The document discusses the constituents and applications of concrete. The key constituents of concrete are cement, water, sand, coarse aggregate, and chemical or mineral admixtures. Common cements used are OPC, PPC containing fly ash, and PSC containing slag. Blended cements like PPC and PSC provide benefits like improved workability and reduced heat development. The appropriate type of cement is chosen based on the application and exposure conditions of the concrete.

1. CONSTITUENTS ANDCONSTITUENTS AND
APPLICATIONS INAPPLICATIONS IN
CONCRETECONCRETE

2. CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETECONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE
CementCement
WaterWater
Sand (Fine Aggregate)Sand (Fine Aggregate)
Coarse AggregateCoarse Aggregate
Chemical AdmixturesChemical Admixtures
Mineral AdmixturesMineral Admixtures

3. CEMENTSCEMENTS
OPC(33 grade,43 grade,53 grade)OPC(33 grade,43 grade,53 grade)
PPC (33 grade)(15-35% flyash)PPC (33 grade)(15-35% flyash)
PSC (33 grade)(25-70% slag)PSC (33 grade)(25-70% slag)

4. CEMENT STRENGTHCEMENT STRENGTH
43 grade cement43 grade cement
3-Day strength-23MPa,Min.3-Day strength-23MPa,Min.
7-Day strength-33 MPa,Min.7-Day strength-33 MPa,Min.
28-DAY strength-43 MPa,Min.28-DAY strength-43 MPa,Min.
53 grade cement53 grade cement
3-Day strength-27MPa,Min.3-Day strength-27MPa,Min.
7-Day strength-37MPa,Min.7-Day strength-37MPa,Min.
28-Day strength-53MPa,Min.28-Day strength-53MPa,Min.

5. IMPORTANT PROPERTIESIMPORTANT PROPERTIES
OF CEMENTOF CEMENT
Fineness(Blaine’s ),cmFineness(Blaine’s ),cm22
/gm,Setting time/gm,Setting time
Compressive strengthCompressive strength
Heat of hydration, Calories/gm or KJ/KgHeat of hydration, Calories/gm or KJ/Kg
1calory = 4.187 Joules1calory = 4.187 Joules
Alkalis(NaAlkalis(Na22O, KO, K22O)O)
NaNa22O Equiv.(%)=NaO Equiv.(%)=Na22O(%) +0.658KO(%) +0.658K22O(%)O(%)
Low Alkali OPC:<0.6%alkali as NaLow Alkali OPC:<0.6%alkali as Na22O Equiv.O Equiv.

6. Typical Data On Heat of HydrationTypical Data On Heat of Hydration
of Cementsof Cements
CementCement Heat of hydration,KJ/KgHeat of hydration,KJ/Kg
At 7 daysAt 7 days At 28 daysAt 28 days
OPC(43 grade) 280 321OPC(43 grade) 280 321
PPC (i) 190 (i)225PPC (i) 190 (i)225
(ii) 185 (ii)227(ii) 185 (ii)227
PSC(Market samples) (i)185 (i)230PSC(Market samples) (i)185 (i)230
(ii)171 (ii)238(ii)171 (ii)238
(iii)191 (iii)243(iii)191 (iii)243
Low heat PortlandLow heat Portland
Cement(IS:12600) 272(Max) 314(Max)Cement(IS:12600) 272(Max) 314(Max)

7. TYPICAL DATA ON ALKALITYPICAL DATA ON ALKALI
OF OPCOF OPC
NaNa22OO KK22OO Total Alkalies(%) asTotal Alkalies(%) as
(%) (%)(%) (%) NaNa22O EquivO Equiv..
1.1. 0.24 0.54 0.590.24 0.54 0.59
2.2. 0.25 0.53 0.590.25 0.53 0.59
3.3. 0.49 0.73 0.970.49 0.73 0.97
4.4. 0.66 0.90 1.250.66 0.90 1.25
5.5. 0.35 0.93 0.960.35 0.93 0.96
6.6. 0.16 1.15 0.910.16 1.15 0.91
7.7. 0.16 0.55 0.520.16 0.55 0.52

8. LOSSLOSS OF STRENGTH OFOF STRENGTH OF
CEMENT WITH TIMECEMENT WITH TIME
CEMENT STORED IN NORMALCEMENT STORED IN NORMAL
WEATHER-PROOF SHEDSWEATHER-PROOF SHEDS
Loss of StrengthLoss of Strength
3 Months ---- 20%3 Months ---- 20%
6 Months ---- 35%6 Months ---- 35%
2 Years -----50%2 Years -----50%

9. TYPICAL PHYSICAL TESTTYPICAL PHYSICAL TEST
RESULTSRESULTS
OF OPC AND PSCOF OPC AND PSCOPCOPC PSCPSC
(43 grade)(43 grade)
1.Fineness,m1.Fineness,m22
/kg 281 289/kg 281 289
2.Setting time:2.Setting time:
Initial: 45min. 100min.Initial: 45min. 100min.
Final: 90min. 165min.Final: 90min. 165min.
3.Com.strength,N/mm3.Com.strength,N/mm22
@ 3 days 33.5 24.5@ 3 days 33.5 24.5
@ 7 days 41.5 33.0@ 7 days 41.5 33.0
@ 28days 54.0 43.0@ 28days 54.0 43.0

10. WATERWATER
 Mixing and curing water should be ofMixing and curing water should be of
good quality.good quality.
 Potable water is generally consideredPotable water is generally considered
satisfactory for mixing concrete.satisfactory for mixing concrete.
 The pH of water shall be not less than 6.The pH of water shall be not less than 6.
 Mixing or curing of concrete with seaMixing or curing of concrete with sea
water is not recommended, because ofwater is not recommended, because of
harmful salts in sea water.harmful salts in sea water.
 Under unavoidable circumstances,sea waterUnder unavoidable circumstances,sea water
may be used for mixing or curing of plain concrete.may be used for mixing or curing of plain concrete.

11. TYPICAL CHEMICAL TESTTYPICAL CHEMICAL TEST
RESULTS(%) 0F OPC,SLAG &PSCRESULTS(%) 0F OPC,SLAG &PSC
OPCOPC SLAGSLAG PSCPSC
1.Loss on ignition 1.39 -- 0.281.Loss on ignition 1.39 -- 0.28
2.Silica (SiO2.Silica (SiO2)2) 21.65 33.87 27.6821.65 33.87 27.68
3.Alumina(Al3.Alumina(Al22OO33) 5.46 19.71 12.59) 5.46 19.71 12.59
4.Iron Oxide(Fe4.Iron Oxide(Fe22OO33) 3.06 0.41 1.92) 3.06 0.41 1.92
5.Calcium Oxide 63.00 33.34 47.635.Calcium Oxide 63.00 33.34 47.63
6.Magnesia(MgO) 1.66 10.61 5.516.Magnesia(MgO) 1.66 10.61 5.51
7.Sulphuric Anhyd7.Sulphuric Anhyd
-ride (SO-ride (SO33) 2.14 0.08 0.95) 2.14 0.08 0.95
8.Insoluble Residue 0.29 0.50 0.468.Insoluble Residue 0.29 0.50 0.46
9. Chloride 0.026 0.016 0.0169. Chloride 0.026 0.016 0.016
10.Sulphide sulphur 0.2210.Sulphide sulphur 0.22

12. FLYASH (GOOD QUALITY)FLYASH (GOOD QUALITY)
1.Fineness(Blaine’s),Min.3200 cm1.Fineness(Blaine’s),Min.3200 cm22
/gm/gm
22.Lime Reactivity,Min.4.5 MPa.Lime Reactivity,Min.4.5 MPa
3.Loss on Ignition,Max.5%3.Loss on Ignition,Max.5%
(1000(100000
C)C)
SiOSiO22 +Ca(OH)+Ca(OH)22=Calcium Silicate=Calcium Silicate
(lime) Hydrate(lime) Hydrate
(Strength giving(Strength giving
compound in concrete)compound in concrete)

13. So,when we use PPC or flyash inSo,when we use PPC or flyash in
concrete,pozzolanic reaction takesconcrete,pozzolanic reaction takes
place between flyash and the limeplace between flyash and the lime
[ Ca(OH)[ Ca(OH)22]] liberated due to the hydrationliberated due to the hydration
of OPC.of OPC.
Similar pozzolanic reaction takes placeSimilar pozzolanic reaction takes place
when we use slag(g.g.b.s) or PSC inwhen we use slag(g.g.b.s) or PSC in
concrete.concrete.

14. BENEFICIAL EFFECT OFBENEFICIAL EFFECT OF
FLYASH AND G.G.B.SFLYASH AND G.G.B.S
Fresh concrete has improved workability.Fresh concrete has improved workability.
The heat development is slower,and soThe heat development is slower,and so
the peak temperature inside thethe peak temperature inside the
concrete is lower.concrete is lower.
The result is a denser microstructureThe result is a denser microstructure
of the hydrated cement paste andof the hydrated cement paste and
hence,improvement in the long-termhence,improvement in the long-term
strength & enhanced durability of concrete.strength & enhanced durability of concrete.

15. TYPICAL TEMPERATURE- RISETYPICAL TEMPERATURE- RISE
OF CONCRETE WITH PSCOF CONCRETE WITH PSC
Rise in temp.over initial tempRise in temp.over initial temp..
PSC PSC PSC PSCPSC PSC PSC PSC
Slag - (65%) (60%) (54%) (50%)Slag - (65%) (60%) (54%) (50%)
Max. temp.Max. temp.
rise,rise,00
c 22.0 22.7 23.0 20.5c 22.0 22.7 23.0 20.5
@ 48hr @43hr @47hr @47hr@ 48hr @43hr @47hr @47hr

16. APPLICATIONS OF CEMENTSAPPLICATIONS OF CEMENTS
WHICH CEMENT TO BE USED & WHERE?WHICH CEMENT TO BE USED & WHERE?
OPC(43grade), PPC,PSCOPC(43grade), PPC,PSC—All purpose cement.—All purpose cement.
(In normal buildings and structures)(In normal buildings and structures)
OPC(33grade)OPC(33grade) can be used in lower gradescan be used in lower grades
of concrete(say,M10,M15,M20grades etc.)of concrete(say,M10,M15,M20grades etc.)
OPC(53grade):OPC(53grade): For high strength concrete.e.g inFor high strength concrete.e.g in
bridge girders,prestressed concrete railwaybridge girders,prestressed concrete railway
sleepers etc.sleepers etc.

17. IN AGGRESSIVEIN AGGRESSIVE
ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS
For aggressive environments,we preferFor aggressive environments,we prefer
blended cements( PPC or PSC).blended cements( PPC or PSC).
When there is SOWhen there is SO33 in soil & ground water,in soil & ground water,
Low CLow C33A (<5%) sulphate-resistingA (<5%) sulphate-resisting
cement should be used.cement should be used.
When both SOWhen both SO33 & Cl are there :OPC(with& Cl are there :OPC(with
5-8% C5-8% C33A or PSC(with>50% slag) isA or PSC(with>50% slag) is
required to be used.required to be used.

18. IN AGGRESSIVEIN AGGRESSIVE
ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS
Low alkali(<0.6% alkali as NaLow alkali(<0.6% alkali as Na22O Equiv.)OPC isO Equiv.)OPC is
to be used in concrete dams & in otherto be used in concrete dams & in other
Hydraulic structures(e.g.in Tunnel linings,Hydraulic structures(e.g.in Tunnel linings,
Power Houses,Spillways etc.),because inPower Houses,Spillways etc.),because in
Himalayan regions,aggregates may be reactive.Himalayan regions,aggregates may be reactive.
Use of flyash(at least 20%) or slag(at leastUse of flyash(at least 20%) or slag(at least
50%) along with low alkali OPC will50%) along with low alkali OPC will
be advantageous,in such cases.be advantageous,in such cases.

19. MASS CONCRETEMASS CONCRETE
STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
In mass concrete structures (massiveIn mass concrete structures (massive
structures: size >1m),OPC(33grade) willstructures: size >1m),OPC(33grade) will
be preferred for low grade (say M15)be preferred for low grade (say M15)
concrete (eg.concrete dam),because ofconcrete (eg.concrete dam),because of
low heat of hydration in this cement.low heat of hydration in this cement.
PPC or PSC can also be used.PPC or PSC can also be used.
Because of low heat of hydration,theBecause of low heat of hydration,the
temperature rise inside the concretetemperature rise inside the concrete
will be less.will be less.

20. TYPICAL APPLICATIONSTYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Use of 43 grade OPCUse of 43 grade OPC::
In RMC plants( 43grade OPC+ Flyash).In RMC plants( 43grade OPC+ Flyash).
In concrete roads(M40 grade of concreteIn concrete roads(M40 grade of concrete
for National Highways, M30 grade offor National Highways, M30 grade of
concrete for Rural roads).concrete for Rural roads).
Use of 53 grade OPCUse of 53 grade OPC::
In high strength concrete(M50,M60,M70In high strength concrete(M50,M60,M70
and M80)and M80)

21. USE OF 53USE OF 53 GRADE OPCGRADE OPC
In prestressed concrete railwayIn prestressed concrete railway
sleepers(M50 grade concrete).sleepers(M50 grade concrete).
In Delhi Metro precast segments(M50In Delhi Metro precast segments(M50
grade concrete), bridge piers(M60grade concrete), bridge piers(M60
grade of concrete, bridge pedestalsgrade of concrete, bridge pedestals
(M70 grade of concrete) over river Yamuna.(M70 grade of concrete) over river Yamuna.
 Terhi dam Spillway(M60 grade of concrete).Terhi dam Spillway(M60 grade of concrete).
Kol dam Spillway( M80 grade of concrete).Kol dam Spillway( M80 grade of concrete).

22. USE OF (OPC + FLYASH)USE OF (OPC + FLYASH)
 In Ready Mixed Concrete Plants.In Ready Mixed Concrete Plants.
 Delhi Metro Underground Bottom SlabsDelhi Metro Underground Bottom Slabs
(M35 grade concrete)(30% flyash+OPC).(M35 grade concrete)(30% flyash+OPC).
 In Ropar (Punjab ) concrete roadsIn Ropar (Punjab ) concrete roads
(M40 grade concrete using 50% flyash).(M40 grade concrete using 50% flyash).

23. USE OF SLAG OR PSCUSE OF SLAG OR PSC
 In concrete Pile cap in Durgapur steelIn concrete Pile cap in Durgapur steel
plant modernisation project(M40 gradeplant modernisation project(M40 grade
concrete).concrete).
 In Bandra(Mumbai) sewage disposalIn Bandra(Mumbai) sewage disposal
pipe line(OPC 53-grade+70% slag used)(M45 grade).pipe line(OPC 53-grade+70% slag used)(M45 grade).
 In marine jetty at Ennore(Tamil Nadu)(M35 &M40).In marine jetty at Ennore(Tamil Nadu)(M35 &M40).
 In M40 grade Petronet concrete piles atIn M40 grade Petronet concrete piles at
Dahej(Gujarat).Dahej(Gujarat).
 In concrete dam(100m high) at KoteshwarIn concrete dam(100m high) at Koteshwar
(in Uttarakhand)( PSC with 55% slag was used).(in Uttarakhand)( PSC with 55% slag was used).

24. USE OF SLAG & FLYASHUSE OF SLAG & FLYASH
In a cable stayed bridge at sea(Norway)In a cable stayed bridge at sea(Norway)
(PSC was used for M70 grade(PSC was used for M70 grade
concrete)concrete)
In the twin towers at KualalumpurIn the twin towers at Kualalumpur
(OPC+PFA)was used for M80 grade(OPC+PFA)was used for M80 grade
concrete).concrete).
In Euro tunnel (M30 grade concrete),In Euro tunnel (M30 grade concrete),
( OPC + slag +flyash) were used.( OPC + slag +flyash) were used.