4. HEADLINES
• CLIMATE & WEATHER
• FACTOR EFFECTING CLIMATE
• GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
• IT’s IMPORTANCE
• IT’s EFFECT
• CLIMATE OF PAKISTAN
• OUR RULE
5. First of all, you should know
that weather and climate
are not the same thing.
6. WEATHER IS:
• Short term
• Limited area
• Can change rapidly
• Difficult to predict
WEATHER is what’s
happening outside your
window right now.
7. CLIMATE IS:
• Long term
• Wide area
• Seasonal
changes
• Measured over
long spans of
time
CLIMATE is the average
of many years of
weather observation.
8. Climate is affected by many factors
ABIOTIC FACTORS:
Latitude
Altitude
Solar Radiation
Evaporation
Orbital Variations
Volcanic Activity
BIOTIC FACTORS:
Transpiration
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Decomposition
Digestion
10. Planets with very little
greenhouse effect are either very
cold…
Pluto’s average temperature is –370° F
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/pluto/statistics.html
11. On Mars, there is about a 300 degree F difference between
high and low temperatures
…or they have huge temperature
swings from day to night.
(http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/mars.html )
12. Planets with abundant
greenhouse gases are very hot
The average temperature on Venus is about 855° F!
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/venus/statistics.html
13. …which is just right…
…for the moment, anyway.
…and then there’s Earth….
15. With no greenhouse gases at all in its
atmosphere, scientists estimate that Earth’s
average atmospheric temperature would be
about -18° C, or about 0°F
http://plaza.ufl.edu/knhuang/project2/cause.html
16. The greenhouse gas content
of the atmosphere is being
altered by human activity.
The result of this change is
global warming.
21. Record Breaker: Temperature and Precipitations Estimates in
Pakistan
Factors Record
Highest Temperature 53 ⁰C at Jacobabad on 12 June 1919
Lowest Temperature -16⁰C at Chitral on 27 December 1695
Highest Annual Precipitation 2560.8 millimeters at Murre in 1914
Lowest Annual Precipitation No precipitation at Lasbela in 1971; Sibi in 1973; Kalat
in 1981; Karachi, Nawabshah and Badin in 1987. No
precipitation at Sukkur and Jiwa ni recorded over
several years.
22. Air Pressure and Winds In Pakistan
• Reasons for difference of Air Pressure in Pakistan
• Temperature : Air pressure rises when temperature
decrease. It decrease when temperature rises. Air pressure
is high in winter and low in summer.
• Height : the air pressure rises in the highlands due to
moisture in the air
• Oceanic Influence: The amount of humidity is relatively
very high near the sea so air pressure is high.
• Effects of Air Pressure
• Intense low air pressure areas can cause serious storms
(Cyclones) Monsoon Winds, Western Depressions are its
example in Pakistan.
23. Animal and plant life is
changing
2/3 of European butterfly
species studied have
shifted their ranges
northward by as much as
150 miles. (Parmesan, 1996;
Parmesan et al., 1999)
An analysis of the
distributions of
British birds found
that many species
have moved north by
an average of 18.9
km. (Thomas et al, 1999)
At Boston's Arnold
Arboretum, plants are
flowering eight days
earlier on average than
they did from 1900 to
1920. (Primack et al,2004)
24. More Greenhouse Gases Mean a Warmer
Earth
www.stuffintheair.com/global-energy-balance.html
25. Carbon Dioxide
In the distant past, the
Earth was much warmer.
High levels of Carbon
Dioxide in the atmosphere
fueled lush growth, some
of which was stored in the
form of fossil fuels.
26. www.epa.gov/climatechange
Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s
atmosphere has risen by
about 30% since the
beginning of the industrial
revolution. Most of the
increase is due to the
combustion of fossil fuels,
which releases the long-
stored CO2 back into the
atmosphere.
29. Third country most affected by climate change as
per Global Climate Risk Index
More rains in summer, and less rains in winter.
Productivity of wheat and other winter crops is
decreasing.
Agriculture contributes 21% to the total GDP.
Pakistan is an agrarian country, where 62% people
depends on agriculture for their living.
Key features about Pakistan
30. Key features about Pakistan
Increased health risk and induced
migration
Increased in disasters such as floods,
heatwave.
Loss in biodiversity
Only 5.2% land area is covered
by forest (in 2010);
it should be minimum of 20-30%.
Deforestation is at the rate of 2.1% per
year (47,000 ha).
31. First we must admit that climate
change is everyone’s problem. No
agency, government, or scientist
can “fix it” for us. We are all in this
together.
We got here because of our lifestyle.
So our lifestyle has to change.
Here’s what you can do…
What can be done?
32. •Install programmable thermostats.
•Check and repair weather stripping on doors and
windows.
•Adjust your clothing instead of the thermostat.
•Keep furnace and AC filters clean.
•Consider closing off unused rooms.
•Install insulated rooms.
•Plant deciduous trees on the sunny side of your
home.
Heating and Cooling
What other ways can you conserve heat and AC?
33. Conserve Hot Water
•Take shorter showers.
•Install low flow shower heads.
•Insulate hot water pipes.
•Wash laundry in cold water.
•Only run the dishwasher if it’s full.
•Fix leaky points
What other ways can you cut down on hot water use?
In the average home, 17% of energy is used to heat water.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/residence.html
34. •Plan ahead – do several works in a single trip.
•Walk or bicycle. It’s healthier anyway.
• Lighter cars get better mileage.
•Make sure your engine is properly tuned.
• Keep your tires properly aired.
• ride the school bus.
•Support public transportation.
•Consider a smaller car or a public transport for your next
vehicle.
Conserve in the Car
What other ways can you use less gas?
35. •Unplug chargers for cell phones and
other appliances when not in use.
•Get in the habit of turning lights and
appliances off.
•Change to compact fluorescent bulbs.
•Make your next computer a laptop.
•Install timers or motion sensors on
outdoor lights.
Conserve Electricity
What other ways can you conserve electricity?
36. •Recycle and buy recycled products.
•Choose products that have less packaging.
•Reuse, repair, or donate.
•Don’t buy it unless you really need it.
•Carry cloth bags when shopping.
•Use a refillable travel mug or water bottle.
•Give your time instead of material gifts.
Reduce waste
What other ways can you cut down on waste?
37. There’s no place like home…
…and there may never be again. Do your part.
