1. SOLAR ENERGY
BASIC PHOTOVOLATIC
AND EFFECT OF SURFACE ORIENTATION
ON A PERFORMANCE PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
DANI RUSIRAWAN
PROF. ISTVÁN FARKAS
Sebagian besar dikutip dari :
2. HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY ?
• Energy used by Earth’s Inhabitants:
– 400 EJ in ONE YEAR
• Energy from the Sun:
– 10,800 EJ in ONE DAY
– 27X More than Used in One Year
• Photon Energy
– in Visible:
– 240 kJ/mole
– 2.5 eV
1 EJ = 1x1018 J
4. • Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert light energy
directly into electricity.
• Commonly known as “solar cells.”
• The simplest systems power the small
calculators we use every day.
• PV represents one of the most promising means
of maintaining our energy intensive standard of
living while not contributing to global warming
and pollution.
WHAT ARE PHOTOVOLTAICS ?
5. Photovoltaic Cells
• Mostly Silicon
• Crystalline, Microcrystalline, Amorphous, Thin Film
From: Ken Zweibel, NREL
8. GROUPS OF SOLAR CELLS
Groups of solar cells can be packaged into modules, panels and arrays
to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific
power output.
11. Component/Cost Issues
• Solar Photovoltaics
– ≈ $3-4/Wp
– ≈ $0.15-$0.30/kWh
• Biggest Factor-
– PV Module
– Materials/Efficiency
• Challenge:
• Large Area PVs
• CHEAP!
First Solar Thin-Film PV Module
12. System Costs
Large Modules
Sold in Quantity
Power Modules
Average Selling Price
1.00
10.00
100.00
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
$/Wp
History
All Power Modules – Accel.& Bus.as Usual
Large Modules – Accelerated
Large Modules – Bus. As Usual
60.74
20.79
10.67
8.17
5.65
3.65 2.89-
2.74
2.11-
1.78
2.00-
1.69
2.66-
2.52
3.80
4.80
5.94
7.60
History Forecast
NREL
14. Solar PV Materials:
Crystalline & Polycrystalline Silicon
• Advantages:
– High Efficiency (14-22%)
– Established technology
(The leader)
– Stable
• Disadvantages:
– Expensive production
– Low absorption coefficient
15. Amorphous Silicon
Advantages:
• High absorption (don’t need a lot of
material)
• Established technology
• Ease of integration into buildings
• Excellent ecological balance sheet
• Cheaper than the glass, metal, or
plastic you deposit it on
Disadvantages:
• Only moderate stabilized efficiency 7-
10%
• Instability- It degrades when light hits it
– Now degraded steady state
16. THREE TYPES OF SYSTEMS
• Stand-alone systems - those systems which
use photovoltaics technology only, and are not
connected to a utility grid.
• Grid-tied systems (Gried-connected
systems) - those systems which are connected
to a utility grid.
• Hybrid systems - those systems which use
photovoltaics and some other form of energy,
such as diesel generation or wind.
17. INTRODUCTION
Two main PV system
Part of analysis :
1. Solar radiation
2. PV system
Grid-connected system
Stand-allone system
19. SURFACE ORIENTATION
The amount of solar radiation that will be intercepted by a
surface on the earth influenced by several factors as
follow :
1. Day of the year (due to tilt of the earth)
2. Location (latitude and longitude)
3. Time of day (where the sun is in the sky)
4. SURFACE ORIENTATION
5. Local atmosheric conditions (cloud/fog cover, ambient
temperature, wind)
24. Teknologi Energi Surya
Jenis Energi Penelitian dan
Pengembangan
Percontohan Semi
Komersial
Komersial
Surya :
-Fotovoltaik
-Surya Thermal
√
√
√ √
25. Potensi Energi Surya di Indonesia
Intensitas Radiasi Matahari di
Indonesia mencapai 4.8
kWh/m2/day
Kapasitas Terpasang = 8 MW
26. Kendala Implementasi Energi
Surya di Indonesia
• Efisiensi Solar Sel masih rendah, yaitu maksimal
25 %.
• Harga serta pemasangan solar sel yang masih
mahal.
27. Pemanfaatkan potensi energi surya
yang sudah diterapkan
Teknologi energi surya fotovoltaik, energi surya
fotovoltaik digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
listrik, pompa air, televisi, telekomunikasi, dan lemari
pendingin di Puskesmas dengan kapasitas total ± 6
MW.
Teknologi energi surya termal, energi surya termal
pada umumnya digunakan untuk memasak (kompor
surya), mengeringkan hasil pertanian (perkebunan,
perikanan, kehutanan, tanaman pangan) dan
memanaskan air.
29. Kebutuhan Listrik BTS
24 jam non-stop
Daya rata-rata 2000 – 3000 watt
Ericsson : BTS low energy, need only 60% energy from
usual BTS
Ericsson : equipment, increase 35% efficiencies for BTS
3G and development Ericsson Tower Tube
30. Off-grid applications
Stand-Alone Off-Grid PV System Schematic
[adapted from Ross and Royer, 1999].
Hybrid Off-Grid PV System Schematic
[adapted from Ross and Royer, 1999].
31. Upaya-upaya dalam Meningkatkan
Implementasi Energi Surya
• Meningkatkan pengembangan kombinasi
komposisi solar sel agar berefisiensi
tinggi.
• Pemetaan spasial intensitas radiasi
matahari di setiap daerah yang berpotensi
tinggi.
• Penyesuaian teknologi solar sel dengan
daerah-daerah yang berpotensi.
33. SOLAR ENERGY
BASIC PHOTOVOLATIC
AND EFFECT OF SURFACE ORIENTATION
ON A PERFORMANCE PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
DANI RUSIRAWAN
PROF. ISTVÁN FARKAS
Sebagian besar dikutip dari :
34. POTENSI ENERGI ANGIN DAN SURYA DI
INDONESIA
Armi Susandi
Ketua Program Studi Meteorologi ITB
