the companies perspective, it was best to eliminate
national boundaries, and a German director said, The pooling of the two companies cut the engineering bill in half for each company, provided
economies of scale, with double the volume in

Case Study: Davis Service Group
In response to the case study of Davis Service group, this essay will describe organic and inorganic growth, two major ways in which a company can
grow. Next, the acquisition of Berendsen will be discussed. Thirdly the EU market will be discussed in terms of opportunity for horizontal and organic
growth. Finally, a recommendation regarding the location for international expansion will be presented.
1. Two major ways in which a company can grow are organically and inorganically (Davis, n.d.).Organic growth is growth that is achieved within an
existing business, by increasing sales and number of clients to increase profitability. Organic growth can be achieved many ways. The easiest way is if
a firm's product is in high demand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Engaging in Horizontal growth, or growing within the same stage of production (Davis, n.d.), was attractive for Davis Service Group within the EU
for a number of reasons. Firstly, the company had proven experience and resources within its level of production. Davis would be exposed to unfamiliar
skills and processes by attempting vertical integration. Secondly, there was an attractive inorganic growth opportunity in Berendsen, where Davis could
leverage the combined companies' resources, immediately gaining a market, contacts, clients and operations. Thirdly, Davis already had superior
management systems and so could gain cost savings in the combined group by applying its management systems to the new operation (Davis,

Analyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and...
Analyse the effects of domestic and global free trade and protection policies on the Australian economy
Free trade is the unrestricted purchase and sale of goods and services between countries without the imposition of protection such as tariffs and quotas.
This enables economies to focus on their core competitive advantage(s), thereby maximizing economic output and fostering income growth for their
citizens. Australian exports rose from $66.6 billion in 1990–91 to $300.4 billion in 2012–13, with an average growth in export volumes of 4.6 per cent
per annum since 1990–91. This is reflective of Australia's proactive actions to phase out protection since the 1970s. The major effects of domestic and
global free trade and protection policies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, there has been poor progress in reducing agricultural protection in recent years. In fact, if global trade liberalisation was achieved by
the WTO 's Doha Round, it could have boosted Australia 's agricultural exports by US$9 billion by 2020; thus displaying how highly protectionist
economies and trade blocs adversely affect the Australian economy.
Since Australia's first free trade agreement (FTA) with New Zealand in 1983, Bilateral and Multilateral FTA's have been a great advantage and focus in
securing economic prosperity for Australia. Australia's two–way trade in goods and services was A$616 bn in 2012. Australia has seven FTAs currently
in force with New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand, US, Chile, ASEAN (with New Zealand) and Malaysia. Together, these countries account for 28% of
Australia's total trade, which displays the great benefit of bilateral FTAs to the Australian economy. Additionally, there are four bilateral FTA
negotiations currently in place, two of which are substantial trading partners; China, being Australia's largest export market (A$78.7 bn) and Japan,
being Australia's second largest export market (A$49.8 bn). The Japanese Free Trade Agreement has been negotiated, and will be a great benefit to the
Australian economy, especially the agricultural sector, for example tariffs on beef

Essay on The Fall of Communism
The era that preceded the formation of the Soviet Union was earmarked with social unrest, famine, and failed governments. After many struggles, many
smaller soviet republics joined to form a large conglomerate nation, known as the Soviet Union in 1922. Vladimir Lenin, leader at the time, replaced
the failing capitalist government with a communist government. . At the end of WWII, most of Eastern and Central Europe's countries were being
occupied by the soviet army. They came to be controlled by the Soviet government and pulled back behind an "iron Curtain". Winston Churchill's
famed Iron curtain remark refers to the countries that fell under the spell of the Soviet Union and shut out the western world ways of capitalism. The
countries of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On June 12, 1987, United States President Ronald Regan issued a speech while at the Berlin Wall to Mikhail Gorbachev, then the general Secretary of
the Soviet Union– "General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern, if you seek
liberalization, come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!" (Wikipedia, 2011) Later, in the fall of
1989, civilians started chipping away at the wall. The growing desire for personal rights, democratic government, and a better way of life lead to
the break up of the Eastern bloc. Citizens were tired of oppression, hunger, censorship, and in essence, life itself being a hardship. Protestors
gathered and a peaceful revolution had started to tear down the wall. By the beginning of 1990, the wall was decimated with a few watch towers
standing as memorials to the fallen that tried to escape to freedom in the West. In December of 1991, the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc officially
broke apart, breaking up into fifteen sovereign countries. This was the end of the biggest communist country in the world, end to the Cold War, and
containment policies. The former Soviet Union is now known as Russia. When governments are overthrown and dismantled, some of the effects are
obviously immediate while others last for centuries. The same rule applied to the collapse of the soviet bloc in Eastern

Us Post Ww2 Essay
The primary motivation seems to be to increase the strength of the domestic economy by first expanding overseas and facilitating as many countries
as possible to trade with the US. Indeed, the US wanted to help rebuild Europe in order to build good markets for US not for humanitarian reasons.
The clearest example of this comes from Assistant secretary of state Dean Acheson whilst testifying before a special congressional committee on
post–war planning. He stated "When you look at the problem... it is a problem of markets." This seems to be the clearest indication of the US's
motives, especially given the nature of the hearing. Gaddis claims that 'The policies they actually followed did less than one might think to advance it
[capitalism].' However... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The USSR and the eastern bloc represented a serious obstacle to this and one can see how these Imperialist tendencies caused an inevitable clash
with the USSR as they represented an obstacle to the aim of reformation of global capitalism to facilitate trade with the US. The USSR posed a
real threat to US economic hegemony hence a standoff between the two was in many ways inevitable due to the US aggressively searching for new
markets. The US was keen to assert American influence in eastern Europe by demanding free elections, breaking the Percentages Agreement.
Conversely Stalin had upheld his side of the Agreement in regard to the Greek communists. Stalin would have viewed all these actions as an attempt
by the US to reorganise the governments in Eastern Europe to align with the open door policy and to coerce the USSR into accepting US policies.
The US also orchestrated riots over soviet spheres of influence as pointed out by Williams. The repressive attitudes undertaken by Stalin, such
political repressions in Bulgaria and Poland can be seen as a reaction to the US trying to intrude in on their sphere of influence and these measures
were a defensive

Free Trade Blocs, A Major Step Towards Economic Integration
Free Trade Blocs Free trade blocs are intergovernmental agreements that limit regional barriers to trade by integrating different economies. The four
types of trade blocs are Preferential Trade Area, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, and Common Market. The specific trade blocs included in this
analysis are Mercosur, North American Free Trade Agreement,European Union. Preferential Trade Area (PTA) is when countries in the same
geographical region agree to eliminate or reduce tariff barriers on certain goods. Similar to PTA, the Free Trade area is when two or more countries
agree to eliminate or reduce barriers to trade and freely import and export goods between each other. Members of a trade bloc who remove trade barriers
internally, while imposing a uniform tariff on non–member countries is an example of a Customs Union. Members of a Customs Union will come
together and negotiate tariff regulations with countries outside their bloc. One of the most comprehensive trade blocs is the Common Market. A
Common Market is a major step towards economic integration. In a Common Market, bloc member countries are able to trade all economic resources
without restraint. While other types of trade blocs primarily free up the trading of goods and services, the Common Market frees the flow of capital
and labor between member nations. Also in the Common Market bloc tariffs and non–tariff barriers are removed, increasing free trade activity. Nations
that belong to a Common Market must have

Sample Resume : International Business Management
Project Report Date05/05/2015Time:MarksStudent's Name& IDFatima Jasem Al Ali– BAF1406010/Student's Name& ID/Student's Name& ID
/Student's Name& ID/Student's Name& ID/Course NameInternational Business ManagementCourse CodeBUS 417SemesterSpring 2015Instructor's
NameDr.Moataz ,Dr.Ajayeb & Dr.TarekvaluationIntroductionBody of the ReportConclusion & RecommendationsReferences &
Appendix:Organization, language, presentationIndividual presentationTotal Weight2%5%2%2%2%7%20% Student MarkNOTE: Submission via
turnitin, http:// ect.ac.ae/E learn. Note: This project counts for 20% of the student final grade. Project Subject: Choose only one of the following
topics: 1. Multinational Enterprise {MNE}. 2. Small and Medium–sized enterprise {SME}. 3. Free Zone. 4. Economic Blocs {GCC}. Project Working
Guidelines A.Project Structure It is recommended that your project report have the following structure in the order provided here. 1.Table of Contents
Table of contents should contain titles and page numbers for the main sections and subsections of your report. The table of contents should also include
entries for any appendices in your report. 2.Introduction It consists of presenting your organization, the subject and the objectives of your project. You
should also present the different questions and issues

Russia 's Foreign Policy During The Cold War
At the height of the Cold War, Soviet foreign policy of the time was simple: increase world influence through the spread of communism in order to
undermine democracy, specifically the United States. Today, Russia's foreign policy appears confusing to most westerners because of the wide scope
of Russian efforts but the objective is still the same: increase world influence. Currently,Russia adopts a flexible diplomatic outlook by entering
alliances that serve a temporary but strategically significant purpose. Current global conditions and Russia's foreign policy will complicate the United
States' international strategy by increasing global economic competition through economic partnerships with China and small military engagements
within central and eastern Europe and the Middle East. During the Cold War, Russia dominated the Eastern Bloc not only in its military capability but
through its economy as well. While Soviet products were not considered to be of the highest quality, their manufacturing capability, supported by
defense spending was considerable. Whenever the Soviet economy floundered or the socialist/communistic system was questioned, inevitably the
Soviets assigned blame to capitalism and western influences. In reality, when Mikhail Gorbachev became the general secretary of the communist party
in 1985, he instituted a major reform program with the intent of improving economic conditions for the Soviet Union and its satellite states
(History.com). The economic

Disadvantage Of The Eu
The European Union is known as a economic and political union that has 28 member states around the continent .The EU was established in the
aftermath of World War 2. The idea behind the eu was that countries that trade with each other become economically interdependent and are less likely
to get into conflict. What stared off as a purely economic union advanced into an organization covering policy areas, from climate, environment and
health to external relations and security, justice and migration (Ayiekoh, 2016).
The Eu was known as the European economic community, under the its new name the eu is based on rule of law, everything which it partakes in is
instituted on treaties, voluntarily and democratically agreed by its member states. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EU's (CAP) affords subsidies to EU farmers causing a competitive disadvantage for African farmers in the European market since 70% of Africans
are involved in agriculture, the role played by agriculture within African economies could never be underestimated this is a particularly crucial part of
the African economy. Regions with the highest dependence on agricultural exports include the West African Monetary Union which includes Benin,
Burkina Faso , Guinea–Bissau, Niger to name a few and these countries account for an average of over two–thirds of total exports to the EU. The
Eastern and South African region are also significant as it has the highest dependence on agricultural exports that are also covered by the CAP notably
through sugar, fruit, vegetable and beef exports With Britain's departure, Africa would lose a strong voice in the EU for its farmers and that could
negatively impact the African economies as well hamper growth, development and sustainability al together . (Mayer,

Cold War Dbq
The Cold War was a fight between the US and the Soviet Union which not only cost billions on both sides but also tension. Through–out the Cold War
the United states and the Soviet Union fought together against the Axis powers but not for long. Tension began to rise among the two nations when the
United states started to feel uneasy about Soviet communism which caused the two to become enemies. The fact that the Soviets wanted to expand
communism along the East of Europe angered many Americans becuase they felt the Soviets wanted to have control not only over their people, but
over the world.
To start off, the Berlin Blockade began when the Soviets pretty much started spreading communism along Eastern Europe as a defense against
Germany. After... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Vietnam War was fought between South and North Vietnam over the reunification of Vietnam. The North fought a more conventional warfare and
it was supported by the Soviets and other communist countries while the South fought more of a guerilla war and was supported by the US and other
anti–communist countries. Of course the US got involved and supported the South because of the Truman Doctrine in which aided any country who
felt threatened by communism and prevented the spread of communism, the US got involved and supported them by going into war and using military
tactics such as airstrikes and large stratgetic bombings. One major thing the US had going on was the Domino theory which applied to most US foreign
policies, this justified their support for non–communist regimes. North Vietnam saw this war as something small while the US saw it as a way to
prevent communism taking over another country and eventually the US got involved in the long run. Although the North Vietnamese won and unified
Vietnam under communism, and the US had no success in preventing this, communism failed to spread through the rest of Southeast Asia.
In–conclusion, the Cold War was built on mistrust, suspicion, and the Berlin Wall that came to symbolize itself as the start of war. This was a fight
between the Eastern and Western bloc during the time the US had introduced policies about anti–communism. I believe it couldnt have been

The United States And The European Union
Europe was constantly in civil conflict with each other prior to the aftermath of World War II. However, at the end of World War II, it became evident
that the United States would dominate global politics. In fact, much of the foreign policy implemented throughout the world were simply just the goals
of the United States and the United States did become the major geopolitical hegemon directing international policies which other countries would
follow. In simpler terms, the United States frequently exercised power throughout the 20th century. However, with the emergence of theEuropean Union
and it's recent economic rise rivaling that of the United States, some scholars begin to question whether the United States will be able to maintain its
role in the international arena and what the role of the European Union will be. Thus, the question must be asked, Will the European Union run the 21st
century? Viewing this through an economic lens, the European Union will "run" the 21st century because of other regions adopting its economic
model, the sheer size of the EU economy, and its overall economic influence and power. First, it is important to examine the readings regarding the
European Union's foreign policy. Here are some general explanations on the arguments from the following readings about the EU and its role in the
21st century. Kagan argues that the European Union will not "run" the 21st century. His reasoning is that although the EU is an economic power, it lacks

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Economic Integration
B Regional integration refers to the arrangements in between two or more nations that agree to collaborate and work closely together to achieve peace,
stability and wealth. Usually integration involves a written agreement that illustrates the fields of cooperation in detail. The number of regional trade
agreements has increased over the last two decades. This co–operation usually begins with economic integration and as it continues it also embrace
political integration. Economic integration is the merger of economic policies between different states through either the partial or full eradication of
tariff and non–tariff barriers on trade taking place among them before their integration. This in result leads to lower prices for distributors and
consumers with the goal of increasing the level of welfare, while ultimately... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This expansion of market creates more employment opportunities for people to move from one country to another to find jobs or to earn higher pay.
For example, industries requiring mostly unskilled labor tends to shift production to low wage countries within a regional cooperation Disadvantages
Of Economic Integration Creation Of Trading Blocs: It can also increase trade barriers against non–member countries. Trade Diversion: Because of
trade barriers, trade is diverted from a non–member country to a member country despite the inefficiency in cost. For example, a country has to stop
trading with a low cost manufacture in a non–member country and trade with a manufacturer in a member country which has a higher cost. National
Sovereignty: Requires member countries to give up some degree of control over key policies like trade, monetary and fiscal policies. In the case of a
political union economic integration different nations are required to give up a high degree of sovereignty. The Political Case for

The World's Main Regional Trading Blocs
3.The World's main regional trading blocs
Middle East and North Africa (MENA): is a regional economic integration bloc that includes the Middle East and North Africa. The population of the
MENA region is about 381 million people, about 6% of the total world population.
Map 1: Middle East and North Africa geographical map North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): is a regional economic integration bloc that
includes the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA represents 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services.
Map 2: North American Free Trade Agreement geographical map
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): is a regional economic integration bloc that includes 10 countries located in Southeast Asia. The
ASEAN represents 620 million people.
4.Regional economic integration: The EU case:
Map 3: The European Union geographical map The European Union is considered as a political and economic institution that includes 28 countries:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In fact, the
creation of the EU has been through the following steps:
The treaty of Paris, 18 April 1951: the establishment of the coal and steel European community ECSC (Belgium, West Germany, France, Italy,
Netherlands,

Regional Economic Integration : International Trade Area
Regional economic integration has allowed countries to concentrate on issues that pertain to their respective stages of development, in addition to
encouraging trade between neighbors. There are five main stages of economic integration: Free trade area, customs union, common market, economic
union and political union. Free trade areas exist as the most basic type of economic cooperation. Here, member countries remove all trade barriers but
remain free to determine their own trade policies with nonmember nations. An example of this is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Customs unions are similar to free trade zones in that they provide economic cooperation, along with the elimination of trade barriers among member
countries. The primary difference from the free trade area is that trade with nonmember countries are treated in a similar fashion as trade with member
countries. An example of this is The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Common markets exist to create economically integrated markets between
member countries. Trade barriers are removed, in addition to any restrictions on the capital and labor movement between member countries. Similar to
customs unions, there is a common trade policy with nonmember nations. The primary advantage to workers is that a visa or work permit is not
required for employment in another member country of a common market. An example is the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA). Economic union is created when

The Benefits Of United Kingdom
This essay will answer the essay topic on Economic Integration and discuss the extent to which the benefits of United Kingdom (UK) being a member
of the European Union (EU) outweigh the costs. In short, giving the advantages and disadvantages of UK being part of the EU. This essay will start
with a brief definition of Economic Integration. Followed by, a general introduction about the economy of EU and the UK. Lastly, stating the
advantages and disadvantages for UK, being a member of the EU.
Economic Integration being defined as an economic arrangement between two or more countries marked by the reduction or elimination of trade
barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. The main objective of economic integration is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This agreement involves collaboration between at least two or more countries to reduce the import quotas and tariffs that are considered to be the trade
barriers.
Thirdly, a customs union is an agreement between two or more usually neighboring countries to remove trade barriers, and reduce or eliminate customs
duty on the common trade. The participating countries set up common external trade policy, but in some circumstances different import quotas used.
Common market is a group formed by countries within a geographical area to promote duty free trade and free movement of labour and capital among
the member countries. In short, there are no barriers at all between the member countries. Common market is usually referred as the first stage towards
the creation of a single market.
Moving on to the economic union that is a type of trade bloc comprised of a common market with a customs union. The member countries have
common policies in few sectors, which involved, product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and factors of production such as capital
and labour, and common external trade policy.
An economic and monetary union is basically an economic union but with a monetary union. A monetary union is two or more countries using a
single currency or different currency but having a fixed shared exchange rate that are monitored or governed by one central bank or it could be few
central banks that work closely

Iron Curtain
A major primary source that contributed a lot to the research of the Polish Solidarity Movement was Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech. The
origin of this speech was it was created by Winston Churchill. Officially called the "Sinews of Peace", but usually called "The Iron Curtain" was given
on March 5th, 1949 . During this time Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of Britain, this plays a key role in the speech because he was a
prominent person during this time, making many respect and listen to him. The main purpose of this speech was because Winston Churchill wanted
everyone understand the geographical divide between the Western and Eastern Bloc. Winston Churchill created this speech because he wanted
everyone to be aware of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Soviet Union was in modern day Russia, and enforced the communistic beliefs. The Poland Trade Union did not believe in ways of the Soviet
Union, they became enraged with the new decisions made by the Soviet Union. First off,Wojciech Jaruzelski, was one of the many general that first
supported the communistic rule, but then as the revolts became too much to handle, he finally gave in and began to support the solidarity
movement.As ABC CLIO explains, Wojciech Jaruzelski started as a strict general for the Soviet Union. Slowly as the solidarity movement started to
become more serious and revolting more than usual, he decided to cave in and start to help the solidarity side.Without the help of Wojciech Jaruzelski
from the communist side caving in to help with the success of the Solidarity movement, Poland would not be able to achieve freedom from the Soviet
Union.Another Main contributor to the success of the movement was Lech Walesa. Lech walesa was a worker in the Trade Union who strongly
believed in anti communistic ways and wanted to advance workers rights. This brings him to the conclusion that he wanted to start a movement against
the new communistic ways. As eLibrary states in an article about Lech Walesa's life, it explains that he wants to rise up against the Soviet Union.
Because he feels so strongly about this that he gathers people to join his movement. The movement would have not been able to be completed without
Lech Walesa, because of his strong will and desire to free his country from being taken over.Both Generals from the Soviet Union, and leaders that
helped create the revolt against the communist side, contributed to the start of the Solidarity Movement, to reach freedom from the Soviet

Trade Agreements Facilitate The Free Exchange Of Goods And...
Trade agreements facilitate the free exchange of goods and services between nation–states, and contribute to varying degrees to complete economic
integration between two or more states. Autarky refers to a non–trading status, a phenomenon rarely seen in today's increasingly integrated globe. The
steps taken to fully integrate are referred to as stages, a categorization that makes evident the variability in degree of integration. At the first stage, a
preferential trade area can be set up as a less formal means of encouraging trade by enacting preferential tariffs to target specific countries' exports
(usually developing countries), in addition to other unilateral trade benefits. Free trade areas are the next step up along the full... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NAFTA The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement among Mexico, Canada, and the United States that removes trade
tariffs between the three members. Along with the removal of tariffs, NAFTA created the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC),
which monitors the environmental impact of the agreement. NAFTA was signed on December 8, 1993 by the Clinton administration, and the
agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994. NAFTA has significantly increased trade between the three countries. This agreement has increased
exports for all countries, while making imports cheaper. For example, the US accounts for 50% of Mexico's imports, and it accounts for 51% of
Canada's imports. The effects of NAFTA on the US economy were smaller than predicted, and its effect is hard to separate from the general boom
of the US economy during the 1990s and early 2000s. While many jobs were created during this period, some critics argue that job creation and
economic growth would have been even greater without NAFTA. Many economists have done studies to quantify the welfare effects of NAFTA on
its member states. One 2015 study estimated the welfare effect of NAFTA on its member states. It found a welfare increase of 1.31% in Mexico, an
increase of 0.08% in the US, and a welfare decrease of 0.06% in Canada. Although these effects are very modest, some argue that NAFTA has had
more pronounced effects on specific sectors of these countries'

Essay on The Four Political Parties Of Canada
The Four Political Parties of Canada
In a country as vast and as culturally diverse as Canada, many different political opinions can be found stretched across the country. From the affluent
neighbourhoods of West Vancouver to the small fishing towns located on the east coast of Newfoundland, political opinions and affiliations range from
the left wing to the right wing. To represent these varying political views, Canada has four official national political parties to choose from: the Liberals
(who are currently in power), the Progressive Conservatives, the New Democrats, and the
Reform Party. What is particularly interesting is that none of the latter three parties compose Her Majesty's Official Opposition in the House... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1933, the CCF had its first major convention in Regina, Saskatchewan, and the original policy platform first proposed by the CCF was replaced by
a manifesto prepared by an LSR committee and originally drafted by a Toronto scholar, Frank
Underhill. The Regina Manifesto, as it is known as today, put emphasis on
"economic planning, nationalisation of financial institutions, public utilities and natural resources, security of tenure for farmers, a national labour
code, socialised health services and greatly increased economic powers for the central government." (Morton, p.12, 1986) As a supplement to the
feverish mood created by the convention, the Regina convention concluded by saying "no CCF Government will rest content until it has eradicated
capitalism and put into operation the full programme of socialised planning which will lead to the establishment in
Canada of the Co–operative Commonwealth." (Morton, p.12, 1986). The CCF tried to garner

Narrative Consequences Of Trade In Mel Gibson's Apocalypto
We can presume that populations of human beings have been expending their time, energy, and resources to acquire valuable commodities to trade
for a very long time. This quintessentially human behavior bolsters social bonds in ways that would have been a great boon to the survival chances
of an individual or tribe. In the movie Apocalypto , the early minutes depict two tribes of people coming into contact for the first time. The
potentially deadly levels of tension were eased with a simple greeting from an elder tribesman and an exchange of boar meat for fish. Narrative
elements aside, this is a fantastic recreation of the likely roots of commerce . But, those times are long gone. These simple acts of reciprocation
evolved drastically... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the Second World War was ending in 1945 the Allies met in Crimea for theYalta Conference to discuss plans for post–War Europe. Stalin had
come prepared. He used the stratagem of setting the meeting's location nearer to his homeland than the homes of the other negotiating parties to
exacerbate their discomfort with jet lag. This also happened to be when Franklin Roosevelt was nearing the end of his life, a time when negotiating
skill would logically suffer. With the other members of the Big Three either run down or deathly ill, Stalin must have known he was likely to receive
more concessions than he would have otherwise. As underhanded as this trick was, it was mild when juxtaposed with his geopolitical maneuvers.
Earlier that year, the Soviets acknowledged the Communist Polish government before the Yalta talks even began, to better position themselves to
create a Pro–Russian government in a neighboring country. FDR and Churchill recognized the threat of this bold move to capitalist markets, but
USSR occupation of Poland deprived them of options. The world leaders met again at the Potsdam conference years later when the war was nearly
won. The question of what to do with Germany was on the agenda, and it was an especially tricky question. Secretary of War Stimson believed that
returning economic stability to Germany would be in

The Direction Of Bilateral Trade Flows Across Countries Or...
4.2. Conclusion This study has indicated that there are some differences as to what determines the direction of bilateral trade flows across countries or
regional economic blocs. The motives behind the formation of such arrangements disparate from region to region hence, there are differing arguments
that explain the rationale for their set up. Developing countries' regional blocs in general, African ones in particular, are often criticized for being
politically oriented and this view has been partially supported by the study. From the above regression results and the subsequent explanations, it could
be concluded that trade flow in the study area is positively impacted by real GDP in both trading partners and is statistically significant. It is also
directly proportional to the population number in both countries, although the population number in the trading partners of countries in the study area
is not statistically significant. In addition, regression results from the dummy variables, colonial history, membership of both trading partners in East
African Community, and common membership of both trading partners in regional economic integrations outside EAC, reveals that trade is positively
influenced by these variables and is statistically significant. Another group of variables that significantly explain trade in EAC are distance between the
centers of the trade partners and number of land locked countries in the country–pair. Unlike other variables in the model,

Economic Union : A Type Of Trade Bloc
Economic Union of countries Introduction Economic union is a type of trade bloc, which consists of a common market with the Customs Union. It
involves both common policies on product regulation, free movement of goods, services and factors of production (capital and labour), and the policy
of the joint participation of foreign trade. When it includes a common currency within an economic union, it becomes an economic and monetary
union. The purpose for the establishment of an economic union usually includes increasing economic efficiency and establishes political and cultural
relations between the member states. European Economic Union is one of the specialties that have been changing the world. Secondly, I will also
mention in this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its general goal is to promote cooperation and integration in order to create economic and monetary union as a means of stimulating economic growth
and development in West Africa. In order to achieve this goal, the group set up specialized institutions and agencies to serve as fuel to achieve its
targets. Its committee includes community institutions group, Parliament Court of Justice and Community Bank for Investment and Development.
Over past decades, Europe has become used to the progression, peace, and democracy. It has campaigned for an end to the division between East and
West, also to improve the economic and social prosperity. It has worked to improve health levels, and for better protection of human rights to attain
equality between men and women. Yet at present, opinion is divided as there are many advantages and disadvantages which are usually listed by
different groups in different communities of the economic union. One of the advantages is the creation of trade. An economic union helps the
economies of individual countries to achieve more. It brings peace and prosperity to the region as neighbouring countries have combined economies
so they see other countries as more equal to themselves. It is true for the citizens of these countries as well as they get to right to work everywhere
without any discrimination. Although one of its drawbacks is that it does create a counter balance to other regions of the

Eu vs Nafta
Abstract
The paper addresses important concerns of the European Union and the NAFTA, NAFTA's functional structure. A brief introduction if NAFTA and EU
confront one another.
Executive Summary
Some would doubt that the formation of NAFTA was the American response to the European Single Act that formed the EU, which is made up of 27
countries. There is nothing to gain for both the blocs. However in some areas, "peaceful co–existence" and some form of "stricter ties" between the EU
and NAFTA would prove to be beneficial for both.
Introduction
The NAFTA and theEuropean Union comprising of 27 countries comprise the biggest blocs in the world. The two trade blocs are also highly
interdependent through foreign direct investment. In 2007, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Euro was approved for equity and debt trading, bank transactions, business–to–business and payments by cheque. The euro transformed Europe
(Warner, 1998) from "a jigsaw of costly protected markets into a vigorously competitive economic bloc, thereby enhancinginternational trade in the
area".
The NAFTA: A Regional agreement without institutions
NAFTA represents a market of 379 million people with $6.5 trillion in production. The drive behind NAFTA was the establishment of a free trade area.
Despite being a trilateral, it aimed at increasing international trade through the elimination of trade barriers. NAFTA could become more competitive in
the world economy.
The primary purpose of NAFTA is to assist the North American region in becoming more economically competitive with the rest of the world. It
consists of US, Canada and Mexico. They set the rules regarding trade, investment and the provision of services. Despite the fact that free trade
provides benefits, removing a trade barrier could cause damages to the shareholders and employees of the industry. The groups that get affected by
foreign competition use politics to get protection from imports.
E.g. According to the U.S. International Trade Commission, US gaining from removing trade restrictions on textiles and apparel would have been
nearly $12 billion in 2002.
The EU has become more economically integrated by becoming a common market. This removes barriers to production, like capital and labor.

Regional Integration And International Business

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