This document discusses female reproductive disorders. It begins by defining female reproductive disorders as any condition that affects the reproductive organs or hormonal balance, preventing pregnancy. It then describes several common disorders in detail, including gynecologic cancers like cervical cancer; infections like vaginitis and sexually transmitted diseases; hormonal imbalances like polycystic ovary syndrome; and inflammatory diseases like endometriosis. It concludes by noting that treatment for these disorders prioritizes fertility.

1. FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
DISORDERS
20-PZO-005

2. SYNOPSIS
 INTRODUCTION
 REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS
o GYNECOLOGIC CANCER
o VAGINITIS
o ENDOMETRIOSIS
o POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)
o SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)
o PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)
 CONCLUSION
 RELATED VIDEOS
 REFERENCES
 Q BANK.

3. INTRODUCTION
 WHAT ARE REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS ?
Reproductive disorders are diseases
involving the reproductive system,
including reproductive tract infections,
congenital abnormalities, cancers of the
reproductive system and sexual
dysfunction.
 These disorders affects the reproductive
system of male as well as females and
prevents them from having a baby.

4. Female reproductive disorders
 Any disorder that affect the reproductive organ or
affects the hormonal balance ultimately leading the
female unable to reproduce is known as female
reproductive disorder.
 In the case of females,
 cervical abnormalities,
 uterine abnormalities,
 hormonal imbalances, etc.
are the most common female reproductive disorders.

5.  Some of the common reproductive disorders are discussed in detail below:
 Cervical cancer
 Vaginitis
 Endometriosis
 STDs
 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
 Uterine fibroids
 Interstitial cystitis
 Female sexual dysfunction.

6.  Gynecologic cancer refers to cancer that originates at any part of the female reproductive
system.
 This group of cancer is widespread among women throughout the world.
 It consists of five different types of cancer that occur in various organs within the system.
 Each of these cancers has its distinct signs and symptoms.
GYNECOLOGIC CANCER

7. TYPES OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCER
 TYPES OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCER
 CERVICAL CANCER
 VAGINAL CANCER
 VULVAR CANCER
 UTERINE CANCER
 OVARIAN CANCER

8. CERVICAL CANCER
 Cervical cancer occurs when cells of the cervix (neck
of the uterus) grow abnormally and develop the
ability to invade nearby tissues or spread to other
parts of the body, such as the abdomen or lungs.
 THE IMAGE shows the location of the cervix and the
appearance of normal and abnormal cervical cells
when examined with a microscope.

9.  Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer (after breast cancer) and
the fourth most common cause of cancer death.
 More than 90 percent of cases of cervical cancer are caused at least in part by human
papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted virus that also causes genital warts.
 HOW DOES HPV VIRUS WORK ?
1. HPV infection can cause cervical cancer by interfering with a normal cell division.
2. When HPV is not present, cervical cells containing mutations are not allowed to divide, so the cervix
remains healthy.
3. When HPV is present, however, cervical cells with mutations may be allowed to divide, leading to
uncontrolled growth of mutated cells and the formation of a TUMOR.

10. CERVICAL CANCER
• This type of cancer begins at the deepest
layer of the cervical epithelium at the
junction between stratified epithelium and
the secretory epithelium.
• Cancer might spread locally and reach
other organs like the vagina, uterine
bodies, and ovaries. Metastasis appear
during the later stages.

11. Vaginal Cancer
• Vaginal cancer is rare cancer that is
observed in the vagina, a muscular canal
connecting the uterus to other organs.
• Usually, vaginal cancer originating in the
vagina is rare, but cancers from other
organs might spread to the vagina and
cause vaginal cancer.

12. Vulvar cancer
• Cancer that appears in the vulva is vulvar
cancer. It often originates from the squamous
cells in the vulva and affects the vagina lips.
• It is characterized by lumps and ulcers around
the vulva with occasional bleeding and
itching.

13. Uterine cancer
• Uterine cancer, also termed endometrial carcinoma, is
observed in women who have never been pregnant of
the age between 60-70years.
• It is believed that it is triggered by the secretion of a high
amount of estrogen, and women who are obese,
hypertensive, and diabetic are often at high risk as they
have high estrogen in their blood.
• As the endometrium lacks lymphatics, the chance of
spread is quite low. Invasion of the uterus often leads to
uremia and hydronephrosis, which become the cause of
death.

14. Ovarian cancer
• Ovarian tumors occurring between 20-30years
are mostly benign, but the tumors forming
between 45-60 years are found to be malignant.
• There are three different types of tumors,
depending on the cells involved.
• Epithelial cell tumors are often malignant tumors
originating from the epithelial cells in the ovary.

15.  Large tumors might cause discomfort in the abdominal cavity and gastrointestinal disturbances.
 These are associated with menstrual cycles and are often reduced during pregnancy or consumption
of oral contraceptives.
 Germ cell ovarian tumors are observed in children and young women and are mostly harmless. These
form cysts containing different types of tissue.
 Hormone-secreting cell tumors are the tumors originating from the sex-cord stroma cells, which are
the precursors of the germ cells.
 ome of these tumors secrete estrogen, which might lead to other disorders like endometrial
carcinoma, while some might secrete androgens causing the development of male sex characteristics.

16. Vaginitis
 Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina. It’s due to
an imbalance of yeast and bacteria that normally
live in the vagina.
 Along with discomfort, you may notice a smell
that's different than usual. You could have an
infection caused by bacteria, yeast, or viruses.
 Chemicals in soaps, sprays, or even clothing that
come in contact with this area could be irritating
the delicate skin and tissues.

17. Types of vaginitis
 The most common kinds are:
• Bacterial vaginosis, inflammation of the vagina due to an overgrowth of
bacteria. It typically causes a strong fishy odor.
• Candida or "yeast" infection, an overgrowth of the fungus candida, which is
normally found in small amounts in the vagina.
• Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women,
usually in those ages 18 to 35 who have multiple sex partners.

18. • Gonorrhea is another common infection spread through sex. It often comes along
with chlamydia.
• Trichomoniasis is an infection spread by sex that’s caused by a parasite. It raises your
risk for other STIs.
• Viral vaginitis is inflammation caused by a virus, like the herpes simplex virus (HSV) or
human papillomavirus (HPV), which spread through sex. Sores or warts on the
can be painful.

19. Endometriosis
 Endometriosis is a disease in which the endometrium
(the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus or womb) is
present outside of the uterus.
 Endometriosis most commonly occurs in the lower
abdomen or pelvis, but it can appear anywhere in the
body.
 Symptoms of endometriosis include lower abdominal
pain, pain with menstrual periods, pain with sexual
intercourse, and difficulty getting pregnant.

20. Endometriosis and fertility
 Between 20 and 40% of women with infertility will have endometriosis.
 Endometriosis likely impairs fertility in two ways:
 first, by causing distortion of the fallopian tubes so that they are unable to pick up
the egg after ovulation, and
 second, by creating inflammation that can adversely affect the function of the
ovary, egg, fallopian tubes or uterus.

21. Sexually transmitted diseases
 The term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is
used to refer to a condition passed from one
person to another through sexual contact.
 A person can contract an STD by having
unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex with
someone who has the STD.
 STDs may also be called a sexually
transmitted infection (STI) or venereal disease
(VD).

22. STDs in females
 In many cases, STDs don’t cause noticeable
symptoms.
 When they do, common STD symptoms in women
include:
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the vagina,
anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
• unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina
• itchiness in or around the vagina

23. Types of STDs in females
 Many different types of infections can be transmitted sexually. The most common
STDs are described below.
 CHLAMYDIA
 HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS(HPV)
 HIV
 GONORRHEA
 HERPES

24. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
(PCOS)
• This is a hormonal imbalance when the
amount of androgen is elevated, causing
frequent or prolonged menstrual cycles.
• The ovaries might form follicles filled with
fluid and fail to release eggs regularly.
• In the long run, it might cause weight gain
and associated heart problems.

25.  The exact cause of PCOS is unknown.
 Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of
long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
 Most Common Symptoms Are
 Irregular Periods
 Excess Androgen Release
 Polycystic Ovaries
 PCOS signs and symptoms are severe if you are obese.

26. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• PID is the inflammation of organs present in the pelvic
region.
• It begins as vulvovaginitis and then spreads to other
organs like the cervix and vagina.
• This disease occurs due to the presence of microbes in
the vagina after surgery or during pregnancy which
then spreads upwards to other organs.

27.  The inflammation is characterized by infertility due to obstruction of oviduct and
bacteremia, which results in meningitis or arthritis.

28. Conclusion
 According to a survey conducted in South India, mainly in developed cities like Bangalore, Chennai, etc.
women tend to have increased probability of developing reproductive disorders.
 The reason for this may be listed as stress, food habits, lack of sleep, etc.
 In the 21st century, we have a cure or even a treatment method for any disorders a human could be
possibly affected, tons of hospitals and research labs for curing various diseases like HIV, CANCER,
DIABETES, etc. have been developed and funded in the last 2-3 decades.
 Treatment and curing of these reproductive disorders are done at paramount importance.
 Fertility centres have emerged in every nook and cranny of developed cities in India.

29. ENDOMETRIOSIS

30. PCOS

31. Other video links
 https://youtu.be/Qe_7c2fFI9E – reproductive disorders
 https://youtu.be/PfMar1ymwqE - vaginitis
 https://youtu.be/ng22Ucr33aw - HIV
 https://youtu.be/ZPNk6FNsvng - PID

32. References
 https://microbenotes.com/diseases-and-disorders-of-the-female-reproductive-system/
 https://www.webmd.com/women/guide/sexual-health-vaginal-infections
 https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/female-reproductive-system/female-reproductive-system-
diseases/
 https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases#diagnosis
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pcos/symptoms-causes/syc-20353439
 https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcerns.html
 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_G
rewal)/22%3A_Reproductive_System/22.09%3A__Disorders_of_the_Female_Reproductive_System

33. Q BANK
 PART A
1. What is reproductive disorder?
2. What is meant by female reproductive
disorder?
3. List the types of female reproductive
disorders
4. What is gynecologic cancer
5. List out the types of gynecologic cancer
6. What is cervical cancer?
7. What is uterine cancer?
8. What is vulvar cancer?
9. What is ovarian cancer?
10. What is vaginal cancer?
11. What is vaginitis?
12. What are the types of vaginitis?
13. What is endometriosis?
14. Relate endometriosis and fertility
15. What are sexually transmitted diseases?
16. List out the common STDs in females
17. How does HPV work?
18. What is PCOS?
19. What is Pelvic inflammatory disease?
20. What is endometrium?

34. Q bank
 PART B
 Explain the different types of gynecologic cancer
 Explain endometriosis
 Explain in brief about different types of vaginitis
 Explain Sexually transmitted diseases in females
 Explain polycystic ovary syndrome
 PART C
 Explain In Detail About The Various Female Reproductive Disorders