Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) are followed by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
Items are manufactured to specific requirements including identity, strength, quality, and purity. Good Manufacturing Practices are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
2. Literature Review
Potdar, et al. (2012) Current Good Manufacturing Practice for
pharmaceuticals book is an honest effort to explain the true meaning
of this term and also to explain the scope and depth of its meaning.
cGMP is defined in simple words as “That part of quality assurance
which ensures that product is consistently product and controlled to
the quality standard appropriate for their intended use and legal
requirements. cGMP is thus concerned with both production and
quality control matter. ”In short cGMP is the only tool for producing
and distributing quality pharmaceutical products for consumption by
the mankind. The drug regulatory authorities all over word e.g.
WHO, M.H.R.A. (U.K.), T.G.A. (Australia), M.C.C. (South Africa)
and U.S.F.D.A. etc. provide guidelines based on their requirement of
cGMP. This project has considered a WHO and U.S.F.D.A.
guidelines.
3. cGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) are followed
by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies
Items are manufactured to specific requirements including
identity, strength, quality, and purity. Good Manufacturing
Practices are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)
4. Current
Indicates the GMPs change with time and evolving technology
Good
“Feasible and valuable” standard
Not necessarily “best or state of the art”
Practice
Relates to drug industry capabilities, and what is being done
Dose not have to be prevailing, majority or average practice
Relates to those processes or procedures which assure integrity
and quality, even if only done by a few
Current Good Manufacturing Practice
5. Why cGMP is established?
Final rule on cGMP requirements for combination products
(final rule as codified in 21 CFR parts 4) that FDA issued on
January 22, 2013
cGMP regulations were in place to establish requirements for
drugs, devices, biological products, and Human Cells, Tissues,
and Cellular and Tissue Based Products
cGMP requirements may be demonstrated
Product recalls and independent laboratory testing demonstrate
need for cGMP’s
Poor sanitation--bacterial contamination
Ingredient often either Superpotent or Subpotent
Contaminated with prescription drugs
7. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Approve products
Safety
Effectiveness
Risk/Benefit determination
Monitor drug performance
Monitor investigational studies
Inspect manufacturers
Inform physicians and consumers
8. Current Good manufacture Practice For
Pharmaceuticals
Subpart A- General Provisions
Subpart B- Organization and Personnel
Subpart C- Buildings and Facilities
Subpart D- Equipment
Subpart E- Control of Components and Drug Product Containers
and Closures
Subpart F- Production and Process Controls
Subpart G- Packaging and Labelling Control
Subpart H- Holding and Distribution
Subpart I- Laboratory Controls
Subpart J- Records and Reports
Subpart K- Returned and Salvaged Drug Products
9. General Provisions
cGMP should apply to activities associated with
Manufacturing
Packaging
Holding
Distributing
Manufacturer would need to comply with requirements
applicable to operations performed
10. Organization and Personnel
The establishment and maintenance of a satisfactory
system of QA and the correct manufacture and control of
pharmaceutical products and active ingredients rely upon
people
11. The manufacturer should have an organization chart
S.No. Organization
Position
Years of Experience Required
or Seen
Age of the
Employee
1 Supervision Freshers 22 years
2 Executive 3 to 5 years 25-28 years
3 Manager 8 to 10 years 30-32 years
4 General Manager 15 years 35 years
5 Vice-President 15 to 20 years 40.Years
12. Training
A trained person generally-
Knowledge
Skill
Attitude relevant to their job
Appropriate level
14. Surrounding, Buildings and Facilities
Design and construction
Ceilings, floors, and walls that are easily cleaned and
maintained
Separate areas or systems for specific operations to avoid
mix-ups
Screening to keep out pests
Maintenance and sanitation
Water meets EPA drinking water requirements
Plumbing, bathroom, lighting, ventilation, trash requirements
to prevent contamination
15. Equipment Introduction
Design or select equipment that will meet pre-established
specifications
Maintain, clean, and sanitize
Calibrate, inspect, or check to ensure proper performance
Ensure that equipment functions as intended
16. Control of Components and Drug Product
Containers and Closures
Use of approved components, drug product containers, and
closures
Retesting of approved components, drug product containers,
and closures
Rejected components, drug product containers, and closures
17. Drug product containers and closures
Recalled products
Reagents and culture media
Waste materials
Finished products
18. Production and Process Controls Principle
Quality control unit
Master manufacturing and batch production records
Specifications for incoming, in-process, and final product and
Testing final product or incoming and in-process materials
Prevention of cross-contamination and bacterial contamination
during production
Equipment identification
Time limitations on production
Control of microbiological contamination
Materials examination and usage criteria
19. Packaging and Labelling Control Materials
examination and usage criteria
Materials examination and usage criteria
Packaging operations
Labelling issuance
Packaging and Labelling operations
Tamper-resistant packaging
Drug product inspection
Expiration dating
20. Holding and Distribution
To ensure that identity, purity, quality, strength, and
composition are not adversely affected
Hold and distribute under
Appropriate conditions of temperature, humidity, and
light
Conditions that do not lead to mix-up, contamination,
or deterioration
21. Laboratory Operation
Establish and follow laboratory controls
Use adequate facilities in-house or from outside sources to
perform testing and examinations
Keep laboratory test and examination records
22. Records and Reports
performance records for
Calibration, master manufacturing and batch production,
and consumer complaints
Keep for 3 years beyond date of manufacture of batch and
FDA access to records when requested
System of production and process controls
Specifications
Testing
Monitoring, material review, disposition decision
Master manufacturing record
Batch production record
23. Master production and control records (MPCR)
Master production and control records shall include:
The name and strength of the product
Description of the dosage form
The name and weight or measure
Weight or measure of the drug product
An accurate statement of the weight or measure of each
component, using the same weight system (metric, avoirdupois,
or apothecary) for each component.
24. Reasonable variations may be permitted, however, in the
amount of components necessary for the preparation in the
dosage form, provided they are justified in the master
production and control records
A statement concerning any calculated excess of component
Complete manufacturing and control instructions
Sampling and testing procedures, specifications, special
notations, and precautions
25. Batch production and control records (BPCR)
Documentation that each significant step in the manufacture,
processing, packing, or holding of the batch was accomplished,
including:
Dates
Identity of individual major equipment and lines used
Specific identification of each batch of component or in-process
material used
Weights and measures of components used in the course of
processing
In-process and laboratory control results
Inspection of the packaging and Labelling area before and after use
Complete Labelling control records, including specimens or copies
of all Labelling used
Description of drug product containers and closures
Any sampling performed
26. Returned and Salvaged Drug Products
If the condition of the drug product, its container, carton, or
Labelling, as a result of storage or shipping, casts doubt on the
safety, identity, strength, quality or purity of the drug product,
the returned drug product shall be destroyed unless
examination, testing, or other investigations prove the drug
product meets appropriate standards of safety, identity,
strength, quality, or purity