VEHICLE THEFT DETECTION WITH ALCOHOL DETECTION,SMOKE DETECTION AND FINGERPRIN...
Projectproposal
1. CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
TITLE: INTELLIGENT EMBEDDED CONTROL
WARNING SYSTEM FOR CAR REVERSE
JOSEPH BISHI
C097139J
2. Table of Contents
Table of Figures.......................................................................................................................................2
Abstract...................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................3
Problem Statement..................................................................................................................................4
Sub Problems: .........................................................................................................................................4
Hardware Architecture of the car reverse system..............................................................................4
Software Orientated ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Rationale.........................................................................................................................................4
Objectives ...........................................................................................................................................5
Outline Thesis: ........................................................................................................................................5
Scope of project......................................................................................................................................6
Significance of the Study.........................................................................................................................6
Literature review.....................................................................................................................................7
1.5.1 Microcontroller..............................................................................................................................7
1.5.2Application of Microcontroller .......................................................................................................9
1.5.3 Understanding Ultrasonic..............................................................................................................9
1.5.4 Assembly Languages: Low-Level Language..................................................................................10
1.5.6 Comparison of Assembly and High Level Languages...................................................................11
1.6 Research Methodology...................................................................................................................12
Design Options:.................................................................................................................................12
Sensing Technique: ...........................................................................................................................12
Proposed Approach: .............................................................................................................................13
Hardware Architecture .....................................................................................................................13
Software Implementation.................................................................................................................14
Results...................................................................................................................................................15
1.7 Delimitation of the Study................................................................................................................17
Delimitations.....................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................17
References ............................................................................................................................................17
3. Table of Figures
Figure 1: PIC16F690 Microcontroller.....................................................................................................8
Figure 2: ATMEGA Microcontroller.........................................................................................................8
Figure 3: Basic Concepts of “ping” and “pong”.....................................................................................10
Figure 4: Basic working structure of the car reverse system................................................................14
Abstract
The focus of this projectl is to design an intelligent embedded control warning system for car
reversing. In this modern age, the focus is more on manufacturing cost effective cars that are
affordable to the average citizen. In design of nearly all technical systems, the specifications
represent a trade-off between performances and cost for example the VW Beetle versus
Mercedes Benz. The main motivation in the manufacture is the production of the best
performance that is possible for the given hardware. Under these circumstances cars like the
VW Beetle do not have sometimes if not most of the times control systems that are crucial in
the safety of the driver, other drivers, and pedestrians and also in the preservation of property
from damage due to collisions. In this project the focus is on the design of an intelligent
embedded car reversal system that is cost effective enough to be implemented in average cost
cars like the Mazda B1800. In the design of the intelligent control warning system many factors
are taken into consideration like the reliability of the system which is depended upon the choice
of the sensors in the analogous measurement of scenarios pertaining to car reversal.
Implementation of the system incorporates embedded systems technology, therefore the
design in this instance is carried out by utilisation of a microcontroller (the brains of the system),
analogue sensors to capture data from the environment, warning hardware (light emitting
diodes and buzzer).The Integrated Development Environment used is MPLAB X a product of
Microchip in the event that a pic microcontroller is used.
4. Introduction
The research of this paper focuses on the design of an intelligent embedded control warning
system for car reversing. The onset of technology has brought various benefits which include
automation of various instruments or tasks that were done manually previously. But with this
technology also comes problems that require solutions for a perfect balance to be achieved
between technology and its correct usage otherwise this completely nullifies the main
purpose of developing the technology. Nowadays, people are always on the run and they
sometimes forget to be cautious while backing out of a driveway, parking at work or when
trying to back out of a spot anywhere. With this, collision avoidance becomes imperative as
more than ever, the rate of accidents due to collisions during car reversals is on the rise.
Correspondingly, the number of inexperienced drivers is increasing as well and car reversal is
always a troublesome operation for them. The researcher discovered that if a person is a
physically mobile driver who is in good health, with good eyesight and a good sense of
judgment then he/she might wonder why you do ever need such a device. Many vehicles have
awkward rear visibility, or a driver might suffer problems such as neck or back injuries that
limit their ability to look over their shoulder when reversing.1
Also drivers wearing varifocal
glasses while driving cannot have a perfect panoramic view while maneuvering. Even with
perfect eyesight, if the car’s rear window is quite high up then you might not spot some
obstructions, or a child or pedestrian might wander into your path without you noticing. Since
the cost of even a minor bump can be substantial, a car reversing system can be a worthwhile
investment and can give offer extra confidence to the driver when reversing.
The intelligent embedded control warning system therefore provides the apt solution to this
problem. A collision avoidance system involves three parts such as object detection, decision
making and implementing the appropriate action with regards to the decisions made. Object
detection is carried out through the use of proximity sensors. A decision-making system
makes a decision on when and how collisions can be avoided. This section relies on the
programmer as the brains behind the system. The programmer has to come up with the
algorithms that cover all scenarios of the decision making involved in car reversal. Finally,
the action taken by the system adapts the target commands generated by the previous stage
and transforms these commands to low-level control signals needed by the warning devices:
1
http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv18/CD/Files/18ESV-000466.pdf
5. buzzer and light emitting diodes. This paper deals with autonomous pedestrian collision
avoidance by warning the actors involved. The actors involved include the driver, pedestrian,
other drivers and inanimate objects.
Problem Statement
How can we avoid accidence when reversing? The problem is to design of an intelligent
embedded control car reversal system to reduce the occurrence of accidents due to car
reversals as vehicles being assembled in Zimbabwe and also imported Japanese only use rear
view mirrors for obstacle detection when reversing.
Sub Problems:
Hardware Architecture of the car reverse system
This section deals with the hardware involved in the implementation of the embedded system.
Note: To be dealt with in the following sections.
Hardware Architecture of the car reverse system
This section deals with the hardware involved in the implementation of the embedded system.
Note: This section dealt with in following sections.
Rationale
Fundamental reasons for designing an intelligent embedded control car reverse system:
death of infants
destruction of properties for example gates, structures.
damaging other cars usually in parallel parking
In this research, the research discovered a few factors which are causing accidents to happen
when reversing:
6. Factors contributing to car reverse accidents:
Some of the car’s rear window is quite high up then you might not spot some
obstructions for example Elgrand, Vans, small Lories therefore drivers fail to detect if
there is any obstacle behind the car.
Drivers tend to park in a dangerous way without thinking first.
Poor sense of judgment
Driver unable to determine the actual distance between the car and an obstacle behind
it due to eyesight problems.
There are a number of reported accidents at the Charge Office Central Police Station
of car collision mostly when reversing this is due to the increase of number of private
cars in town that correspond with limited parking spaces.
To Reference this
Objectives
The objectives of this project:
1. Design an embedded system that uses a microcontroller as the intelligence behind the
system.
2. To determine the distance between car with an obstacle behind it.
3. To inform the driver the state of car condition either they are in safe, warning or
stop zone through the colors of LEDs.
4. The system is to use a beeping buzzer sound when the car is put in reverse mode.Also
a higher and more intense sound is generated to indicate danger through a small
speaker.
Outline Thesis:
Scope of the project
Significance of the study
Literature review
Research Methodology:
Hardware architecture
Software implementation
Results
Delimitation of study
7. Conclusion
Scope of project
There are several scopes that need to be proposed for the project. The study targets drivers,
either male or female, who owns vehicle of this type:
Furniture company trucks (to look for the name)
Van
Small Lorries
Significance of the Study
This offers the general overview of the objectives of the project
The system introduced in this thesis can automatically measure the distance between the trail
of the car and detect the obstruction behind the car and give a sound and light alarm in real
time, ensuring the car to run safely and reduce the accident ratio. With this system, the driver
can know either he is in safe zone, warning zone or the stopping zone while reversing. If the
car is in the safe zone, a beeping is heard to warn that the car is in reversing mode. When the
car is the danger zone a sound of more intensity and volume is generated at a faster frequency
than before and LEDs start to flash at this stage to indicate danger. At this point the driver
needs to stop to avoid a collision from occurring. For application purposes this system is also
suitable for vans and small lorries. This system is set into motion when the driver engaged I
the reverse mode. It is well abstracted in such a way that the user only needs to respond to the
warnings of the system. This system offers a cost effective approach to the design of a control
system as control system are usually expensive to design, built and install. It will cut a way
through the market of the medium cars and the low-end cars and provide a new research
method for the car collision avoidance. The ultrasound sensors mounted at the back of the
car, measure the distance between the car and the object via the use of the transmitter of the
ultrasound sensor. The transmitter transmits ultrasonic signal while the receiver receives the
reflected wave, and the sound wave transmitting time and the distance are in direct ratio, so
the function of distance measurement is obtained.
8. Literature review
1.5.1 Microcontroller
A microcontroller (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. The
microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers like a standard computer,
but because they are designed to execute only a single specific task to control a single system,
they are much smaller and simplified so that they can include all the functions required on a
single chip. A microcontroller differs from a microprocessor, which is a general-purpose chip
that is used to create a multi-function computer or device and requires multiple chips to
handle various tasks. A microcontroller is meant to be more self-contained and independent,
and functions as a tiny, dedicated computer.
The great advantage of microcontrollers, as opposed to using larger microprocessors, is that
the parts-count and design costs of the item being controlled can be kept to a minimum. They
are typically designed using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology,
an efficient fabrication technique that uses less power and is more immune to power spikes
than other techniques. Early controllers were typically built from logic components and were
usually quite large. Later, microprocessors were used, and controllers were able to fit onto a
circuit board. Microcontrollers now place all of the needed components onto a single chip.
Because they control a single function, some complex devices contain multiple
microprocessors.
Examples of microcontrollers include the Microchip series of microcontroller which is the
PIC range. Another range of microcontrollers is the ATMEGA microcontroller series by the
chip manufacturing company ATMEL.
10. 1.5.2Application of Microcontroller
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors
used in personal computers or other general purpose applications. Microcontrollers are used
in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems,
implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys
and other embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a
separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it
economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal
microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital
electronic systems.Microcontrollers are typically used where processing power is not so
important. The small size, low power consumption, and flexibility make these devices ideal
for unattended data monitoring and recording.
1.5.3 Understanding Ultrasonic
Ultrasound is an acoustic wave with a very high frequency, beyond human hearing. Since the
audible frequency range is said to be between 20Hz and 20kHz, ultrasound generally means
acoustic waves above 20kHz.The ultrasonic transducers have piezoelectric crystals which
resonate to a preferred frequency and convert electric energy into acoustic energy and vice
versa (Watson, 2006).It is used for calculating the distance and/or direction of an object from
the time it takes for a sound wave to travel to the target and back. An ultrasonic sensor is a
speaker or microphone that emits or receives ultrasound. There is also a type that can handle
both emission and reception. For vehicle reversing, the sensors are equipped with this type of
sensor. In the case of the rear sonar, two to four ultrasonic sensors are mounted on the rear
bumper to detect an obstacle up to 2 to 2.5m away. The distance is communicated to the
driver in real time by lighting different colors of LEDs and varying the type of sound
produced at each stage.
The illustration in Figure 1 shows how sound waves, transmitted in the shape of a cone, are
reflected from a target back to the transducer. An output signal is produced to perform some
kind of indicating or control function. A minimum distance from the sensor is required to
provide a time delay so that the "echoes" can be interpreted. Variables which can affect the
operation of ultrasonic sensing include: target surface angle, reflective surface roughness or
11. changes in temperature or humidity. The targets can have any kind of reflective form - even
round objects.
Figure 3: Basic Concepts of “ping” and “pong”
When used for sensing functions, the ultrasonic method has unique advantages over
conventional sensors such as infrared or reverse sensor (Larson, 1960):
a. Discrete distances to moving objects can be detected and measured
b. Less affected by target materials and surfaces, and not affected by color. Solid state
units have virtually unlimited, maintenance free life. Have ability to detect small
objects over long operating distances
c. Have resistance to external disturbances such as vibration, infrared radiation, ambient
noise, and EMI radiation.
1.5.4 Assembly Languages: Low-Level Language
An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. It implements a
symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program
a particular CPU architecture (David Salomon, 1993). This representation is usually defined
by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (called mnemonics) that help
the programmer remember individual instructions, registers, etc.Assembly languages were
first developed in the 1950s, when they were referred to as second generation programming
languages. They eliminated much of the error prone and time-consuming first-generation
programming needed with the earliest computers, freeing the programmer from tedium such
as remembering numeric codes and calculating addresses. They were once widely used for all
12. sorts of programming. Today, assembly language is used primarily for direct hardware
manipulation, access to specialized processor instructions, or to address critical performance
issues. Typical used on device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems.
A utility program called an assembler is used to translate assembly language statements into
the target computer's machine code. The assembler performs a more or less isomorphic
translation (a one-to-one mapping) from mnemonic statements into machine instructions and
data. (This is in contrast with high-level languages, in which a single statement generally
results in many machine instructions. A compiler, analogous to an assembler, is used to
translate high-level language statements into machine code; or an interpreter executes
statements directly.) Many sophisticated assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate
program development, control the assembly process, and aid debugging.
1.5.6 Comparison of Assembly and High Level Languages
Assembly languages are close to a one to one correspondence between symbolic instructions
and executable machine codes. Assembly languages also include directives to the assembler,
directives to the linker, directives for organizing data space, and macros. Macros can be used
to combine several assembly language instructions into a high level language-like construct
(as well as other purposes). There are cases where a symbolic instruction is translated into
more than one machine instruction. But in general, symbolic assembly language instructions
correspond to individual executable machine instructions.
High level languages are abstract. Typically a single high level instruction is translated into
several (sometimes dozens or in rare cases even hundreds) executable machine language
instructions. Some early high level languages had a close correspondence between high level
instructions and machine language instructions. For example, most of the early COBOL
instructions translated into a very obvious and small set of machine instructions. The trend
over time has been for high level languages to increase in abstraction. Modern object oriented
programming languages are highly abstract and offer data abstraction. In relation to this
project it is advisable to use high level languages like C as they are easier to implement than
using assembly language. To use assembly language one will need to learn the instruction
manual/datasheet pertaining to the microcontroller.
13. 1.6 Research Methodology
This section of the research paper highlights as to how the project is going to be carried.
Various methods can be implemented in the design process of the project.
Design Options:
Basically the concept behind the design is almost the same for the intelligent embedded
control car reversal system. The components that are repeated in all the designs are as
follows:
Control system(usually a microcontroller or some embedded system)
Sensors for detecting the environmental conditions in this case the proximity of an
object from the car
Interface components for example buzzer, LEDs.
As the design options are almost the same, I will look at the areas where they differ that are
the type of sensors used and the warning devices used. Also in this project a test mobile is not
being used, in other designs it is used to simulate the behaviour of a real car in application.
Sensing Technique:
Sensing technique is one of the most important concerns inorder to accomplish an accurate and
energy-efficient detectionscheme. Thus it is necessary to find an optimal sensor that gives better
range, accuracy and response as the system being designed is a real time system(dependent on the
time response of the system).
Types of Sensors that can be used
Infrared sensors
Too sensitive. Can be used instead of ultrasound as they offer better performance
compared to other sensors.
Temperature sensors
Not applicable as they are not able to detect an object.
Camera.
This sensor utilizes vision of the object in question. The main drawback of using this
type of sensor is that for accurate performance it requires use with other sensors and it
is expensive to use, thereby running away from the objective of producing a cost
effective system.
14. Ultrasound sensors
Detection is easy and they are reliable.
Interfacing components:
LCD display
This is expensive to setup in the system. LCD displays are expensive
LEDs
Very cheap to use. But in the case of the digital LED display, that is more expensive.
Buzzer/speaker
Very cheap
Human voice technology
It costs to install this kind of technology
Proposed Approach:
Hardware Architecture
List of components to be used
Resistors for limiting current to the buzzer and/speaker(so as not to pass too high a sound)
Capacitors for filtering the sound to the speaker
LEDS in the following colors: green, yellow and red. These are used for safe duration of car
reversal, warning stage and dangerous stage. warning the
Microcontroller (can be an ATMEGA or a PIC series microcontroller).All the components will
be connected to the microcontroller. The ultrasound sensors are connected as analogue
input to the microcontroller. The LEDs, buzzer and speaker are connected as outputs.
Ultrasound sensors: transmitter and receiver. These will be placed at the back of the car for
the purpose of object detection while reversing.
Breadboard/Vero Board on which to build the circuit
5V batteries to power the circuit
Jumper wires/connectors to connect each and every circuit connection
Buzzer and speaker, generate sound during car reversing and for warning.
Tools to be utilized in the implementation stage:
15. Programmer to program the microcontroller
IDE(Integrated Development Environment) for example MPLAB X( for pic series
microcontrollers) and AVR( for the ATMEGA series of microcontrollers)
Figure 4:Basic working structure of the car reverse
system
Software Implementation
Overall Algorithm for implementing the control system:
The algorithm of the system is relatively simple.
A method and apparatus for object detection and ranging is disclosed. A returned signal is
sequentially received by the sensors mounted on a host vehicle. It in turn initiates successive
sampling to collect a series of returned signal values, which is then compared with corresponding
threshold value previously saved in a memory device (microcontroller) to determine whether any
object is in the way of the vehicle backing up and also to estimate the relative distance from the
object. The control circuit in accordance with the invention includes a processor, which together
with a channel selector establishes a sequence of signal transmission and reception each time by
sensors. A sampled signal is first passed through and A/D (Analogue to Digital) converter to become
digital, and then it is input to the processor for object detection and ranging computation. After this
depending on the distance from the vehicle, the LEDs, buzzer and speaker are sounded accordingly.
*Note: Flow diagram of the algorithm shown on the next page due to its size.
Microcontroller
Ultrasound
Sensor
transmitter
Ultrasound
Sensor
receiver
transmitter
Object
Buzzer
LED LEDLED
Speaker
Battery
16. Results
The results on the system include experimental tests on the system components.
Components tests
These are carried out to find out if all the components are working properly as components have a
tendency to fail due to various reasons.
Examples of tests at interim stage:
Tests done on the microcontroller to ensure that all its pins are working
Tests done on the buzzer and speaker to tests whether they output sound
Tests done on the LEDs to see if they light properly and are not releasing faint light or are
not burnt out.
Testing the ultra sound sensors to see whether they are transmitting and receiving the
ultrasound signal.
Tests on the power, in this case can use batteries to power the system
Cars reverse Control System tests:
These tests are yet to be done as implementation of the project has not yet started.
Figure 5:Flow diagram of the object detection algorithm
17. Predetermine compensation and threshold distance
Once car reversal radar starts, the ultrasonic sensors
start sending out ultrasonic waves for object detection
Obtain initial sensing results
Convert initial sensing results into initial sensing values
and store them in the memory unit (microcontroller)
Convert the subsequent sensing results into subsequent
sensing values and store them in a memory unit.
Continuously detect obstacles and obtain subsequent
sensing results.
Is any of the subsequent sensing
value > than the sum of the initial
sensing value and the
corresponding compensation
value?
Determine that an object is detected
Compute the actual distance between the object and the ultrasonic sensor
Determine that
no obstacle
detected
NO
YES
Determine whether the actual distance
between the obstacle and the ultrasonic
sensor is > than the threshold distance
Increase the
compensation values
The CPU drives the warning
module to warn the driver
YES NO
18. 1.7 Delimitation of the Study
Delimitations
The study will not consider exported cars that already have the intelligence like Lexus 570,
Range Rover etc. The system will not go into mechanical aspect but it will only cover the
embedded control system aspects where the researcher is only going to design a control
warning embedded system which utilises a microcontroller and proximity sensors for
distance measurement and the corresponding warning/alarm devices. The system can become
very expensive if other object detection sensors like cameras are implemented and also if
hardware for example the LCD are used for displaying purposes of the project. Other
limitations arise from the accuracy and range of the hardware itself. Ultrasound sensors have
a range of detection and therefore if the range is exceeded can result in loss of accuracy in the
system. Methods that improve the sensors’ range can therefore be employed.
Conclusion
This research paper presented the proposal for an intelligent embedded control car reverse
system. The intelligent system consists of components that will help drivers overcome car
reversal accidents. The deployment of the car reversal system will reduce the number of
accidents while reversing. Consequently this also reduces the damage to property, injuries
and death due to car reversing.
References
[1]http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-01/esv/esv18/CD/Files/18ESV-000466.pdf
[2]http://www.piccircuit.com/shop/483-large/pic16f690-i-p-pdip.jpg
[3]http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_83WgROTnvFo/SQNSNlb0DqI/AAAAAAAAAMw/Xjth_gxDkfk/s320/atm
ega8.png
[4] http://www.newelectronics.co.uk/electronics-technology/an-introduction-to-ultrasonic-sensors-
for-vehicle-parking/24966/
