.

1. Ravi Parkash ( B.Optom )
Organized Secretary of VCOO
Vision Congress of Optometry

3.  Emmetropia refers to an eye that has no visual
defects. Images formed on an emmetropic eye are
perfectly focused, clear and precise. Eyes that
have emmetropia do not require vision correction .

5. Myopia is a common vision condition in which you
can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther
away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye
causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing
images in front of your retina instead of on your
retina .

7. Congenital myopia develops
because of an obstruction along
the visual pathway such as cataract.
The eye becomes elongated in
response to blue these causes , -----
creating a myopia eye. A first sign
that a child might have myopia
is difficulty in seeing things in the
Distance.

8.  Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a
refractive error, which means that the eye
does not bend or refract light properly to
a single focus to see images clearly.
In myopia, close objects look clear but
distant objects appear blurred.

9.  Myopic degeneration is similar to age-related
macular degeneration AMD) in that
it causes loss of central vision due
to degeneration of the photoreceptor cells.
This is caused by separation of the retina as a
result of abnormal elongation of the eyeball.

10.  Nocturnal Myopia. Nocturnal
myopia, also known as night or
twilight myopia, is a condition in
which the eye has a greater difficulty
seeing in low-illumination areas, even
though its daytime vision is normal.
Essentially, the eye's far point of an
individual's focus varies with the level
of light.

11.  Pseudo Myopia refers to an intermittent
and temporary shift in refractive error
of the eye towards myopia, in which the
focusing of light in front of the retina is
due to a transient spasm of the ciliary
muscle causing an increase in the
refractive power of the eye.

12.  Induced Myopia is a myopia induced by
a drug as a transient side effect. Several
case reports of transient drug-induced
myopia have been reported. These cases
have been associated with secondary
angle closure glaucoma and other ocular
conditions such as choroidal
detachment, maculopathy, retinal folds.

13.  Myopia is not a disease. It is a refractive error,
which means it is an optical condition that
prevents the eye from properly bending
(refracting) light so it correctly focuses on the
retina for clear vision. ... So light is focused in
front of the retina instead of directly on the
retina.

14. 1.Moderate myopia usually describes myopia
between −3.00 and −6.00 diopters.
 High myopia usually describes myopia of −6.00 or
more.

15. 1. Retinal Detachment 2. Glaucoma 3. Cataract
3.Cataract
4. Permanent Loss Vision

16.  Blurry vision when looking at distant objects.
 Headaches
 Eyestrain
 Pain
 Difficulty seeing while driving a vehicle,
especially at night (night myopia)

17. Treatment options include
 Glasses
 Contact Lenses

18.  Lasik Machine
 Lasik Surgery

19.  Relax Smile Machine
 Relax Smile Surgery

24.  Far-sightedness, also known as hypermetropia is a
condition of the eye in which light is focused behind,
instead of on, the retina .
 This results in close objects
appearing blurry, while far objects may
appear normal .
As the condition worsens, objects at all
distances may be blurry .
The cause is an imperfection of the eye
Often it occurs when the eyeball is too
short .

25.  Simple hypermetropia: Simple hypermetropia is
the commonest type. It includes axial and curvature
hypermetropia due to biological variations in the
development of the eye. It may be hereditary.
 Pathological hypermetropia: Pathological type is
due to congenital or acquired conditions outside
the normal biological variation of development. It
may be

26.  Curvature hypermetropia : There is decreased
curvature of the outer lens fibres with ageing.
 Index hypermetropia: It is due to acquired sclerosis
of the cortex (outer part) of crystalline lens. In young
age, refraction of the cortex is less than nucleus
(central part) of the lens. This inequality results in
formation of a central lens surrounded by two
converging menisci. This increases the refracting
power of the lens. With ageing, this differentiation
diminishes and the lens becomes more homogeneous
with reduced converging power.

27.  Positional hypermetropia: It may occur due to
posterior subluxation (partial dislocation) of the lens.
 Aphakic hypermetropia: Aphakia is the
displacement of the lens from its normal pupillary
position in the eye. It may be congenital or acquired
condition. The eye is hypermetropic with marked
defective vision for near and distance. On an average
there is need of + 10 or + 11 D lens for correction.
 Consecutive hypermetropia: It is due to surgically
overcorrected myopia or pseudo-phakia (eye with
intraocular lens following removal of crystalline lens
as in cataract surgery) with under-correction.

28. 1.Moderate Hypermetropia usually describes
Hypermetropia between +3.00 and +6.00 diopters.
2. High Hypermetropia usually describes
Hypermetropia +6.00 diopters or more .

29. 1.Accommodative convergent squint 2. Amblyopia 3.Glaucoma

4.Lid diseases
 5. Near Vision Blurring

30.  Headaches
 Eyestrain
 Pain
 Blurring Vision

31.  Glasses
 Contact Lens

35.  Etiology of Astigmatism.
 Types of Astigmatism
 Classification of Astigmatism

37.  Curvature Astigmatism :-
 It is result of Abnormalities of
Curvature of Cornea.
 The most common error is one where in
the vertical curve is greater than
horizontal.
 It is most common cause of
Astigmatism.

38. Lenticular Astigmatism :-
 It occurs in great frequency.
 In great majority of cases such anomalies are small
but on occasion, as in lenticonus they may be
marked.
Positional Astigmatism :-
 Small amount of Astigmatism due to congenital
tilting (or) oblique placement of lens is not
uncommon.

43. Simple Astigmatism.
Compound Astigmatism.
Mixed Astigmatism

48. 1. AR ( Auto Ref )
2. Biometry
3. Retinoscopy
4. VKG (Videokeratography )

49.  Blurry, Distorted, or Fuzzy Vision at all
distances (up close and far away)
 Difficulty seeing at night
 Eyestrain
 Squinting
 Eye irritation
 Headaches

50.  Glasses
 Contact Lens
 Lasik or Smile Surgery

51.  Email Id : optom.raviparkash.asr@gmailcom
 Contact Number : 7973012891