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FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS NA 
CURA POR RADIAÇÃO E 
SUAS APLICAÇÕES 
Wilson Aparecido Parejo Calvo 
Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações 
IPEN-CNEN/SP 
wapcalvo@ipen.br 
Paulo Roberto Rela 
CBE 
prela06@yahoo.com.br
APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION AND 
RADIOISOTOPES TECHNIQUES IN INDUSTRY 
Gamma irradiation 
Electron beam irradiation 
Accelerator irradiation 
Ion beam irradiation 
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) 
Ion beam analysis 
Radiometric measurements 
Related techniques 
Radiography 
Digital radioscopy 
Computer tomography 
Nuclear related techniques 
Transmission 
Backscattering 
Multibeam  multienergy 
Computer tomography 
Low activity 
Prompt Gamma (PGNAA) 
Delayed gamma (DGNAA) 
Gamma loggers 
Residence Time Distribution 
Mass balance 
Thin Layer Activation 
Gamma scanning 
Neutron backscattering 
Computer Fluid Dynamics 
Single Particle Tracking 
Emission computer tomography 
RADIOTRACERS AND 
SEALED SOURCES 
NDT 
NUCLEONICS 
GAUGES 
INDUSTRY 
NUCLEAR 
ANALYTICAL 
TECHNIQUES 
RADIATION 
PROCESSING 
Source: IAEA
Gamma Rays, Electron Beam and X-Rays 
Gamma Rays (60Co) Electron Beam 
(10 MeV, 50 kW) 
X-Rays 
(5–7 MeV) 
Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP 
50 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 
10 kGy/h 
5 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 
72 MGy/h 
 50 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 
100 kGy/h
FUNDAMENTOS DA TECNOLOGIA 
POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS 
Ligação molecular carbono-carbono antes da cura (LINEAR) 
C C C C C C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
Ligação molecular carbono-carbono, após a cura utilizando 
Electron Beam (RETICULADO)
PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE 
 Os elétrons penetram no material 
com velocidade de 2/3 da luz 
 As duplas ligações carbono-carbono 
são rompidas formando radicais 
livres 
 Os radicais procuram níveis de 
energia mais baixos ligando-se a 
outros radicais curando o material 
 A cura é praticamente instantânea 
 Processo a frio (acréscimo de até 
15oC) e evita distorção 
 Não há necessidade de 
fotoiniciadores 
 O produto não fica radioativo 
ELÉTRONS (EB) 
Não curado 
C C C C C C 
Curado por EB 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C 
C
PARÂMETROS ENVOLVIDOS NO 
 A cura por EB é definida em função do nível 
do tratamento/ beneficio desejado que 
depende da quantidade de energia a ser 
depositada ou transferida ao produto – Dose 
de radiação 
 Dose de radiação é definida como a quantidade de 
energia depositada em uma determinada massa de 
produto 
 Unidades utilizadas: 
Gray= Joule/kg 
Rad= 100Gy(USA) 
PROCESSO 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
Acceleration Voltage X Application 
X-ray conversion 
Sterilization 
Wire  Cable, 
Waste Water Treatment 
Heat Shrinkable Tubing 
Rubber Tire 
Foamed P. E. Plastics 
De-NOx/De-SOx of 
Exhaust Gas 
Curing 
(Coating/Lamination/Printing) 
Acceleration Voltage (kV) 
5000 
2000 
1000 
500 
300 
200 
100 
Dose (kGy) 
Dose X Application 
300 
100 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
P.E.Wire 
Sterilization Foamed P.E. 
Curing 
P.V.C.Wire 
Heat Shrinkable Tubing 
P.V.C.Tape 
Rubber Tire 
De-NOx/De-SOx of Exhaust Gas 
ELECTRON BEAM APPLICATIONS 
Source: IAEA
Agência Internacional de Energia 
IAEA Specific Safety Guide 
SSG-8 
Radiation Safety of Gamma, 
Electron and X Ray 
Irradiation Facilities 
Categoria I 
Categoria II 
Atômica (IAEA)
ACELERADORES INDUSTRIAIS DE 
ELÉTRONS 
Classificação dos Aceleradores de Elétrons (função da energia do 
feixe de elétrons) 
 Baixa energia: 150 keV to 300 keV 
 Média energia: 300 keV to 5 MeV 
 Alta energia: 5 MeV to 10 MeV 
Vantagens e Limitações no Processamento por Feixe de Elétrons 
 Vantagens: alta velocidade de processamento de produtos bem 
definidos e de grandes superfícies com espessuras finas 
 Limitações: baixo poder de penetração
Aplicações dos Aceleradores 
Industriais de Elétrons 
150 keV - 300 keV
SOLVENTE 
SISTEMAS DE CURA (Térmica, UV e EB) 
DILUENTE REATIVO DILUENTE REATIVO 
ADITIVOS ADITIVOS ADITIVOS 
RESINA 
PIGMENTOS 
RESINA RESINA 
PIGMENTOS PIGMENTOS 
FOTOINICIADOR 
SISTEMA 
CONVENCIONAL 
SISTEMA UV SISTEMA EB 
Source: RadTech South America
UV/EB RADIATION CURING - PERFORMANCE 
EB versus UV (Free Radicals) 
 High energy 
 High crosslinking density 
 High penetration into opaque materials 
 No photoinitiators 
 Speed cure at hundredths of seconds 
 Effectiveness on thin layers 
materials 
 Elaborate formulation for thick 
layers 
 Low penetration limited to clear 
materials 
 Photoinitiators need 
 Speed cure at tenths of seconds 
Electron beam curing has several advantages 
over conventional thermal curing methods: 
Improved parts; improved material handling; 
ability to combine various materials and 
functions in a single operation; ability to 
utilize lower cost tooling; and reduced cure 
times 
Source: RadTech South America
ENERGY 
Voltage (keV) Layer thickness (μm) 
150 100 
175 150 
200 250 
300 500 
ELECTRON BEAM (EB) CURING 
VELOCITY PROCESSING 
Dose (kGy) Velocity (m/min) Applications 
20 0-600 Silicone application 
30 0-600 Printing 
60 0-200 Adhesives 
ITEMS DURABILITY 
Titanium window 2,000 hours 
Tungsten Filament 10,000 hours 
O-rings 2,000 - 5,000 hours 
Maintenance time * 20 - 30 hours/year 
* Maintenance cost per year = ~ 5% of the Electron Beam 
Accelerator’s price 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
300 
200 
100 
0 
0 100 200 300 400 
Penetração (microns) 
Energia (keV) 
Penetração do Feixe de Elétrons (EB) 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
Economia de Energia Elétrica 
Sistemas Solvente Cura EB 
 Revestimento sólido 60% 100% 
 Energia para curar (kJ/m2) 328 0.86 
(solvente = 27,3 kJ/g e 
EB dose = 30 kGy) 
 Energia elétrica (Wh/m2) 91 0.24 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
Zero VOC*: ASTM D5403-93 (2013) Standard Test 
Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Curable 
Materials 
 Não há eliminação de gases (greenhouse) 
 Redução de perdas 
Amigável ao Meio Ambiente 
*VOC – Componentes orgânicos voláteis
UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments 
Energy Scineces, Inc. (ESI) 
(www.ebeam.com) 
Web widths: 20 to 66” (508 to 1,676 mm) 
Speed capability: 335 m/min 
Thickness: 0.03 mm 
Web widths: 30 to 120” (762 to 3,048 
mm) 
Speed capability: 305 m/min 
Thickness: 0.35 mm 
Source: ESI
UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments 
PCT Engineered Systems, LLC 
(www.teampct.com) 
Voltage: 125 to 300 keV 
Web widths: 130” (3,300 mm) 
Voltage: 70 to 125 keV 
Web widths: 36”(914mm) to 68”(1,727mm) 
Source: PCT
UV/EB RADIATION CURING 
e5 
efficient 
enabling 
economical 
energy savings 
environmental friendly 
Source: RadTech
Cura de revestimentos e tintas de impressão 
 Cura de materiais estruturais (materiais compostos) 
X-33/Venture Star 
F22- ASTOVL 
 Cura de silicones, adesivos e filmes 
08/03/2008 : Food Contact 
Notification (FCN) 772 - 
Food and Drug 
Administration (FDA) 
Permite o contato direto 
dos revestimentos 
curados por UVEB com 
alimentos 
APLICAÇÕES
Advanced Packaging Materials 
⇒Application of Radiation Technology in the Development of Advanced Packaging 
Materials for Food Products: Development of Advanced Food Packaging Materials 
Based on Polymer Petroleum-Derived for Pre-Packaged Irradiated Foods and 
Based on Biobased and Compostable Materials for Dry Food Packaging 
Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
DISINFESTATION OF SEEDS 
Low Energy Electron 
Beam (105 to 145 
keV) 
E-ventus (30 tons/h, € 35/ton, € 1.5 million) 
Sources: Fraunhofer Institut-FEP (DRESDEN, Schimdt Seeger AG) 
Seeds 
EB Flow 
Seed Treatment Principle Seed surface Seed layers 
Disinfestation: 
Chemical = 5% 
EB = 11%
MERCADO PARA OS ACELERADORES DE 
ELÉTRONS (150keV – 300keV) 
América do Norte (RadTec 2006): mercado de 5 a 10% das 
curas por radiação (UV/EB) 
Mercado total de produtos UV/EB (2005) = 95.000 ton 
Gary Cohen Executive Director RadTech 2006
Aplicações dos Aceleradores 
Industriais de Elétrons 
300 keV - 10 MeV
ELECTRON BEAM (EB) 
FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS 
Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
Aceleradores dimensionados pelo 
fabricante 
 Alta blindagem 
 Formação de raios X durante a 
irradiação 
 Necessitam atmosfera inerte em 
função da formação de ozônio 
 Exaustão 
ACELERADORES DE ELÉTRONS NO IPEN-CNEN/ 
SP (1,5 MeV)
PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS 
NO IPEN-CNEN/SP (1,5 MeV) 
Atmosfera inerte 
 Escala de laboratório = amostra contida em recipiente fechado 
 Escala industrial = Fluxo de gás inerte entre a janela do 
acelerador e a amostra
IRRADIATION OF WIRE/ELECTRIC CABLES AND 
POLYETHILINE FOAM 
ACOME (Brazil) = 15,000 km/month 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
HEAT SHRINKABLE TUBES IRRADIATION 
SEMICONDUCTORS IRRADIATION and POLYMER DEGRADATION 
Powered PTFE (TeflonTM) 
Diodes 
Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
Japan: Automobiles 
tires = 95% 
IRRADIATION OF TIRES COMPONENTES 
BRAZIL: Bridgestone-Firestone 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
Materiais Compósitos 
 Indústrias Automobilísticas e 
Aeroespaciais
Materiais Compósitos
ACELETRON INDUSTRIAL IRRADIATION 
18 kW (10 MeV) 
Source: ACELETRON
FOOD IRRADIATION 
Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP 
• Military Food (10-50kGy) 
• Potatoes and Onions (0.05-0.15kGy) 
• Bread (2-10kGy) 
• Strawberries (0.2-1.0kGy) 
Brazilian Agrobusiness: 
43% of the total exportation
RHODOTRON 
TT200 (100 kW) 
⇒ Radiation Curing of 
Composites for Enhancing 
their Features and Utility in 
Health Care and Industry: 
Development of Radiation 
Processing to Functionalize 
Carbon Nanofiber to Use in 
Nanocomposite for 
Industrial Application 
Sterilized 
Medical 
Devices: 
135.000 
m³/year 
Source: IAEA, IPEN-CNEN/SP and CBE
STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND 
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS 
World: ~60% (1500 electron beam 
accelerators) 
Source: IAEA 
STERILIZATION PROCESSES 
NECESSARY 
CONTROLS 
Gases Liquids Vapor Filtration Radiation 
Time xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx 
Temperature xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx 
Package xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx 
Pressure xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx 
Humidity xxxxxx xxxxxx 
Concentration xxxxxx xxxxxx 
pH xxxxxx
MOBILE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR 
Beam Energy: 0.4 ~ 0.7 MeV 
Beam Power: 20 kW 
Total weight: 40 tons 
Source: EB-Tech
Mobile e-beam in flue gas purification from oil-refinery 
in Saudi Arabia 
Source: EB-Tech
MUITO 
OBRIGADO !

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Modulo 5 tecnologia eb

  • 1. FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS NA CURA POR RADIAÇÃO E SUAS APLICAÇÕES Wilson Aparecido Parejo Calvo Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações IPEN-CNEN/SP wapcalvo@ipen.br Paulo Roberto Rela CBE prela06@yahoo.com.br
  • 2. APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION AND RADIOISOTOPES TECHNIQUES IN INDUSTRY Gamma irradiation Electron beam irradiation Accelerator irradiation Ion beam irradiation X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Neutron activation analysis (NAA) Ion beam analysis Radiometric measurements Related techniques Radiography Digital radioscopy Computer tomography Nuclear related techniques Transmission Backscattering Multibeam multienergy Computer tomography Low activity Prompt Gamma (PGNAA) Delayed gamma (DGNAA) Gamma loggers Residence Time Distribution Mass balance Thin Layer Activation Gamma scanning Neutron backscattering Computer Fluid Dynamics Single Particle Tracking Emission computer tomography RADIOTRACERS AND SEALED SOURCES NDT NUCLEONICS GAUGES INDUSTRY NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES RADIATION PROCESSING Source: IAEA
  • 3. Gamma Rays, Electron Beam and X-Rays Gamma Rays (60Co) Electron Beam (10 MeV, 50 kW) X-Rays (5–7 MeV) Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP 50 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 10 kGy/h 5 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 72 MGy/h 50 cm (1,0 g/cm3) 100 kGy/h
  • 4.
  • 5. FUNDAMENTOS DA TECNOLOGIA POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS Ligação molecular carbono-carbono antes da cura (LINEAR) C C C C C C C C C C C C C Ligação molecular carbono-carbono, após a cura utilizando Electron Beam (RETICULADO)
  • 6. PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE Os elétrons penetram no material com velocidade de 2/3 da luz As duplas ligações carbono-carbono são rompidas formando radicais livres Os radicais procuram níveis de energia mais baixos ligando-se a outros radicais curando o material A cura é praticamente instantânea Processo a frio (acréscimo de até 15oC) e evita distorção Não há necessidade de fotoiniciadores O produto não fica radioativo ELÉTRONS (EB) Não curado C C C C C C Curado por EB C C C C C C C
  • 7. PARÂMETROS ENVOLVIDOS NO A cura por EB é definida em função do nível do tratamento/ beneficio desejado que depende da quantidade de energia a ser depositada ou transferida ao produto – Dose de radiação Dose de radiação é definida como a quantidade de energia depositada em uma determinada massa de produto Unidades utilizadas: Gray= Joule/kg Rad= 100Gy(USA) PROCESSO Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 8. Acceleration Voltage X Application X-ray conversion Sterilization Wire Cable, Waste Water Treatment Heat Shrinkable Tubing Rubber Tire Foamed P. E. Plastics De-NOx/De-SOx of Exhaust Gas Curing (Coating/Lamination/Printing) Acceleration Voltage (kV) 5000 2000 1000 500 300 200 100 Dose (kGy) Dose X Application 300 100 50 40 30 20 10 P.E.Wire Sterilization Foamed P.E. Curing P.V.C.Wire Heat Shrinkable Tubing P.V.C.Tape Rubber Tire De-NOx/De-SOx of Exhaust Gas ELECTRON BEAM APPLICATIONS Source: IAEA
  • 9.
  • 10. Agência Internacional de Energia IAEA Specific Safety Guide SSG-8 Radiation Safety of Gamma, Electron and X Ray Irradiation Facilities Categoria I Categoria II Atômica (IAEA)
  • 11. ACELERADORES INDUSTRIAIS DE ELÉTRONS Classificação dos Aceleradores de Elétrons (função da energia do feixe de elétrons) Baixa energia: 150 keV to 300 keV Média energia: 300 keV to 5 MeV Alta energia: 5 MeV to 10 MeV Vantagens e Limitações no Processamento por Feixe de Elétrons Vantagens: alta velocidade de processamento de produtos bem definidos e de grandes superfícies com espessuras finas Limitações: baixo poder de penetração
  • 12. Aplicações dos Aceleradores Industriais de Elétrons 150 keV - 300 keV
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. SOLVENTE SISTEMAS DE CURA (Térmica, UV e EB) DILUENTE REATIVO DILUENTE REATIVO ADITIVOS ADITIVOS ADITIVOS RESINA PIGMENTOS RESINA RESINA PIGMENTOS PIGMENTOS FOTOINICIADOR SISTEMA CONVENCIONAL SISTEMA UV SISTEMA EB Source: RadTech South America
  • 16. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - PERFORMANCE EB versus UV (Free Radicals) High energy High crosslinking density High penetration into opaque materials No photoinitiators Speed cure at hundredths of seconds Effectiveness on thin layers materials Elaborate formulation for thick layers Low penetration limited to clear materials Photoinitiators need Speed cure at tenths of seconds Electron beam curing has several advantages over conventional thermal curing methods: Improved parts; improved material handling; ability to combine various materials and functions in a single operation; ability to utilize lower cost tooling; and reduced cure times Source: RadTech South America
  • 17. ENERGY Voltage (keV) Layer thickness (μm) 150 100 175 150 200 250 300 500 ELECTRON BEAM (EB) CURING VELOCITY PROCESSING Dose (kGy) Velocity (m/min) Applications 20 0-600 Silicone application 30 0-600 Printing 60 0-200 Adhesives ITEMS DURABILITY Titanium window 2,000 hours Tungsten Filament 10,000 hours O-rings 2,000 - 5,000 hours Maintenance time * 20 - 30 hours/year * Maintenance cost per year = ~ 5% of the Electron Beam Accelerator’s price Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 18. 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 Penetração (microns) Energia (keV) Penetração do Feixe de Elétrons (EB) Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 19. Economia de Energia Elétrica Sistemas Solvente Cura EB Revestimento sólido 60% 100% Energia para curar (kJ/m2) 328 0.86 (solvente = 27,3 kJ/g e EB dose = 30 kGy) Energia elétrica (Wh/m2) 91 0.24 Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 20. Zero VOC*: ASTM D5403-93 (2013) Standard Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Curable Materials Não há eliminação de gases (greenhouse) Redução de perdas Amigável ao Meio Ambiente *VOC – Componentes orgânicos voláteis
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments Energy Scineces, Inc. (ESI) (www.ebeam.com) Web widths: 20 to 66” (508 to 1,676 mm) Speed capability: 335 m/min Thickness: 0.03 mm Web widths: 30 to 120” (762 to 3,048 mm) Speed capability: 305 m/min Thickness: 0.35 mm Source: ESI
  • 24. UV/EB RADIATION CURING - Equipments PCT Engineered Systems, LLC (www.teampct.com) Voltage: 125 to 300 keV Web widths: 130” (3,300 mm) Voltage: 70 to 125 keV Web widths: 36”(914mm) to 68”(1,727mm) Source: PCT
  • 25.
  • 26. UV/EB RADIATION CURING e5 efficient enabling economical energy savings environmental friendly Source: RadTech
  • 27. Cura de revestimentos e tintas de impressão Cura de materiais estruturais (materiais compostos) X-33/Venture Star F22- ASTOVL Cura de silicones, adesivos e filmes 08/03/2008 : Food Contact Notification (FCN) 772 - Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Permite o contato direto dos revestimentos curados por UVEB com alimentos APLICAÇÕES
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. Advanced Packaging Materials ⇒Application of Radiation Technology in the Development of Advanced Packaging Materials for Food Products: Development of Advanced Food Packaging Materials Based on Polymer Petroleum-Derived for Pre-Packaged Irradiated Foods and Based on Biobased and Compostable Materials for Dry Food Packaging Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 32. DISINFESTATION OF SEEDS Low Energy Electron Beam (105 to 145 keV) E-ventus (30 tons/h, € 35/ton, € 1.5 million) Sources: Fraunhofer Institut-FEP (DRESDEN, Schimdt Seeger AG) Seeds EB Flow Seed Treatment Principle Seed surface Seed layers Disinfestation: Chemical = 5% EB = 11%
  • 33.
  • 34. MERCADO PARA OS ACELERADORES DE ELÉTRONS (150keV – 300keV) América do Norte (RadTec 2006): mercado de 5 a 10% das curas por radiação (UV/EB) Mercado total de produtos UV/EB (2005) = 95.000 ton Gary Cohen Executive Director RadTech 2006
  • 35. Aplicações dos Aceleradores Industriais de Elétrons 300 keV - 10 MeV
  • 36. ELECTRON BEAM (EB) FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS Source: IBA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 37. Aceleradores dimensionados pelo fabricante Alta blindagem Formação de raios X durante a irradiação Necessitam atmosfera inerte em função da formação de ozônio Exaustão ACELERADORES DE ELÉTRONS NO IPEN-CNEN/ SP (1,5 MeV)
  • 38. PROCESSO DE CURA POR FEIXE DE ELÉTRONS NO IPEN-CNEN/SP (1,5 MeV) Atmosfera inerte Escala de laboratório = amostra contida em recipiente fechado Escala industrial = Fluxo de gás inerte entre a janela do acelerador e a amostra
  • 39. IRRADIATION OF WIRE/ELECTRIC CABLES AND POLYETHILINE FOAM ACOME (Brazil) = 15,000 km/month Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 40. HEAT SHRINKABLE TUBES IRRADIATION SEMICONDUCTORS IRRADIATION and POLYMER DEGRADATION Powered PTFE (TeflonTM) Diodes Source: IAEA and IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 41. Japan: Automobiles tires = 95% IRRADIATION OF TIRES COMPONENTES BRAZIL: Bridgestone-Firestone Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP
  • 42. Materiais Compósitos Indústrias Automobilísticas e Aeroespaciais
  • 44. ACELETRON INDUSTRIAL IRRADIATION 18 kW (10 MeV) Source: ACELETRON
  • 45. FOOD IRRADIATION Source: IPEN-CNEN/SP • Military Food (10-50kGy) • Potatoes and Onions (0.05-0.15kGy) • Bread (2-10kGy) • Strawberries (0.2-1.0kGy) Brazilian Agrobusiness: 43% of the total exportation
  • 46. RHODOTRON TT200 (100 kW) ⇒ Radiation Curing of Composites for Enhancing their Features and Utility in Health Care and Industry: Development of Radiation Processing to Functionalize Carbon Nanofiber to Use in Nanocomposite for Industrial Application Sterilized Medical Devices: 135.000 m³/year Source: IAEA, IPEN-CNEN/SP and CBE
  • 47. STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS World: ~60% (1500 electron beam accelerators) Source: IAEA STERILIZATION PROCESSES NECESSARY CONTROLS Gases Liquids Vapor Filtration Radiation Time xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Temperature xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx Package xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx Pressure xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxx Humidity xxxxxx xxxxxx Concentration xxxxxx xxxxxx pH xxxxxx
  • 48. MOBILE ELECTRON ACCELERATOR Beam Energy: 0.4 ~ 0.7 MeV Beam Power: 20 kW Total weight: 40 tons Source: EB-Tech
  • 49. Mobile e-beam in flue gas purification from oil-refinery in Saudi Arabia Source: EB-Tech