Project gasohol powered vehicles

[i]
A
Project on
PREPARATION OF BIO-ETHANOL FUEL
USING BIO-WASTE: GASOHOL
SUBMITTED BY
1) Vishwesh R. Amane.
2) Prathamesh S. Kuperkar.
3) Tushar N. Late.
4) Ganesh Khairmode.
GUIDED BY
Prof. Tejas Belhekar.
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BHARAT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KANHOR, BADLAPUR (W)
(2017- 2018)

[ii]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project report entitled, “Preparation of Bio-Ethanol fuel using Bio-
waste: Gasohol" submitted by Mr. Vishwesh Amane, Mr. Prathamesh Kuperkar, Mr.
Tushar Late & Mr. Ganesh Khairmode in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical at Bharat College of Engineering is an
authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my
knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/
Institute for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.
Prof. Tejas Belhekar.
Project Guide
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bharat College of Engineering,
Badlapur
Dr. S. N. Barai
Principle
Badlapur
(2017- 2018)
Prof. R. Bharambe
Head of Department
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Badlapur

[iii]
EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE
This certify that the dissertation entailed “Preparation of Bio-Ethanol fuel using Bio-waste:
Gasohol" submitted by Mr. Vishwesh Amane, Mr. Prathamesh Kuperkar, Mr. Tushar
Late & Mr. Ganesh Khairmode, is approved for the award of degree in mechanical
engineering of University of Mumbai.
Date:
Place: Badlapur, (W)
Internal Examiner:
External examiner:

[iv]
DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original
sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity
and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action
by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.
-----------------------------------------
(Signature of Guide)
----------------------------------------------
Date:
Roll No. 02
Roll No. 74
Roll No. 77
Roll No. 65
(Vishwesh R. Amane.)
(Prathamesh S. Kuperkar.)
(Tushar N. Late.)
(Ganesh Khairmode.)

[v]
ACKNWOLEDGEMENT
We are extremely fortunate to be involved in an exciting and challenging project like
“Preparation of bio-ethanol fuel using bio-waste: Gasohol". It has enriched our life, giving
us an opportunity to work in a field of Design Engineering.
This project increased our thinking and understanding capability and after the completion of
this project, we experience the feeling of achievement and satisfaction.
We would like to express our greatest gratitude and respect to our Head of Mechanical
Engineering Department Prof. R. Bharambe, our project guide Prof. Tejas Belhekar and
project Co-coordinator Prof. Anil Rane for their excellent guidance, valuable suggestions and
endless support. They have not only been a wonderful guide but also a genuine people. We
consider ourselves extremely lucky to be able to work under guidance of such a dynamic
personalities. Actually they are one of such genuine person for whom our words will not be
enough to express.
It was impossible for us to complete our project without their help. We are also grateful to our
Principal, Dr. S. N. Barai for their encouragement. We would like to express our thanks to all
our classmates, all staffs and faculty members of mechanical engineering department who
willingly rendered us their unselfish help and support.
Last but not the least; we want to convey our heartiest gratitude to our parents for their
immeasurable love, support and encouragement.

[vi]
INDEX
1. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………...…………1
2. CHAPTER: CONCEPT/ IDEA OF PROJECT………………………………...…...….2
2.1. Design and fabrication of distillation plant……………………….…………………….…2
2.2. Prepare fermentation mixture ……………………………………………………….……2
2.3. Perform distillation process…………………………………………………………….…2
2.4. Prepare different blends of gasohol………………………………………………….……2
2.5. Modify motorcycle fuel supply system …………………………………………………..2
2.6. Perform PUC test……………………………………………………………………….…2
2.7. Test efficiency…………………………………………………………………………….2
3. CHAPTER: CAD MODEL ……………………………………………………….3 to 10
3.1. Vaporiser………………………………………………………………………………….4
3.2. Cooling tower…………………………………………………………………………..…5
3.3. Vaporiser male adaptor………………………………………………………….………..6
3.4. Condenser male adaptor……………………………………………………….………….7
3.5. Female adaptors………………………………………………………………….……….8
3.6. Transfer tube……………………………………………………………………….……..9
3.7. Plant assembly…………………………………………………………………...………10
4. CHAPTER: BUILDING DISTILLATION PLANT……………………………11 to 18
4.1. Selection of material…………………………………………………………………….11
4.1.1. Vaporiser and cooling tower shell……………………………………………11
4.1.2. Cooling coil………………………………………………………...………...13
4.2. Manufacturing process……………………………………………………………...…...13
4.2.1. Bending…………………………………………………………………....…13
4.2.2. Coiling……………………………………………………………………..…13
4.2.3. Turning…………………………………………………………………….…14
4.2.4. TIG welding………………………………………………………………….15
4.2.5. Brazing…………………………………………………………….…………16
4.2.6. Corrosion resistant painting……………………………………….…...…17-18
5. CHAPTER: BIO ETHANOL PRODUCTION…………………………………19 to 21
5.1. Concentrated acid hydrolysis process……………………………………………..…19-20
5.2. Dilute acid hydrolysis…………………………………………………………………...20
5.3. Enzymatic hydrolysis……………………………………………………………………20
5.4. Wet milling …………………………………………………………………………...…20
5.5. Dry milling………………………………………………………………………………20
5.6. Sugar fermentation ………………………………………………………………...……21
5.7. Fractional distillation ……………………………………………………….……...……21
6. CHAPTER: CONVERSION GASOLINE ENGINE TO GASOHOLE ……22 to
6.1. Getting the correct fuel ratio mixture……………………………………………………22
6.2. Engine component with E85……………………………………………………….……22
6.3. Current car fuel system………………………………………………………….………22
6.4. Gas mileage with E85………………………………………………………………...…23

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6.5. Raising the compression level………………………………………………………...…23
6.6. Carburettor conversion……………………………………………………………..……24
6.7. Main jet changes………………………………………………………….…………...…24
6.8. Idle orifice changes ……………………………………………………….…………..…26
6.9. Power valve changes……………………………………………………………….……26
6.10. Accelerator pump changes…………………………………………………...………27
6.11. Chock alteration…………………………………………….……………………...…27
6.12. Ignition timing……………………………………………………………..…………27
6.13. Cold weather starting…………………………………….……………….………..…27
6.14. Fuel pre-heater……………………………………………………………………..…28
7. CHAPTER: COMMON BLENDS OF GASOHOL………………………………..…29
8. CHAPTER: PREPARATION OF COMMON BLENDS………………….…………30
9. CHAPTER: RESULTS……………………………………………………...……31 to 32
9.1. PUC tests with common blends of gasohol……………………………….…….……31-32
10. CHAPTER: COST OF THE PROJECT………………………………….…..…33 to 34
10.1. Material cost …………………………………………………………………………33
10.2. Workshop labour cost…………………………………………….……………..……34
11. CHAPTOR: GLOBAL USE………………………………………………………....…35
11.1. Countries using gasohol……………………………………………………….…...…35
12. CHAPTER: BENIFICTS ……………………………………………………....………36
12.1. Advantages of gasohol……………………………………………………….….……36
.
13. CHAPTER: ……………………………………………………………………………..37
13.1. Limitations of gasohol………………………………………………………….….…37
14. CHAPTER: FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………………..38 to 39
14.1. Flex fuel vehicle (FFV) …………………………………………………...…………38
14.2. FFV: Apache RTR 200 Ethanol bike……………………………………..………38-39
15. CHAPTER: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………...……40
16. CHAPTER: REFERENCE ……………………………………………………………41

[viii]
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. 3.1: Vaporiser …………………………………………….………………………4
Figure No. 3.2: Condenser…………………………………………….………………………5
Figure No. 3.3: Vaporiser male adaptor…………………………………..………….……..…6
Figure No. 3.4: Condenser male adaptor………………………………………………...……7
Figure No. 3.5: Female adaptor……………………………………………………………….8
Figure No. 3.6: Transfer tube …………………………………………………………....……9
Figure No. 3.7: Transfer tube & male-female adaptors assembly…………………….………9
Figure No. 3.8: Plant assembly…………………………………………………..……….….10
Figure No. 4.1: Vaporiser fabrication………………………………………...…...…………12
Figure No. 4.2: Coiling………………………………………………………………...…….13
Figure No. 4.3: Turning…………………………………………………………..………….14
Figure No. 4.4: TIG welding ………………………………………………………………...15
Figure No. 4.5: Brazing………………………………………………………………...…....16
Figure No. 4.6: Base coat…………………………………………………………...………..17
Figure No. 4.7: Top coat…………………………………………………...…………….…..18
Figure No. 6.1: Carburettor ………………………………………………………………….24
Figure No. 6.2: Main jet…………………………………………………………….………..25
Figure No.6.3: Idle orifice ……………………………………………………………..……26
Figure No.6.4: Fuel pre-heater…………………………………………………...…..……....28
Figure No. 7.1: Common ethanol fuel mixtures ………………………………...….……….29
Figure No. 8.1: Blended form of E85……………………………………………….……….30
Figure No. 9.1: PUC with E10 gasohol………………………………………………..….....31
Figure No. 9.2: PUC with E55 gasohol………………………………………………..…….31
Figure No. 9.3: PUC with E85 gasohol…………………………………………………..….32

[ix]
Figure No. 14.1: Side view of TVS Apache RTR ethanol bike……......................................38
Figure No. 14.2: Engine view of TVS Apache RTR ethanol bike…………..……...……….39

[x]
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. 3.1: Components of distillation plant………………………………………………3
Table No. 4.1: Materials for distillation plants………………………………………………11
Table No. 6.1: Production processes of ethanol………………….……………………...…..19
Table No. 9.1: PUC test report……………………………………………………………….32
Table No. 11.1: Ethanol using countries……………………………………………………..35

Preparation of bio-ethanol fuel using bio-waste: Gasohol
Bharat College of Engineering
ABSTRACT
Gasohol is an alternative fuel consisting of a mixture of typically 90 percent gasoline with 10
percent anhydrous ethanol. Gasohol can be used in most modern and light duty vehicles with
an internal combustion. The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute for road transport
vehicles is bio-ethanol. Bio-ethanol fuel is mainly produced by the sugar fermentation
process, although it can also be manufactured by the chemical process of reacting ethylene
with steam. The main sources of sugar required to produce ethanol come from fuel or energy
crops. These crops are grown specifically for energy use and include corn, maize and wheat
crops, waste straw, willow and popular trees, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses and
sorghum plants. There is also ongoing research and development into the use of municipal
solid wastes to produce ethanol fuel. Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless
liquid; it is biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental pollution if spilt.
Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. Ethanol is a high-octane fuel and has
replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petrol. By blending ethanol with gasoline, we can also
oxygenate the fuel mixture so it burns more completely and reduces polluting emissions.
Ethanol fuel blends are widely sold in the United States. The most common blend is 10%
ethanol and 90% petrol (E10). Vehicle engines require no modifications to run on E10 and
vehicle warranties are unaffected also. Only flexible fuel vehicles can run on up to 85%
ethanol and 15% petrol blends (E85).

Preparation of bio-ethanol using bio-waste: Gasohol
[1]
Bharat College of Engineering, Badlapur
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
Bio-ethanol has a number of advantages over conventional fuels. It comes from a renewable
resource i.e. crops and not from a finite resource and the crops it derives from cereals, sugar
beet and maize. Another benefit over fossil fuels is the greenhouse gas emissions. The road
transport network accounts for 22% of all greenhouse gas emissions and through the use of
bio-ethanol, some of these emissions will be reduced as the fuel crops absorb the CO2 they
emit through growing. By encouraging bio-ethanol’s use, the rural economy would also
receive a boost from growing the necessary crops. Bio-ethanol is also biodegradable and far
less toxic that fossil fuels. In addition, by using bio-ethanol in older engines can help reduce
the amount of carbon monoxide produced by the vehicle thus improving air quality. Another
advantage of bio-ethanol is the ease with which it can be easily integrated into the existing
road transport fuel system. In quantities up to 5%, bio-ethanol can be blended with
conventional fuel without the need of engine modifications. Bio-ethanol is produced using
familiar methods, such as fermentation, and it can be distributed using the same petrol
forecourts and transportation systems as before.
Alternative fuels are becoming more important as gas prices rise and petroleum resources
dwindle. This resource is especially important to farmers who drive many miles between
fields, parts stores, and town. Although many farm vehicles are diesel (and you should be
looking at bio-diesel for those), quite a few farmers still have gasoline vehicles (cars, trucks,
tractors) and you are left with the option of what to do with these vehicles? If you are lucky
enough to be at the end of your automobiles or trucks economic depreciation cycle, and you
are considering buying a new car or truck, then it is very likely you will find and be able to
purchase a FFV (or flex fuel vehicle) that is equipped to run on any alcohol based fuel up to
E85 (fuel with 85% ethanol, the E number stands for ethanol and the next two digits after that
indicate the percentage of alcohol in the fuel). If not, you are left with the option of either
buying a new car before you are ready, or burning higher cost fossil fuels. Still, there are
some options arriving on the market that may help you out. These options are conversion kits
that allow you to convert your car to E85. These kits may even be useable on gasoline
powered tractors and other engines with the correct modifications.

[2]
CHAPTER: 2
CONCEPT & IDEA OF THE PROJECT
2.1.Design and fabrication of distillation plant:
While designing the distillation plant we have selected appropriate material with
necessary dimensions of vaporiser, cooling tower (condenser) & transfer tube. Transfer
tube need two attachments (adaptors) to connect vaporiser to the cooling tower. We have
designed and manufactured these adaptors.
2.2.Preparation of fermentation mixture using sugarcane and fruits:
We have prepared fermentation mixture using waste sugarcane and fruits by adding
required fermentation ingredients with contained limits. Complete fermentation process
takes 48 hours to prepare ethanol. Example; for 20 litres of fermentation liquid 150 grams
baker’s yeast is required.
2.3.Perform distillation process on distillation plant:
In this process fermented mixture is filled inside vaporiser tank and performs 1st
distillation process and collect the ethanol with water contained. In 2nd
distillation process
water contained ethanol filled inside the vaporiser tank and heating the vaporiser in
temperature between 78 to 94˚C.
2.4.Preparation of different blends of gasohol:
After removing water from ethanol, we are blending ethanol with gasoline and prepare
following blends:
i. E10- 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline (currently using in India)
ii. E50- 50% ethanol and 50% gasoline.
iii. E85- 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.
2.5.Modification of motorcycle carburettor and fuel supply system:
We have modified the idle jet and main jet diameters as per requirements. We have
provided pre-heater and auxiliary gasoline tank for cold starts.
2.6.Performing PUC test on different blends of gasohol:
We have performed PUC test to find exhaust emotions with different blends of ethanol
and compare PUC result with gasoline.
2.7.Test the efficiency and mileage of motorcycle:
On road test of motor cycle and defined efficiencies

[3]
CHAPTER: 3
CAD MODEL
Table No. 3.1. Components of distillation plant
SR. NO. COMPONENT QTY MATERIAL
1 Vaporiser 1 M.S
2 Cooling tower 1 M.S
3 Vaporiser male adaptor 1 M.S
4 Condenser male adaptor 1 M.S
5 Female adaptor 3 M.S
6 Brass tube 2 Brass
7 Transfer tube 1 Copper
8 Cooling coil tubing 1 Copper

[4]
3.1. Vaporiser:
Figure No. 3.1. Vaporiser
Description:
1) Vaporiser cylinder = 250 mm dia. & 400 mm height.
2) Capacity of vaporiser = 19.6428 litre ( πr2
h × 10-6
)
3) Material = Mild steel with 1.5 mm thickness.

[5]
3.2. Cooling Tower:
Figure No. 3.2. Condenser
Description:
1) Cooling tower = 150 mm dia. & 300 mm height.
2) Capacity of cooling tower = 5.3035 litre.
3) Material = Mild steel with 1.5 mm thickness.

[6]
3.3. Vaporiser Male Adaptor:
Figure No. 3.3. Vaporiser male adaptor
Description:
1) Length = 80 mm
2) Outer diameter = 20 mm
3) Inner diameter = 6 mm I.D hollow & 12mm I.D up to 15 mm from threaded side.
4) Thread = 15 mm length with 28 TPI.
5) Material = Mild steel

[7]
3.4. Condenser Male Adaptor:
Figure No. 3.4. Condenser male adaptor
Description:
1) Length = 70 mm
3) Inner diameter = 6 mm I.D hollow & 12mm I.D up to 15 mm both side.
4) Thread = 15 mm length with 28 TPI.

[8]
3.5. Female adaptors:
Figure No. 3.5. Female adaptor
Description:
1) Length = 15 mm
3) Inner diameter = 18 mm I.D for one side & 6 mm I.D for another side.
4) Thread = Inside threads 15 mm length with 28 TPI.

[9]
3.6. Transfer tube:
Figure No. 3.6. Transfer tube
Description:
a) Copper tube:
1) Length: 85 mm × 510.5 mm × 120 mm
2) Bending radius: 20 mm
b) Brass tube:
1) Length: 15 mm
2) Diameter: I.D 6 mm & O.D 12 mm.
Transfer tube and male-female adaptors assembly:
Figure No. 3.7. Transfer tube and male-female adaptors assembly

[10]
3.7. Plant assembly:
Figure No. 3.8. Plant assembly
Description:
1) Metal sheet thickness and material = 1.5 mm sheet & mild steel.
2) Diameter of copper tube = Internal dia. 4 mm & Outer dia. 6 mm.
3) Length of copper tube = 525 m.
4) Ball valves = 3 Nos. of 1/2” inch.
5) Male adaptors = 3 Nos.
6) Welding = For M.S to M.S.
7) Brazing = For M.S to copper and brass.
8) Nut & bolt dia. = 8 mm

[11]
CHAPTER: 4
BUILDING DISTILLATION PLANT
4.1.Selection of Material:
4.1.1. Vaporiser and cooling tower shell:
Before selecting material, we have studied on different material and their properties are
given below:
Table No. 4.1. Materials for distillation plant
Material Thermal Conductivity
BTU/(hr-fr-F)
Density
(lbs/in3
)
Thermal Expansion
(in/inf × 106
)
Aluminium 136 0.098 13.1
Mild steel 26.0-37.5 0.284 6.7
GI coated sheets 26.0-37.5 0.284 6.7
Copper 231 0.322 9.8
Stainless steel 8.09-8.11 0.286-0.275 9.6-6
i. Aluminium:
As per above table thermal conductivity of aluminium is good and it is lighter in
weight, but we are going to handle vaporiser with ethyl-alcohol and alcohol is badly
reacts with aluminium. Because of given reasons aluminium is not suitable for our
need.
ii. GI coated sheets:
Galvanise ion sheets are generally made with M.S or S.S. in case of mild steel.
Thermal properties of GI sheets are same as M.S. but in case of fabrication it is
difficult to welding GI sheets, because of GI coating. Galvanized container is never for
storage of anything, just for temporary use, then rinsed out and stored dry.

[12]
iii. Stainless steel:
Because of no leeching occurs in either the fermentation or distillation process, when
stainless steel is used. It is good metal for handling alcoholic components, but it can be
welded with TIG welding process. Cost of S.S is higher than M.S.
iv. Mild steel:
Mild steel is easy to manufacturing but it need to anti corrosive coating inside the
containers. It is easy to welding and cost of M.S is less as compare to aluminium and
S.S.
Figure No. 4.1. Vaporiser fabrication
(We have selected 1.5 mm mild steel sheets because it is easy for welding and cost
is less)
Note: Hydrous ethanol can be easily reacting with M.S, aluminium & some other
metals. Our selection is experimental purpose only.

[13]
4.1.2. Cooling coil:
Thermal conductivity of copper is about 231 BTU, hence it can easily absorb heat from
vaporise ethanol and it can easily for coiling to form spring. We have selected copper tubing
having 6 mm outer dia. & 4 mm inner dia.
4.2.Manufacturing Processes have been performed:
4.2.1. Bending
Before bending the sheets we have to cut the sheets as per the required dimensions and mark
where we wants holes and drill the sheets, after bending it is difficult to drill hollow cylinders.
In bending operation hydraulic forming machine is used for U bending process. And some
time roll bending process can be used to form cylinders. We have used U bending process to
form vaporiser and cooling tower shell.
4.2.2. Coiling:
The process of manufacturing tubing coil with mechanical spring machinery to create springs
by coiling, winding, or bending the spring tube into the shape of a specific spring. Here we
are using 6mm copper tube with cold coiling process.
Figure No. 4.2. Coiling

[14]
4.2.3. Turning:
We have already seen in CAD model male-female adaptors are necessary for connecting
vaporiser to the cooling tower. All necessary adaptors are manufactured over lathe machine as
per required design considerations like drilling, inside & outside threading etc.
Figure No. 4.3. Turning

[15]
4.2.4. TIG welding:
Mild steel is a steel alloy that has a low percentage of carbon, generally 0.3 percent or less.
For this reason, mild steel is also called low-carbon steel. It is extremely common in
fabrication because it is inexpensive compared with other steel alloys and is easy to weld.
Mild steel can be welded using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding techniques, and the result is a
clean and precise weld.
Because the TIG welding process uses a tungsten electrode that is not consumed, a separate
welding rod or wire is used as filler material for welding mild steel. The most common
welding rods used for mild steel are the E60XX line and E70XX line.
Figure No. 4.4. TIG Welding

[16]
4.2.5. Brazing:
Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by
melting and flowing filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point
than the adjoining metal.
Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces and
from soldering in using higher temperatures for a similar process, while also requiring much
more closely fitted parts than when soldering. The filler metal flows into the gap between
close-fitting parts by capillary action. The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting
temperature while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the
base metal (known as wetting) and is then cooled to join the work pieces together. A major
advantage of brazing is the ability to join the same or different metals with considerable
strength.
Figure No. 4.5. Brazing

[17]
4.2.6. Corrosion Resistant Painting:
4.2.6.1. Primer/ base coat:
Red oxide primer is a specially formulated coating used as a base coat for ferrous metals.
Red-oxide primer serves a similar purpose to interior wall primers in that it prepares your
metal for a topcoat, but it also gives iron and steel surfaces a layer of protection. Red oxide
primer is intended for use on interior and exterior ferrous metal and is not usually suitable for
galvanized or nonferrous metals like aluminium, copper or brass. Before painting with red
oxide primer, make sure all substrates are clean and free from grease or oil. Use a degreasing
solution to remove these materials and allow the surface to dry.
Figure No. 4.6. Base Coat

[18]
4.2.6.2. Top coat:
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in
a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition
of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to increase
the glossiness of the dried oil paint film
Figure No. 4.7. Top coat

[19]
CHAPTER: 5
BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION
Ethanol can be produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and sugar fermentation processes.
Biomass wastes contain a complex mixture of carbohydrate polymers from the plant cell walls
known as cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin. In order to produce sugars from the biomass,
the biomass is pre-treated with acids or enzymes in order to reduce the size of the feedstock
and to open up the plant structure. The cellulose and the hemi cellulose portions are broken
down (hydrolysed) by enzymes or dilute acids into sucrose sugar that is then fermented into
ethanol.
The lignin which is also present in the biomass is normally used as a fuel for the ethanol
production plants boilers. There are three principle methods of extracting sugars from
biomass. These are concentrated acid hydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis and enzymatic
hydrolysis.
Different bio ethanol production processes are as follows:
Table No. 5.1. Production processes of ethanol
Process Additives Operating
temperature
Time
duration
Difficulty
Concentrated acid
hydrolysis process
Concentrated H2So4 +
biomass + yeast
50 C to 100C 5-6 days High
Dilute acid
hydrolysis
Dilute H2So4 + biomass
+ yeast
190C to 215C 5-6 days High
Enzymatic
hydrolysis
Yeast + biomass Room temp. 4 days Medium
Wet milling
process
Dry milling
process
Sugar fermentation Yeast + biomass Room temp. 2 days Less
Table 6.1 Ethanol production processes
5.1. Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Process:
The Arkanol process works by adding 70-77% sulphuric acid to the biomass that has been
dried to 10% moisture content. The acid is added in the ratio of 1.25 acids to 1 biomass and
the temperature is controlled to 50C. Water is then added to dilute the acid to 20-30% and the

[20]
mixture is again heated to 100C for 1 hour. The gel produced from this mixture is then
pressed to release an acid sugar mixture and a chromatographic column is used to separate the
acid and sugar mixture.
5.2.Dilute Acid Hydrolysis:
The dilute acid hydrolysis process is one of the oldest, simplest and most efficient methods of
producing ethanol from biomass. Dilute acid is used to hydrolyse the biomass to sucrose. The
first stage uses 0.7% sulphuric acid at 190C to hydrolyse the hemi cellulose present in the
biomass. The second stage is optimised to yield the more resistant cellulose fraction. This is
achieved by using 0.4% sulphuric acid at 215C.The liquid hydrolytes are then neutralised and
recovered from the process.
5.3.Enzymatic Hydrolysis:
Instead of using acid to hydrolyse the biomass into sucrose, we can use enzymes to break
down the biomass in a similar way. However this process is very expensive and is still in its
early stages of development.
5.4.Wet Milling Processes:
Corn can be processed into ethanol by either the dry milling or the wet milling process. In the
wet milling process, the corn kernel is steeped in warm water; this helps to break down the
proteins and release the starch present in the corn and helps to soften the kernel for the milling
process. The corn is then milled to produce germ, fibre and starch products. The germ is
extracted to produce corn oil and the starch fraction undergoes centrifugation and
saccharifcation to produce gluten wet cake. The ethanol is then extracted by the distillation
process. The wet milling process is normally used in factories producing several hundred
million gallons of ethanol every Year.
5.5.Dry Milling Process:
The dry milling process involves cleaning and breaking down the corn kernel into fine
particles using a hammer mill process. This creates a powder with a course flour type
consistency. The powder contains the corn germ, starch and fibre. In order to produce a sugar
solution the mixture is then hydrolysed or broken down into sucrose sugars using enzymes or
a dilute acid. The mixture is then cooled and yeast is added in order to ferment the mixture

[21]
into ethanol. The dry milling process is normally used in factories producing less than 50
million gallons of ethanol every Year.
5.6.Sugar Fermentation Process:
The hydrolysis process breaks down the cellulosic part of the biomass or corn into sugar
solutions that can then be fermented into ethanol. Yeast is added to the solution, which is then
heated. The yeast contains an enzyme called invertase, which acts as a catalyst and helps to
convert the sucrose sugars into glucose and fructose (both C6H12O6).
The chemical reaction is shown below:
Zymase
C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Sucrose Water Catalyst Fructose Glucose
The fructose and glucose sugars then react with another enzyme called zymase, which is also
contained in the yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
The chemical reaction is shown below:
Zymase
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose Catalyst Ethanol Carbon dioxide
The fermentation process takes around three days to complete and is carried out at a
temperature of between 250C and 300C.
5.7.Fractional Distillation Process:
The ethanol, which is produced from the fermentation process, still contains a significant
quantity of water, which must be removed. This is achieved by using the fractional distillation
process. The distillation process works by boiling the water and ethanol mixture. Since
ethanol has a lower boiling point (78.3C) compared to that of water (100C), the ethanol turns
into the vapour state before the water and can be condensed and separated.

[22]
CHAPTER: 6
CONVERSION OF GASOLINE ENGINE TO GASOHOL
6.1.Getting the Correct Fuel Ratio Mixture:
The main factor in converting a regular spark ignition fossil fuel engine into flex fuel engine
is to get the fuel mixture correct. Ethanol contains roughly 30% less BTU’s than regular fuel
and requires more fuel to be injected into the engine to get the right air-fuel ratio conditions.
Air-fuel ratio is the proper ratio of the air to fuel ratio to cause complete combustion. A
normal car will run this mixture slightly rich to get the best mileage with least amount of
engine wear (an engine running above this ratio will overheat and ruin the internal
combustion parts). The correct air-fuel ratio for regular unleaded gasoline is 14.7:1, while
9.7:1 for E85 (and can be any value in-between for different alcohol/fuel ratios). In newer
cars, this means either holding the injectors open longer to get extra fuel into the engine, or
running a higher flow rate injector. In carburetted engines, this means re-jetting for a higher
flow rates. Newer flex fuel cars are already designed for these large changes in flow
conditions and can automatically re-jet for the various fuel/alcohol ratios (they usually use the
exhaust O2 sensor and various other sensors to determine the correct fuel to air ratio mixture).
In older cars (even ones with injection systems as late as last year), the computer box and
injectors cannot hold the injectors open long enough to get a rich this mixture with the E85
fuel. In Brazil and other countries, this problem has been circumvented by using a special box
that plugs in-between the computer and the injectors, and causes the injectors to be held open
longer. You could also install a larger set of injectors, but then the vehicle might not run
correctly if you have to go back to regular fuel.
6.2.Engine Components with E85:
Another concern with running E85 is to make sure all the fuel system components can
tolerate the alcohol fuel. Alcohol is a strong cleaning agent and can degrade certain engine
parts, such as natural rubber, plastics, and even metals, over time.
6.3.Current Car Fuel Systems:
Currently, all cars dating back from around 1994 (and most cars as far back as 1985/86) have
fuel systems that can handle alcohol fuels. At that time, alcohol was considered as a
replacement for MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether), an additive to used to raise the octane
level and oxygenate fuels for complete burning, and most manufacturers were required to sell

[23]
vehicles that could operate with alcohol. Still, some care must be taken to make sure all the
fuel system and components are rated for alcohol fuels (this even means that the fuel tank and
other areas where fuel may contact – lines, hoses, injectors, etc. – must be considered). The
main concern is natural rubber parts which must be replaced with synthetic rubber parts
(luckily most hoses sold today at the local parts dealer are synthetic!) and the fuel tank should
not be made of aluminium. Metal tanks, although safe for alcohol may corrode and leak from
the cleaning action of the alcohol fuel and need to be replaced. If the tank is metal, you should
either clean the tank by having it vetted at a local machine shop (to insure that there are no
leaks), buy a new plastic tank, or get the inside coated with an alcohol tolerant coating.
Another concern is that many of the impurities (carbon, gum, dirt, etc.) which cause the
brownish tint on tanks and other parts will dissolved in alcohol and be cleaned off ending up
in either the fuel filter or the injectors (which causes clogging – several people have reported
this!).
6.4.Gas Mileage on E85:
In any E85 conversion you can expect to lose from a 2 to 30% in mileage (since alcohol fuels
have less BTU’s than regular petroleum gasoline), but many FFV (flex fuel vehicles) are only
losing about 2 to 10%. Note Figure 1 where a Flex Fuel car was operated with E85 and only
saw a 5% reduction mileage. In fact, for this car, more mileage was lost due to driving speed
and habit than the E85 itself (at 78 MPH the car got 26 MPG and at 60 MPH it got 33 MPG
yielding a 25% increase in mileage!). Figure 1: Car mileage on pump gas (87 octane regular
unleaded) and E85.
6.5.Raising the Compression Level:
If mileage and power are a concern, there are ways to get it back. The octane rating of ethanol
is much higher than gasoline and typical resides in the 100 to 105 range. For this reason, the
compression ratio of an engine can be raised without fear of detonation. Ethanol, most
engines ran an 8:1 compression ratio but today’s engines are running to 10:1 compression
ratios. On ethanol this ratio could be increased to 12:5 to 14:1. This property may lend itself
well to a super or turbo charged engine, where the compression can be raised by merely
changing a pulley or impeller speed to cause a higher boost ratio. Another method is to mill-
the-head, lowering it closer to the piston and reducing the clearance volume but this requires
major engine modifications and may preclude the engine from running on regular unleaded
fuels.

[24]
6.6.Carburettor Conversion:
Figure No. 6.1. carburettor
There are three changes that need to be made to convert a carburettor engine over to an Ethyl
Alcohol engine. These three changes are main jet, idle jet, and timing.
6.7. Main Jet Changes:
The main metering jet in your carburettor is the first we will tackle. In most all carburettors
this will be a threaded brass plug with a hole drilled through the centre of it. This hole is
called the main jet orifice! This holes diameter directly affects how rich or lean the air/fuel
mixture will be when the engine is running at normal speeds. Smaller the hole less fuel/leaner
& bigger hole more fuel/richer. Since alcohol requires a richer air to fuel ratio, it's necessary
to bore out the main jet orifice when using ethanol fuel. The increase will be on the order of
20 to 40 percent. To do the conversion you will need a screwdriver, wrenches, vice-grip
pliers, a putty knife, a pair of needle nose pliers, and an electric hand drill with bits obviously.
Keep in mind that removing a carburettor involves dealing with gaskets. Unless you planned
ahead and have spare gaskets or have some brand of gasket in a tube for high temperature
uses then you are possibly going to end up with an engine that doesn't run on alcohol OR

[25]
gasoline. In order to take the carburettor apart, you'll first have to remove its air filter housing
and all its hoses, tubes, and paraphernalia from the engine. If you need instructions on this
then you probably shouldn't be attempting this anyway. This article assumes you have the
knowledge and engine experience to remove a carburettor. When the carburettor is free from
the engine, turn the unit upside down to drain out any gasoline that may be in the float bowl.
Remove the carburettor air horn and locate the main jet. The jet will usually be in the main
well support but it could also be right in front of the float bowl body. Once you've removed
the main jet size up its jet diameter using a drill bit (largest bit that fits). Now if the original
hole/jet is .056" you will want to increase it by 40%. This comes out to about .078”.
Remember we want a 40% increase to the holes diameter, not area. So the formula is simple
and doesn't involve using pi (3.14). Just multiply .056×1.4 to get .078!
Hold the jet with your vice-grips or in a vice if you have one and bore out its central hole.
Clean any filings away before using. If the carburettor uses a metering rod instead of a jet,
then you will have to take a lot of time and try to sand the rod down to a smaller size. Smaller
rod... more fuel.
Figure No. 6.2. Main jet
NOTE: The hole does not have to be exactly 40% larger. That is a great starting point to shoot
for. Too small a hole could run the engine too lean and ruin the engine where as if the jet is to

[26]
large you will waste fuel. But you can't easily go smaller so be careful and take your time and
do things right the first time.
6.8.Idle Orifice Changes:
Fuel in most carburettors will only pass fuel through the main jet when the throttle is used to
rev the engine past idle. When idling the idle orifice is the only route of fuel to the engine and
therefore the fuel flow will need to be increased at idle as well. Luckily on many carburetted
engines it is a simple matter to adjust a screw with a flathead screw drive to adjust the amount
of fuel allowed through at idle.
Figure No. 6.3. Idle orifice
But all is not quite as rosy as it might seem. Since we will be backing the screw out further
than it was designed you might need to take measures to be sure the screw does not vibrate
out when the engine is running. Boring out the seat might alleviate this issue. We can go the
alternate route of shimming the idle mixture screw spring with small lock washers or any
other method that prevents the screw from turning on its own.
6.9. Power Valve Changes:
With a motorcycle or ATV we might be finished. But with an old car or truck there is
something known as a power valve that allows fuel to blend with the air when the engine is
revved. This vacuum controlled valve is spring loaded, and shuts off when it isn't needed in

[27]
order to conserve fuel. For most conversions changing fuel flow is important only from an
efficiency stand point.
6.10. Accelerator Pump Changes:
Virtually all automotive carburettors utilize an accelerator pump. This is a mechanically
activated plunger or diaphragm that injects a stream of gas directly into the throat of the
carburettor when the accelerator is suddenly depressed. The fuel is injected through a small
orifice located in the throat wall before carburettors throat narrows. You might get a car to run
without messing with this, but you will want to get the car to run properly. So you need to
enlarge the orifice about 20%. If you are lucky you can forgo this and instead adjust the stroke
length of the pump arm in order to pump in more fuel. Consult the manual to see about this
option. In lieu of that enlarge the orifice. That is it. You are finished! You should now have an
engine that runs passably on alcohol. There are other adjustments that can help but aren't
essential. They are listed as follows:
But before any of these extra measures are taken be sure you have already proven that the
engine will run on alcohol. These are fine tuning adjustments.
6.11. Choke Alteration:
Installing a manual chock is better than an automatic choke designed for gas. Conversion kits
are available for cheap.
6.12. Ignition Timing:
In order to take advantage of the great antiknock qualities that alcohol fuel provides,
you'll have to advance the engine's ignition timing by turning the distributor housing in the
opposite direction that the rotor spins. Moving about 20 degrees is a ball park figure to work
with.
6.13. Cold Weather Starting:
In colder climates, starting may be a concerned when using E85. Alcohol contains much less
explosion potential and has a lower heating point than regular gasoline, which prevents it
from exploding well in a sub-freezing engine. Potential solutions to this are block and radiator
heaters, running regular fuels during this time, starter fluid, raising the compression of the
engine (to aid in explosion), or having a separate fuel tank with regular gasoline (and a
switching valve)

[28]
To prevent such problems we are providing separate/auxiliary gasoline fuel tank having
switching valve to convert fuel supply toward gasohol.
6.14. Fuel pre-heater:
A fuel pre-heater for use with internal combustion engines is disclosed. The pre-heater works
on the principle that by preheating the fuel, the fuel is more effectively vaporized, resulting in
more efficient combustion. This preheating is accomplished using heat normally wasted via
the radiator. The pre-heater has a housing, through which heated engine coolant on its way
from the engine block to the radiator is routed. A coiled steel gas line is routed through the
housing, and is connected between the regular fuel line and the engine.
Figure No. 6.4. Fuel pre-heater

[29]
CHAPTER: 7
COMMON BLENDS OF GASOHOL
• E5 to E25 are known as low ethanol blends, and have 5 to 25 percent ethanol blended with
95 to 75 percent gasolines.
• E30 to E85 are considered to be high ethanol blends and have 30 to 85 percent ethanol
mixed with 70 to 15 percent gasolines.
• The most popular Gasohol blend is E10, which consists of 10 percent ethanol and 90
percent gasoline due to the fact that no modifications are needed to a vehicle’s engine to
use E10.
Figure No. 7.1. Common ethanol fuel mixture

[30]
CHAPTER: 8
PREPARETION OF COMMON BLENDS
Now a day’s Indian government is started to be blending 10% ethanol in gasoline. While
preparing E55, E70 and E85 gasohol blends, we have to take care of it to add appropriate
amount of ethanol in gasoline otherwise we couldn’t be prepare exact gasohol blends.
Preparing E55:
To prepare 400 ml of gasohol we are adding 200 ml of ethanol & 200 ml of gasohol.
Preparing E70:
Preparing E85:
Figure No. 8.1 Blended form of E85

[31]
CHAPTER: 9
PUC TEST WITH GASOHOL
PUC with E10:
Figure No. 9.1. PUC with E10 gasohol
PUC with E55:

[32]
PUC with E85:
Table No. 9.1. PUC test report
Sr No. Grade/ Blend CO% HC(PPM) Co2% O2%
1 E15 0.064 132 1.40 21.65
2 E55 0.030 174 1.20 31.72
3 E85 0.011 355 0.80 21.40

[33]
CHAPTER: 10
COST OF THE PROJECT
Material cost:
SR. NO MATERIAL QUANTITY COST IN INR
1 M.S. METAL SHEET 16 Kg 600
2 VALVE 3 Nos. 360
3 M.S. PIPE 2 Feet 120
4 RED OXIDE & BRUSH 200ml 40+15
5 BLUE COLOR 100 ml 41
6 SILVER COLOR 100ml 48
7 TURPENTINE 100ml 30
8 RUBBER TUBBING 2 Nos. 100
9 OXILARY TANK VALVE 1 Nos. 75
10 100CC CARBURETOR 1 Nos. 1300
11 YEAST 2 Kg 100
12 ‘T’ TUBES 2 Nos. 10
13 DIGITAL THERMOMETER 1 Nos. 316
14 JAGGERY 2 Kg 80
15 COPPER TUBBING 5 m 900
16 FIBER PIPE 3 m 100
17 M.S. CYLINDER BLOCK 1 kg 37
18 PETROL 2 Litters 160
TOTAL 4432

[34]
Workshop labour cost:
SR. NO. PROCESS COST IN INR
1 BENDING 300
2 WELDING 800
3 BRAZING 100
4 TUBE COILING 300
5 DRILLING 50
6 TURNING 300
7 CUTTING 100
8 PUC TEST 120
TOTAL 2070
Total cost:
TOTAL COST MATERIAL COST WORKSHOP LABOUR
6502 4432 2070

[35]
CHAPTER: 11
COUNTRIES USING GASOHOL
Ethanol blends are used in the following countries:
Table No. 11.1. Ethanol using countries
Sr No. Country Grade/ Blend
1 India E10
2 Australia E10
3 Austria E10
4 Brazil E20 to E25
5 Canada E5/E10
6 China E10
7 Colombia E10
9 Denmark E5
10 Finland E5
12 New Zealand E10
13 Paraguay E12
14 Sweden E5
15 Thailand E10/E20
16 United States (in 10 states) E10

[36]
CHAPTER: 12
ADVANTAGES OF GASOHOL
In a search for alternative fuel options the usage of Gasohol has certain advantages:
1. Emissions from using Gasohol are less than that of vehicles using gasoline. Emissions are
not only harmful to the environment but can cause serious problems and even death in
humans. By minimizing the emissions expelled into the atmosphere, we not only ensure a
greener environment, but also a physically healthier population eliminating illness. Such
as, asthma and heart disease, caused by vehicle emissions.
2. Using Gasohol assists in the reduction of oil imported from other countries. Not only does
this lessen our carbon footprint but, with Gasohol production of up to 85 percent ethanol,
less oil needs to be imported to manufacture gasoline.
3. Crop prices are raised with the production of Gasohol. Ethanol is an alcohol derived from
crops such as cane, grains and sorghum. This increases the demand and ultimately the
price of these crops.
4. Gasohol is typically cheaper than petroleum as it is cheaper to manufacture.
With most of the world's automobiles running on Gasohol, it is only a matter of time before
vehicles capable of running on pure ethanol will be designed.
Although not the perfect solution, Gasohol is a step in the right direction to finding alternative
fuels for our automobiles. The positive aspects of Gasohol outweigh the negatives and, with
more countries making Gasohol available at their gas stations, everybody is making an effort
in ensuring less dangerous gasses are expelled into the atmosphere.

[37]
CHAPTER: 13
LIMITATIONS OF GASOHOL
1. Alcohol has lower energy content than gasoline, so an engine needs to burn slightly
more gasohol than it does straight gas to produce the same amount of power, resulting
in fewer miles per gallon.
2. Actual fuel consumption varies from one vehicle to another, as computerized engine
systems burn gasohol more efficiently than those with less sophisticated engines.
3. Alcohol attacks certain kinds of rubber seals used in car engines and fuel systems.
Although modern cars have seals that can handle ethanol, older vehicles may require
100 percent gasoline to avoid fuel leaks and related problems.
4. Ethanol has a lower heat of combustion (per mole, per unit of volume, and per unit of
mass) that petroleum
5. Large amounts of arable land are required to produce the crops required to obtain
ethanol, leading to problems such as soil erosion, deforestation, fertiliser run-off and
salinity
6. Major environmental problems would arise out of the disposal of waste fermentation
liquors.
7. Typical current engines would require modification to use high concentrations of
ethanol

[38]
CHAPTER: 14
FUTURE SCOPE
14.1. FLEX FUEL VEHICLE:
A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle) is
an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than
one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are
stored in the same common tank. Modern flex-fuel engines are capable of burning any
proportion of the resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and spark
timing are adjusted automatically according to the actual blend detected by a fuel composition
sensor. Flex-fuel vehicles are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, where two fuels are stored
in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time.
14.2. FFV: APACHE RTR 200 ETHANOL BIKE:
The TVS Apache RTR 200 FI Ethanol was showcased at the Auto Expo 2018. The Apache
RTR Ethanol features a green body graphics, to stand apart from its petrol-powered siblings.
Besides that, the Apache RTR 200 Ethanol features the same design of the regular model.
TVS claims that the Apache RTR Ethanol reduces emissions by a good margin. Emissions
including oxides of carbon, sulphur dioxide and particulates, cause substantial harm to the
environment. Ethanol, being non-toxic and biodegradable, is much more eco-friendly than
gasoline.
Figure No. 14.1 Side look of TVS Apache RTR ethanol bike

[39]
The Apache RTR 200 Ethanol makes use of the existing 197.75cc air/oil-cooled fuel-injected
engine, putting out 20.7bhp and 18.1Nm of torque. The engine is mated to a 5-speed gearbox.
The TVS Apache Ethanol variant gets a ‘Twin-Spray-Twin-Port' Electronic Fuel-Injection
technology. TVS claims that it aids in a faster throttle response.
Figure No. 14.2. Engine side view TVS Apache RTR ethanol bike
Though most petrol engines can run on ethanol, some levels of modifications need to be done
on the engine to ensure its reliability. The Apache RTR Ethanol variant runs on E85-Ethanol
(not widely sold in India) that is derived from plant matter. This ethanol variant has got 25%
oxygen in it.
Ethanol fuel, being non-toxic and biodegradable, causes very less harm to the environment.
However, ethanol-based engines consume more fuel than regular petrol, ultimately affecting
the mileage figures. If ethanol is to be widely used in India, the import cost of regular fuels
can be cut down by a huge margin. TVS has not made any comments about a possible TVS
Apache RTR 200 Ethanol launch, but it is interesting to see manufacturers coming up with
projects aimed at a greener planet.

[40]
CHAPTER: 15
CONCLUSION
• Hence we have studied production of gasohol, type of production and its benefits over
gasoline.
• The basic and easiest way of preparation of gasohol is from fermentation of sugar cane
and fractional distillation process.
• Gasohol can prepare using green bio-wastes which contains sucrose, cellulose &
starch.
• It helps reduce pollution & green house gasses i.e. HC, CO, Sox, Nox etc.
• Stainless steel and copper are the suitable materials to handle ethanol.
• Mild steel and aluminium are badly reacting with ethanol.
• Corrosion resistant coatings are required for engine components.
• Fuel pre-heater & auxiliary gasoline tank is necessary for cold-start of the engine.
• Ethanol is cheaper than gasoline, but fuel efficiency is less than gasoline.
• If accidentally water is mixed with gasohol ethanol get separates from gasoline, that’s
why fuel supply system should be air tight and leakage proof.

[41]
CHAPTER: 16
REFERENCE
1. https://www.carsdirect.com/green-cars/gasohol-facts-figures-and-common-blends
2. http://www.easychem.com.au/production-of-materials/renewable-ethanol/advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-ethanol-as-a-fuel
3. https://sciencing.com/disadvantages-using-gasohol-alternative-fuel-source-gasoline-
12319393.html
4. http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_bioethanol.htm
5. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/e85toolkit/specs.html.
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel
7. https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/ethanol-fuel.php
8. https://www.wikihow.com/Separate-Alcohol-and-Water
9. https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38208/Shang_Xueying.pdf?sequence=
1&isAllowed=y
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QndErXgH8BE

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