Plagiarism Types and How to Avoid Them

What is Plagiarism?
https://youtu.be/3DOkqhOfFso

What is Plagiarism?
1. Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020
2. A Beginners’ Guide to written and illustrated by Deb J Hill
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg, 4. https://pixabay.com/vectors/thief-copyright-idea-steal-head-6804514/
Copying someone else's ideas and presenting them as ours
without citing the sources [1-4]

Types of Plagiarism

Types of Plagiarism
Intentional Plagiarism Unintentional Plagiarism
 Intentional plagiarism occurs when the author
purposefully copies information text, images, diagrams,
pictures, charts, data, etc.
 Unintentional plagiarism occurs when the author is
unaware of writing ethics in research and publications or
could miss out on human error.
 Conscious plagiarism: Knowingly presenting someone’s
ideas or work as ours
 Unconscious plagiarism: Unknowingly presenting
someone’s ideas or work as ours
 Verbatim | Direct Plagiarism  Forgot to cite
 Paraphrasing without citing sources  Incorrect citations and source referencing
 Mosaic plagiarism  Forgot to quote
 Ghost writing  Forgot to write footnotes
 Self-plagiarism  The resourceful citer | Stitching Sources
 Muti-posting  Incorrect paraphrasing
 Source plagiarism
 Inadequate authorship
 Collusion | Unethical collaborations
 Undeclared contribution
 Translation without citing sources
Plagiarism: Types, Causes and How to Avoid This Worldwide Problem, Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 14:2-6, 2017, Yam Bahadur Roka

What is
Intentional Plagiarism?

What is Intentional Plagiarism?
 Authors commit intentional plagiarism when they are aware of
writing ethics in research and publication and knowingly
indulge in the copying activities.

Verbatim | Direct
Plagiarism

Verbatim | Direct Plagiarism – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
 Verbatim or direct plagiarism occurs when we copy information
directly from a source and paste it into our document without citing
the original sources
*`
Sources: 1. Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020, 2. Plagiarism: Types, Causes and How to Avoid This Worldwide
Problem, Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 14:2-6, 2017, Yam Bahadur Roka, 3. https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php, 4. https://pixabay.com/photos/minion-photocopier-office-toy-
1724905/ 5. https://stringfixer.com/tr/User_talk:Joshua_Jonathan/Archive_2015

Verbatim | Direct Plagiarism – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
 Verbatim or direct plagiarism occurs when we copy information directly from a source and paste
it into our document without quoting and citing the original sources
 Complete or a partial copy
 Purposefully coping information, including text, images, diagrams, pictures, music, videos, charts,
data, etc., without citing the sources or taking written permission from the respective publishers
 When submitting assignments, project reports,
term papers, etc., students copy,
 From the internet sources
 Friend’s work
 Solutions:
 Be original and write in your own words
 Paraphrase the borrowed information and cite
 Use quotation marks followed by citations
Sources: 1. Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020
2. Plagiarism: Types, Causes and How to Avoid This Worldwide Problem, Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 14:2-6, 2017, Yam Bahadur Roka
3. https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php, 4. https://pixabay.com/photos/minion-photocopier-office-toy-1724905/

Hands-on (Demo)
*`
1. McGraw Hill-Schaums Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers
Primary sources
(Plagiarism report generated by Turnitin)
Schaum’s quick guide to
Writing great research papers

Solution
*`
 Be original and write in
your own words
 Paraphrased
followed by citations
 Use quotation marks
followed by citations

Paraphrasing Without
Citing Sources

Paraphrasing without citing sources – Intentional Plagiarism
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 Paraphrasing without citations
 Rewriting the information borrowed from the source in our own words without
citing the sources
 Paraphrasing does not alter the fact that we copied from someone else’s work;
therefore, we must acknowledge the original authors by citing them
 Antiplagiarism software may not be able to detect the paraphrased content;
however, the original authors/publishers holding the copyrights may demand
ratification for the breach of the copyrights
 Paraphrased from a single source
 Mosaic/Patchwork: Paraphrased from the multiple sources
Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020

*`
Turnitin, 1. McGraw Hill-Schaums Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers
 The presented information is
paraphrased from the
following source
 Schaum’s quick guide to
Writing great research
papers
 Plagiarism checker failed
to identify the sources
 However, it is still a called
plagiarism

*`
following source
papers
 Plagiarism checker failed
to identify the sources
 However, it is still a called
plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism – Patch writing – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
3. https://pixabay.com/photos/mosaic-tiles-template-texture-3394372/
 Assembling multiple short text
segments from various sources
without citations
 Rephrasing the words or
paraphrasing sentences without
acknowledging the original sources
 Always cite sources in the text where
the information is borrowed
 Listing all sources in the reference list is not sufficient; we must cite them where
the borrowed information is used https://youtu.be/3DOkqhOfFso

Mosaic plagiarism – Patch writing – Intentional Plagiarism
*`

Mosaic plagiarism – Solution
*`
 Design a novel
problem solution
 Express your ideas
in your own words
 Always paraphrase
and cite the sources
 Use quotation
marks and cite the
sources
2. How to write a good scientific paper: significance by C. A. Mack
3. Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide by James D. Lester , James D. Lester , Jr, 4. How to write a research paper by Simon Kendal 5. How to write a research paper, Scribbr (Internet source)

Ghost writing

<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/imagine'>Imagine vector created by storyset - www.freepik.com</a>
<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/online-work'>Online work vector created by storyset - www.freepik.com</a>
*`
Ghost writing – Intentional Plagiarism
 Purchasing articles written by someone who agrees not to be included as an author.
 To publish many papers in a short time or to meet the yearly institutional criteria,
many academicians purchase the already written articles from ghost-writers and
publish them under their authorship.

Ghost writing – Intentional Plagiarism
<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/imagine'>Imagine vector created by storyset - www.freepik.com</a>
<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/online-work'>Online work vector created by storyset - www.freepik.com</a>
*`
 Purchasing an article written by someone who agrees not to be included as the
author.
 Students often purchase the solved assignments, projects, term papers, research
articles, etc., written by someone or from the support agency. This is also called
ghost-writing.
Support
agency

Self Plagiarism

Self Plagiarism – Intentional Plagiarism
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 We often copy the content from our previously
published articles, book chapters, project
proposals, term papers, reports, etc., and present
the similar information as new without
acknowledging the previous work or not taking the
approval for reuse from the respective publisher.
 Submitting one paper to multiple journals and
conferences
 Framing multiple articles from a single paper by
means of minor changes
 Submitting the same project proposal to multiple
funding agencies
 Students often submit the same project report, term
paper, assignment, to multiple courses.
1. Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020, 2. Plagiarism: Types, Causes and How to Avoid This Worldwide Problem,
Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 14:2-6, 2017, Yam Bahadur Roka, 3. Document provided by Turnitin.com and Research Resources. Turnitin allows free distribution and nonprofit use of this document in educational
settings. , 4. https://studylib.net/doc/8569082/turnitin.com-and-research-resources

Self Plagiarism – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
Presented the old paper without substantial new contribution
Original published paper Minor changes for a new submission
settings.

Multi-posting – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
 To get a quick response, the author submits one paper to multiple journals
 Journals have their plagiarism and multi-posting checker in the database
 Consequently, the author may be black-listed and barred from future submissions
Journal-1
Journal-2
Journal-3
settings.

*`
 Submitting one project proposal to multiple funding agencies
 Funding agencies may have their plagiarism and multi-posting checker
 Consequently, the author may be black-listed and barred from future submissions
Funding
agency-1
Funding
agency-2
Funding
agency-3
settings.

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 The author splits one paper into multiple smaller versions
 There should be at least certain % of new contribution in each version
Smaller
version-1
Smaller
version-2
Smaller
version-3
settings.

Source Plagiarism

Source Plagiarism – Intentional Plagiarism
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 References are copied from any article randomly without cross-referencing.
 Beginners often copy the references from any published article and stuff them in their
bibliography without relevance and citing.
Source paper References are copied without any relevance or citing
1. Tomáš Foltýnek et al. How to avoid plagiarism. Student Handbook Published by Charles University, Karolinum Press Prague 2020.

Inadequate authorship

Inadequate authorship – Intentional Plagiarism
https://dspace.cuni.cz/bitstream/handle/20.500.11956/124174/Pln%C3%BD%20text.pdf
https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php
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 In research, constructive collaboration and joint work are always appreciated.
 However, It is important to disclose and acknowledge all the collaborators to
avoid conflict of interest.
 Joint work collaborations and co-authorship are common in academic and industrial
research.
 We can not just publish under solo authorship if there are multiple contributors in
the presented work. Therefore, acknowledge the respective collaborators,
including as suitable co-authors.
 Furthermore, designating additional co-authors without significant contributions
to the articles is also unethical.

*`
Removing the names of other collaborators

*`
Adding favorable authors for mutual benefits or commercial gain

Collusion

Collusion – Intentional Plagiarism
https://www.latrobe.edu.au/mylatrobe/academic-integrity-made-simple-plagiarism-collusion-and-contract-cheating-explained-by-plas/
https://pixabay.com/vectors/communication-connection-global-1297544/
*`
 Unethical collaboration among a group of
students
 Allow others to copy assignments, term
papers, project reports, etc., from their work
 Constructive collaboration involves two (or
more) students working jointly
 However, assignments, exams, or written
works need to be graded individually
 Collaboration becomes ‘collusion’ if there
are copying events

Collusion – Intentional Plagiarism
*`
 Collusion occurs when a group of people
 Establish unethical research collaboration
 Include each other as the co-authors
 Cite each other paper's without any
relevance to increase the citation counts
 Sending inadequate thesis for evaluation
to the known and favorable examiners etc.
 One must understand the differences
between collaboration vs. Collusion.
https://www.latrobe.edu.au/mylatrobe/academic-integrity-made-simple-plagiarism-collusion-and-contract-cheating-explained-by-plas/
https://pixabay.com/vectors/communication-connection-global-1297544/

Translation & Plagiarism

*`
 We acquired an idea and translated from published work in a different language.
 Therefore, we must acknowledge the original work and reference it.

*`
 We acquired an idea and translated from published work in a different language.
 Therefore, we must acknowledge the original work and reference it.
Original
work
Translated
work

Unintentional
Plagiarism
(6-Types)

What is Unintentional Plagiarism?
 Authors commit unintentional plagiarism when they are unaware of writing ethics
in research and publication or when they miss out on human error.
 Unconscious plagiarism: Unknowingly presenting someone’s ideas or work as ours.

6-Types of Unintentional Plagiarism
 Incorrect or misleading citations - source referencing
 Forgot to Cite
 Forgot to Quote and Cite
 Forgot to write Footnotes
 The Resourceful Citer or Stitching Sources
 Incorrect Paraphrasing
3. A Beginners’ Guide to written and illustrated by Deb J Hill, 4. https://www.scanmyessay.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism.php

Incorrect citations - source referencing
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 False citations
 Citing an incorrect source
 Misleading citations
 Unable to locate the sources
 Insufficient detail in the
reference

Forgot to cite – Unintentional Plagiarism
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following source; however,
the authors forgot to cite
the source.
papers.
 The plagiarism checker
failed to identify the
sources.
 However, it is still called
plagiarism.

Forgot to Quote – Unintentional Plagiarism
Document provided by Turnitin.com and Research Resources. Turnitin allows free distribution and nonprofit use of this document in educational settings.
https://studylib.net/doc/8569082/turnitin.com-and-research-resources
*`
 The authors cite a source but forgot to place the referred
text in quotation marks.
 In case of a Direct copy of any text or information, citing the
sources is insufficient.
 The quotation mark is mandatory.
 Without quotation marks, it is assumed that the authors are
falsely claiming the presented information.

Forgot to Quote – Unintentional Plagiarism
E1 Turnitin-A-Toolofanti-plagiarism
*`
The recent studies evidence that increased internet
usage occupies the C band and leads to the
spectrum scarcity [1]
1. R. J. Pandya, “Machine learning-oriented resource allocation in C+L+S bands extended SDM–EONs,” IET Communications, vol.
14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul. 2020.

Citing with Quotes
*`
“The recent studies evidence that increased internet
spectrum scarcity”[1]
14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul. 2020.

Forgot to write Footnotes – Unintentional Plagiarism
*`
 The authors cite the source.
 However, forgot to include footnotes about
specific information on the location of the
source material.

Forgot to write Footnotes – Unintentional Plagiarism
*`
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
 The authors cite the source.
 However, forgot to include footnotes about
specific information on the location of the
source material.

The Resourceful Citer – Stitching Sources
*`
 The authors paraphrase the original information, use quotation
marks, and cite all sources.
 Lack of novelty
 The presented article is a collection of the existing works and does not
contain the original work!
 It often is challenging to identify this form of plagiarism because it
papers like any other well-researched article.

Incorrect paraphrasing – Unintentional Plagiarism
*`
 The authors have well cited the Paraphrased information.
 However, by mistake, they altered the meaning of the original
information.
 Incorrect paraphrasing is considered as accidental or unintentional
plagiarism.

What about Wikipedia?
*`
 It is a common mistake to think that we don’t need to
reference Wikipedia as it is in the public domain.
 Be careful! It is someone else’s work, and it must be
referenced.

Plagiarism
&
Excuses

Plagiarism & Excuses
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/rejected-stamp-denied-rejection-5250678/
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 The common reasons behind the plagiarism
 Deadlines – Lack of time
 Exam period
 Lack of awareness or Carelessness
 Temptation to copy and paste
 Thesis submission in a hurry
 Peer pressure
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg, 4. <a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/exam-preparation'>Exam preparation vector created by pch.vector -
www.freepik.com</a>

<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/student-character'>Student character vector created by pikisuperstar - www.freepik.com</a>
I don’t know
how to
cite…!
Everyone
copies,
so I did…!

I don’t know
how to write
a paper,
so I copied….!
I did not get
enough time,
so I copied
and did not
cite….!

I copied from the
online material,
and there was no
author….!
I did not record
the original
information
sources and did
not cite them.…!

<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/formal-man'>Formal man vector created by brgfx - www.freepik.com</a>
 Students:
 Poor writing skills
 Fear of failure or discrimination, etc.
 The demand for publications for an award of an
academic degree
 Individual professionals:
 Peer pressure
 Desire to be successful
 Promotion
 Increase publication and citation counts

<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/formal-man'>Formal man vector created by brgfx - www.freepik.com</a>
 Institutional priorities:
 To win the research grants
 To increase the institutional ranking through research
activities
 Departmental pressure to improve the academic and
research performance
 Establish the international research collaborations
 Aim of publishing in prestigious journals and conferences
 Publishers:
 Poor quality journals
 Inefficient review process
 Competition among journals to publish more articles

Consequences of the Plagiarism
*`
 The reasons behind the plagiarism
 Deadlines – Lack of time
 Exam period
 Thesis submission in hurry
 Peer pressure
Sources:
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg,
 Depending on the plagiarism severity, the penalty would be decided
 Mild consequences of the Plagiarism
 Minor text copying, Self-plagiarism, accidental Plagiarism, etc.
 An apology letter or explanation along with correction from the
author https://youtu.be/3DOkqhOfFso

Consequences of the Plagiarism
*`
 Severe occurrences of the Plagiarism
 Copyright violations
 Stealing the Idea
 Server copying or duplications
 Serious consequences of the Plagiarism
 Expulsion from the institute
 Authors may be blacklisted and barred from the future
articles submissions
 Retraction or withdrawal of the article
 Institute may rescind the degree for alumni
 Fired from a job
 Criminal charges
Sources:
3. https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=386786&picture=angry-boss, 4. https://pixabay.com/vectors/staff-dismissal-employee-fired-6779620/

Students committing the plagiarism
*`
 Assignments, term papers, lab
reports etc.
 Copying from the other student’s work
(Completely or partially)
 Copying from the previously submitted
assignment to the new assignment in
the same or another course
 Research papers, Thesis, etc.:
 Copying form the following without
citing the original authors
 Electronic sources
 Research papers
 Books
 Journals etc.

Students committing the plagiarism
*`
 Universities consider the reported
plagiarism as a serious offense
and process them through the
disciplinary action committee
 For intentional plagiarism, the
disciplinary committee may award
 A warning
 Degradation
 The fail grade
 The expulsion from the institute
 In cases of severe cases, the
university may also penalize alumni
for rescind the awarded degree

Consequences of Copyright violations
2. https://pixabay.com/vectors/copyright-thief-stolen-intellectual-6809961/
*`
 Breach of copyright acts may result in the legal consequences
 The original authors holding the copyrights may claim his IPRs and
may demand ratification for the breach of the copyrights
 Mild consequences of the accidental copyright violations
 Apology letter
 Apology letter and financial penalty
 Transfer of the entire profit from the commercial activities
 The Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are protected through the copyright acts

Consequences of Copyright violations
2. https://pixabay.com/vectors/prisoner-gangster-convict-296515/
*`
 Serious consequences of the intentional copyright violations
 Losing the current job
 Future job applications may be denied
 The authors may be banned from publishing
 Legal proceedings and imprisonment
 The Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are protected through the copyright acts
 Breach of copyright acts may result in the legal consequences
 The original authors holding the copyrights may claim his IPRs and may demand
ratification for the breach of the copyrights

Plagiarism offences

List of plagiarism offences
*`
 Plagiarism occurs in the following instances without citing the sources
 Students copy from the available sources during the following submissions:
 Assignments, laboratory reports, and term papers
 Project reports
 Research articles
 Dissertation and thesis
 Complete or partial copy of the idea from any Internet sources
 Usage of someone else's work or content even without a written consent
 Use of images, graphs, pictures, charts, graphics, music, videos, or any
other multimedia material without written approvals from the copyright holders
*`
Sources:
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg

Academic misconducts
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg
*`
 Misuse of the research data from the collaborative work without taking the
written consent from the respective collaborators and publishing the work by
removing their names or reordering the author's numbers by placing our names
first and others' names at the last even if their contribution is higher
 Purchase of any prewritten material and publishing as our own.
 Publishing a research paper, book, or book chapter which is
partially or entirely copied from someone else's work
 Asking someone to write a research paper, thesis, project report, assignment,
laboratory report, etc.

*`
 Forcing others to include our name as a co-author in any research article, book, or
any form of publication
 Removing the names of other contributors and publishing the article under our sole
authorship
 Multi-posting: Submitting previously submitted work to any other platform
 Submitting one paper to many other journals
 Inappropriate citations, not citing appropriate sources due to lack of awareness,
lack of time, laziness, ignorance, etc.
Sources:
3. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plagiarism_signature.jpg

*`
 Generating fake plagiarism reports to satisfy the university’s mandates
 Pasting text as a snapshot and running through the plagiarism software
 Fabricate graphs, results, tables, surveys, numbers, or statistics by self-judgment
without performing actual work, experiments, simulation study, or field surveys
 Reusing self-published work from the previously submitted grant proposals or
research papers
 Presenting the translated work from the original language to another without citing
the sources
Sources:

Similarity Index and Consequences of Plagiarism
*`
Sources:1. UGC Regulations, 2018 and 2. E1 Turnitin-A-Toolofanti-plagiarism
Similarity Index Consequences of Plagiarism
0 % - 10%  No penalties
10% - 30%  Revise and resubmit, bringing down the
similarity index below 10%.
30 % - 50%  May be asked to withdraw the manuscript.
 Barred from submitting the scripts for a year.
 The penalty of degrading the grade.
>50%  Barred from submitting the scripts for three
years.
 A fail grade may be awarded.

Similarity Index and Consequences of Plagiarism
*`
Sources:1. UGC Regulations, 2018 and 2. E1 Turnitin-A-Toolofanti-plagiarism
Similarity Index Consequences of Plagiarism
0 % - 10%  No penalties
10% - 30%  Revise and resubmit, bringing down the
similarity index below 10%.
30 % - 50%  May be asked to withdraw the manuscript.
 Barred from submitting the scripts for a year.
 The penalty of demotion or future increments
will be stopped.
 Will not be allowed to be a Ph.D. supervisor
for 2-3 years.
 Fired from the JOB.
>50%

Plagiarism and Similarity Index
 Bring the plagiarism or similarity index below 10%
 Turn it in (Plagiarism checkers)
 Copyright infringements on images
 Draw your own images, read existing content and rewrite in your
own words, cite the referred one
 Request a publisher to issue a written license or pay for images
reuse charge if they are already published
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ME_109_Thief.png
Nina Paley, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons
*`
*`

Tips to Eschew the Plagiarism

*`
[1] Hamaoka, F., Nakamura, M., Okamoto, S., et al.:
‘Ultra-wideband WDM transmission in S-, C-, and L-
bands using signal power optimization scheme’, IEEE
J. Lightwave Technol., 2019, 37, (8), pp. 1764–1771
[2] Hamaoka, F., Kyo, M., Takeo, S., et al.: ‘150.3-Tb/s
ultra-wideband (S, C, and L-bands) single-mode fiber
transmission over 40-km using >519 Gb/s/λ PDM-
128QAM signals’. European Conf. on Optical
Communication (ECOC), Roma, Italy, September
2018, pp. 1–3
[3] Renaudier, J., Meseguer, A.C., Ghazisaeidi, A., et
al.: ‘First 100-nm continuous-band WDM transmission
system with 115Tb/s transport over 100 km using novel
ultra-wideband semiconductor optical amplifiers’.
European Conf. on Optical Communication (ECOC),
Gothenburg, September 2017, pp. 1–3
[4] Pandya, R.J.: ‘L-band extended national optical
fiber network to achieve the mission of digital India’.
Int. Conf. on Microwave Integrated Circuits, Photonics
and Wireless Networks (IMICPW), Thrichy, May 2019,
pp. 1–3
R. J. Pandya, “Machine learning-oriented resource allocation in C+L+S bands extended SDM–EONs,” IET Communications, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul. 2020.
 References
 Paraphrasing followed by Citations
 Rewrite the information borrowed from the source in
your own words and cite the respective sources

*`
 Cite references even for an
Image, Diagram, Picture,
Photograph, Graph, and
Data etc.
 Picture of National Optical
Fiber Network is adopted
from the source [1]
How to avoid plagiarism?
*`
National Optical Fiber
Network [1]
1. R. J. Pandya, “Machine learning-oriented resource
allocation in C+L+S bands extended SDM–EONs,” IET
Communications, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul.
2020.

Citing Quotes
*`
14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul. 2020.
usage occupies the C band and lead to the

Citing the Sources in PPT

Why is citing the sources in PPT important?
*`
 To avoid plagiarism 1-2
 Additional information supply 1-2
 To avoid copyright infringements
 To avoid the legal consequences
Sources:
3. https://pixabay.com/vectors/prisoner-gangster-convict-296515/, 4. https://pixabay.com/vectors/copyright-thief-stolen-intellectual-6809961/,

How to Cite Sources in PPT?
*`
 To avoid plagiarism [1-2]
 Additional information supply [1-2]
 To avoid copyright infringements
 To avoid the legal consequences
Sources:
3. https://pixabay.com/vectors/prisoner-gangster-convict-296515/, 4. https://pixabay.com/vectors/copyright-thief-stolen-intellectual-6809961/,

*`
Photograph, Graph, Data,
etc.
 The picture of the National
Optical Fiber Network is
adopted from the source 1
*`
Network 1
2020.

*`
Photograph, Graph, Data,
etc.
 The picture of the National
Optical Fiber Network is
adopted from the source [1]
*`
Network [1]
2020.

Citing Quotes
*`
14, no. 12, pp. 1957–1967, Jul. 2020.

*`
 Differentiate others' ideas from yours.
 Always reference or cite the sources.
 Identify and note down the sources so that they can be traced.
 Plan your time: Novel writing demands time as it requires searching for
sources, reading them, making notes, thinking, translating your ideas into a
written draft, etc.
 Consult your supervisor regularly. That doesn't necessarily mean very
often. Don't hide it if you're behind schedule; don't pretend you understand if
you're unsure about something. Two brains are better than one.

*`
 Avoid secrets; be honest.
 Don’t be afraid to admit if you don’t know something.
 Admit mistakes and start working on the solutions.
 Develop a Reading habit: We learn more by reading research and scientific papers.
Besides gaining insight into various topics, we will also learn about academic writing.
 If you’re unsure whether you need to reference something, reference it.
 If your plagiarism is exposed, admit it and work on the solutions.
 If you’re already trying to cover up some error, don’t wait until it’s exposed, and own
up to it and start working on the remedies.

Preventing Plagiarism Planning assignments for student success and academic integrity
*`
 Instruct students to employ multi-stage writing process.
 Direct students to demonstrate the work as they progress
through the writing process.
 Identify accidental plagiarism and intentional plagiarism.
 Instruct the students to eliminate the identified plagiarism.

*`
 Gathering and Planning stage:
 Instruct students to do thorough and detailed planning before they start writing.
 Instruct students to gather the required literature resources and note the
respective sources.
 Expect students to frame a comprehensive blueprint for each paper or thesis.
 Analyze the content before they get started and instruct them to be aware of
plagiarism.
 Instruct students to integrate your suggestions and comments in their revised
writing draft.

*`
Revision stage:
 Encourage students to produce a significant contribution in
the direction of enhanced writing quality and plagiarism
elimination.
 Mark drafts with adequate sequence numbers and logical names
as the student progresses and produces a revised draft.
 Cut down plagiarized paragraphs, lines, sentences, diagrams,
equations, music, videos, data, etc.

*`
Editing stage:
 Employ a last-minute review process to enable students a
chance to catch errors.
 Instruct the students to restate sentences more concisely,
which teaches paraphrasing skills.
 In researched papers, guide students to do a “final check”
by marking quoted and paraphrased passages and cross-
checking citations.

*`
 Perform extensive peer review and multiple revisions.
 Always assign or approve topics to the students to avoid
copying events.
 Do not allow last-minute topic changes.
 Employ the “rewrite” option frequently to enhance the
writing quality and eliminate plagiarism.
 Teach a culture of “earned trust.”

Precautions
*`
 Originality and novelty
 Paraphrasing
 Referencing
 Quote
 Citing quotes
 Cite your own material
 Provide references and acquire writing permission for reusing photographs, data,
diagrams, pictures, graphs, charts, music, videos etc.

Quiz

Quiz
Q-1. What is Plagiarism?
A. Copying someone else's ideas and presenting them as ours without
giving the proper credit to the original authors.
B. Referencing someone's work and presenting the extended or
enhanced version giving the proper credit to the original authors.

Quiz
15

Quiz
14

Quiz
13

Quiz
12

Quiz
11

Quiz
10

Quiz
09

Quiz
08

Quiz
07

Quiz
06

Quiz
05

Quiz
04

Quiz
03

Quiz
02

Quiz
01

Quiz
00

Quiz
A. Copying someone else's ideas and presenting them as ours
without giving the proper credit to the original authors.

Quiz
Q-2. Which are the two major types of Plagiarism?
A. Intentional Plagiarism
B. Unintentional Plagiarism
C. All of above
D. None

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
10

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
09

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
08

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
07

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
06

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
05

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
04

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
03

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
02

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
01

Quiz
C. All of above
D. None
00

Quiz
Q-3. Which of the following is true with reference to Verbatim Plagiarism?
A. Verbatim or direct plagiarism occurs when we copy information directly from a
source and paste it into our document without quoting and citing the sources.
B. Verbatim plagiarism can be eliminated by performing paraphrased followed by
citations.
C. Verbatim plagiarism can be eliminated by using quotation marks followed by
citations.
D. All of above

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 20

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 19

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 18

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 17

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 16

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 15

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 14

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 13

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 12

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 11

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 10

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 09

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 08

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 07

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 06

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 05

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 04

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 03

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 02

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 01

Quiz
citations.
citations.
D. All of above 00

Q-4. Paraphrasing without citing sources is a subtype of
intentional plagiarism where the authors rewrite the information
borrowed from the source in their own words without citing the
sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
10

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
09

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
08

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
07

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
06

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
05

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
04

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
03

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
02

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
01

sources.
A. True
B. False
Quiz
00

P1 Quizz Turnitin quiz answers with explanations
https://www.antiochschools.net/cms/lib/CA02209771/Centricity/Domain/1330/Turnitin%20quiz%20answers%20with%20explanations.pdf
Quiz
Q-5. To paraphrase appropriately, we require to:
A. Change a few words in the text without citing sources.
B. Put quotation marks around the text without citing sources.
C. Steal the idea from the text without citing sources.
D. Summarize the text in your own words and cite sources.

Quiz
15

Quiz
14

Quiz
13

Quiz
12

Quiz
11

Quiz
10

Quiz
09

Quiz
08

Quiz
07

Quiz
06

Quiz
05

Quiz
04

Quiz
03

Quiz
02

Quiz
01

Quiz
00

Quiz
Q-6. Which of the following is true with reference to Mosaic Plagiarism?
A. Assembling multiple short text segments from various sources without citations.
B. Rephrasing the words or paraphrasing sentences without acknowledging the
sources.
C. Mosaic plagiarism can be eliminated by designing a novel problem solution,
expressing your ideas in your own words, paraphrasing and citing the sources,
using quotation marks, and citing the sources.
D. All of above

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 20

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 19

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 18

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 17

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 16

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 15

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 14

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 13

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 12

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 11

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 10

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 09

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 08

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 07

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 06

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 05

Quiz
sources.
D. All of above 04

Plagiarism Types and How to Avoid Them

Plagiarism Types and How to Avoid Them

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