2. CONCEPT
• Psychology they not only deals with what people do but also
why they do so. Motivation literally means to move or
energize or to activate.
• Motivation is defined as condition within the organisms
which arouse, maintain, and direct behavior towards a
specific goal.
• Four component of motivation are:
a) Need
b) Drive
c) Response
d) goal
4. FOR EXAMPLE:
• When you are hungry, there is a need for food. The
need for food which cause you to feel hungry is
hunger drive. This drive caused you to respond with
some action, that will be your response. Actual
eating will be your goal.
5. DEFINITION:
• Motivation is ―an inner impulse or an internal force
that initiates and directs the individual to act in a
certain manner to satisfy a need.‖
• Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives,
desires, aspirations, striving or needs direct, control
or explain the behavior of human beings‖. -Dalton E.
McFurland,
6. MEANING
• The term “motive” is commonly used to mean motivation.
Generally motivation is made up of motives and drives.
7. CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION
Generated through basic needs/ desires.
Comples a person to respond by creating a kind
of urge to act.
It’s a goal, directed activity.
Attainment of goal helps in the release of
tension aroused by a specific motive.
We experience motives as m feelings of want,
needs &desires.
9. CON’T…
• Natural/Intrinsic: This is directly related to natural urges and
impulses of the organisms. The person who is naturally
motivated perform an act because he finds interests within
that activity. He engaged in learning something because he
drives pleasure in learning that thing.
• UNNatural/EXtrinsic: In this motivation, source of pleasure does
not lies within the task. the individual does or learn not for his
own sake but as a means of obtaining desired goals or setting
some external reward.
10. CLASSTION OF MOTIVES:
1. Physiological or primary motives
2. Social or secondary motives
3. Personal motives
4. Unconscious motives.
11. 1. Physiological or primary motives
• These include hunger, motive, sex, thirst, the need for oxygen,
rest and sleep and elimination of waste.
2. Social or secondary motives: Human beings are not only
biological but also social. Therefore human beings is activated by
social motives such as affiliation, love, need for status, power
and social approval. Even the simple routine activities like eating,
& drinking can not be enjoyed without drinking.
12. 3. Personal motives
Need for achievement , vocational achievements and
life goals, specific interests, habits & attitudes, and
curiosity, fear are our personal motives.
4. Unconscious motives: These are those motives of
which we are not aware. They my be in the form of
our repressed desires. They determine our irrational
fear, our likes and dislikes, our chronic headache and
gastric troubles.
13. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• 1) Abraham Maslow (1943) Maslow‘s theory included 5 basic
needs in his theory, namely the- The physiological needs,
Safety and security needs, Love needs, self-esteem needs
and self-actualization needs. Maslow suggested that human
needs are ordered in a hierarchy from simplex to complex.
Higher level needs do not emerge as motivators until lower
needs are satisfied
14.
15. • Physiological needs: Food, water, warmth,
shelter, sleep, medicine and education, etc.
Once the physiological needs are met, the
next level becomes predominant.
• Safety and security needs: These are the
needs to be free of physical danger and of the
fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It
also includes protection against any emotional
harm.
16. • Social needs: Since people are social beings,
they need to belong and be accepted by
others. People try to satisfy their need for
affection, acceptance and friendship. After the
lower needs are well satisfied, affiliation or
acceptance will emerge as dominant and the
person strives for meaningful social
relationship
17. • Esteem needs: According to Maslow, once people begin to
satisfy their need to belong, they tend to want to be held in
esteem both by themselves and by others. This kind of need
produces such satisfaction as power, prestige status and self-
confidence.
• Need for self-actualization: Maslow regards this as the highest
need in his hierarchy. It is the drive to become what one is
capable of becoming; it includes growth, achieving one‘s
potential and self-fullfillment. It is to maximize one‘s potential
and to accomplish something.
18. 2) Reinforcement theory B.F. Skinner‘s theory
(1969)
• He suggests that an employee‘s work motivation is
controlled by conditions in the external environment,
that is, by designing the environment properly. This
theory focuses totally on what happens to an
individual, when he take some actions.
• Thus acc to skinner, the external environment of the
organization must be designed effectively and
positively so as to motivate the employee.
19. • Reinforcement
(Inc. the frequency
of desirable behavior)
• Punishment:
(dec. the undesirable
beh.)
Positive
reinforcement
Positive
punishment
Negative
reinforcement
Negative
punishment
Positive
Applies
stimulus
Negative
Removes
stimulus
20. 1. Positive reinforcement
It implies giving a positive response, when a
person shows positive and required behavior.
For ex: immediately praising the employee for
coming early for the job.( this will inc. the
chance to repeat the beh. Again.
21. 2. Negative reinforcement
It implies rewarding an employee by removing
negative/ undesirable beh.. Both positive and
negative reinforcemnt can be used for
increasing the desirable beh.
22. 3. Punishment
It implies removing positive consequences so as
to lower the probability of repeating
undesirable behavior.
Punishment means applying undesirable
consequences for showing undesirable
behavior. ( suspended an employee for
breaking an organizational rule)
23. 4. Extinction
It implies the absence of reinforcement , it means
lowering the probability of undesirable beh. by
removing reward for the kind of behavior.
Ex: if am employee no longer receives praise &
admiration for good work, he may feel that his beh is
generating no fruitful consequences; extinction may
unintentionally lower desirable beh.
24. • Skinner states that work environment should be
made suitable to the individuals and that
punishment actually leads to frustration and de-
motivation. Hence, the only way to motivate is to
keep on making positive changes in the external
environment of the organization. Positive behaviour
should be reinforced or rewarded as this increase the
strength of a response or induces its repetition..
25. Psychoanalytic theory
• Sigmund Freud formulated this theory have three
components id, ego and superego.
• Id work on pleasure principal or unconscious.
• Ego work on reality principal.
• Superego is the ethical and moral values of a person.
• Usually a conflict rises between id and superego which should
be resolved by ego because ego is rational in nature.
26. Hull’s drive theory
• This theory was formulated by Hull. Here the
relationship between motivation and
performance is in focus.
• As Hull was a mathematician he tried to give
this theory with a mathematical equation that
is why it is also called Mathematic-Deductive
Theory.
27. • There are four factors which determine the performance or
action of a person these are drive, habit, probability and
inhibition.
• Four factors are shown in relation with each other in a
mathematical equation as follow :
• D × H × P – I = Performance
• D = Drive
• H = Habit
• P = Probability
• I = Inhibition
28. STRATEGIES TO CREATE A MOTIVATING
CLIMATE
• 1. Have a clear expectation for workers and communicate
effectively.
• 2. Be fair and consistent when dealing with all employees.
• 3. Be a firm decision maker.
• 4. Develop a team work/team spirit.
• 5. Integrate the staffs needs and wants with the
organization‘s interest and purpose.
• 6. Know the uniqueness of each employee.
• 7. Remove traditional blocks between the employee and the
work to be done.
29. MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
1. Motivation acts as immediate force to
energize, direct, sustain and stop a behavior.
2. Motives are powerful tool for explaining
behavior.
3. Motives helps to make predications about
behavior in many different situations.
31. cont,’d
• The nurse should know how behavior is motivated by
different needs.
1. She can very well understand the role of motivation in the
process of learning or training.
2. By an insight of motivation she can maintain her mental
health and stay cheerful.
3. Knowledge about physiological needs help her in the physical
care of the patient.
4. It gives her an insight into the etiology of patients behavior,
thus leading to better understanding.
