The document discusses various methods for increasing the lifespan of reinforced concrete (RCC) structures with minimal additional costs. It highlights that building lifespan can be extended from the typical 50-60 years to the designed 100 years through improvements in material quality and construction techniques. Specifically, it recommends using higher grade concrete, steel, aggregates, and water for mixing. It also emphasizes the importance of proper curing, formwork quality, and construction methodology in increasing structural durability.

1. PRESENTATION BY

2. Life of a Building is very important these days.
Ancient constructions were done with stones
which has life of centuries but now a days
most of us are using RCC for the construction.
There are several component of RCC structures
like cement, sand steel etc. but use of these
materials and increasing the life of building
depends on the quality of materials and
techniques used for construction with minimal
impact on environment.
We all know that building are designed for approx.
100 Yrs. but most of the structures gets deteriorate
within span of 50-60 Yrs. as these buildings are
design and constructed for the sustainability but now
we should think on durability of structure. There are
several methods for increasing the durability of
structure with nominal additional cost and
improvement in quality of construction. There are
several ways to practice this which will be
highlighted in slides ahead.

3. BASIC FACTORS HAVING A DIRECT IMPACT ON THE LIFE OF BUILDINGS:
• Grade of concrete.
• Grade of Steel
• Water quality.
• Quality of Construction
• Quality of Shuttering etc.
• Methodology
• Equipment, tools and tackles
• Construction chemicals

4. CONCRETE

5. • The size of structural members get reduced with additional strength
• Reduction in the size of beams sections with additional strength which is a major component of the
weight on the structure.
• Extra protection of structural steel from weather
• Higher seismic resistance compares with conventional concrete.
• High abrasion resistance
• Formwork area gets reduced.
• Concrete volume is cut so we gain more usable space
• Construction time reduce as high early strength gain of high performance concrete.
• Increase life span of the structure in severe environments
• Low creep and shrinkage
• High resistance to freezing and thawing, chemical attack, significantly improve long-term durability,
and crack propagation
• Reduced maintenance and repairs
WE CAN ALWAYS INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE BUILDING BY USING HIGH GRADE
CONCRETE WHERE THERE IS NOT MUCH IMPACT ON COST BUT AS SHOWN BELOW

6. • By increasing the cement content
• Using VSI aggregates
• Washing the sand & aggregates
• Using potable water
• Using zero silica sand
• Using Micro silica or silica fume
• Using fly ash
• Using Plasticizer to prevent early setting of
concrete
• Use of twin shaft batching plant instead of
drum type / pan type
• Use of automatic plant to ensure accuracy in
quantities of materials
• Installation of plant near the site to reduce the
travel time
• Use of factory pre cast members to achieve better
quality
• Maintaining low water-cement ratio
• Keeping concrete temperature between 16 Degree
to 32 Degree Celsius otherwise if required by using
hot or cold water depending on the weather
temperature
HOW TO ACHIEVE HIGH GRADE CONCRETE

7. GRADE OF CONCRETE COST PER Cu.M. % INCREASE IN COST
M-30 Rs. 8277 0%
M-40 Rs. 8630 0.043%
M-50 Rs. 9135 0.06%
M-60 Rs. 9611 0.052%
IMPACT OF COST BY USING CONCRETE IN ONE GRADE HIGH:

8. BENEFITS OF USING CONCRETE PLANT
•Quality and Consistency
•Efficiency
•Environment Friendly
•Convenient Delivery
•Versatility
•Reduced Wastage
•Reduced Life-Cycle Cost
It also help in maintaining the moisture content in aggregates and
sand.

9. • Silica fume is a kind of neutral inorganic filler with very stable physical and chemical
properties. It does not contain crystalline water, does not participate in the curing reaction,
and does not affect the reaction mechanism.
• The size distribution of silica fume is reasonable, strong densification, large hardness and wear
resistance. It can greatly improve the tensile strength, compressive strength, impact strength
and wear resistance of the cured products, and the abrasion resistance can be increased 0.5 –
2.5 times.
• It increase the thermal conductivity, change the adhesive viscosity and increase the flame
retardancy.
• The shrinkage rate of solidified of the concrete get reduced, so as to eliminate internal stress
and prevent cracking.
• It can effectively reduce and eliminate precipitation and stratification.
• It has strong corrosion resistance and cavitation resistance increased 3-16 times.
• Early strength, micro-silica concrete can shorten the induction period and have the
characteristics of early strength.
BENEFITS OF USING MICRO SILICA OR SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE

10. CONTROLING THE TEMPRATURE OF CONCRETE
• By using hot or cold water to maintain the temperature range between 16
to 32 Degree Celsius
• Using the fly ash for thicker RCC like rafts etc. with thickness of 2 Mtrs or
more
• Using steel pipes for running water over the raft to reduce the heat of
hydration.

11. USE OF WAHSED SAND

12. • No Impurities : it removes clay, silt, dust and other unwanted particles along with sulphate
and chloride.
• High Strength : sand benefits from being a lot stronger. It makes a high strength and versatile
construction material.
• Better Quality Control : Due to the washing process, washed sand is guaranteed to be of
higher quality than natural sand.
• Multifunctional : Washed and treated sand is suitable for a range of construction projects i.e.
floor screeds, concrete materials, paving courses, tough mortar, lawn care, and landscaping
• ZONE-2 GRADATION OF SAND IS ALWAYS RECOMMENDED.
USING DOUBLE / TRIPLE WASHED SAND

13. AGREEGRATE

14. Using aggregates from VSI (vertical shaft impact
crusher, Cubical or Rectangular shaped
aggregates) also increase the strength of the
concrete which contributes in life span of any
building.
VSI process is advance process which eliminate
the sharp/flaky edges of the aggregates. This
process help in gaining more strength of concrete.
We can achieve 6-8% extra strength in RCC by
using VSI aggregate.
VSI AGGREGATE NORMAL AGGREGATE
CRUSHING STRENGTH 17%-18% above 25%
IMPACT VALUE 10-12% 17%
FOLLOWING IS COMPARISON BETWEEN VSI AND NORMAL AGGREGATES:
TYPES OF AGGREGATES BENEFITS OF USING VSI AGGREGATES

16. USE OF POTABLE WATER

17. TYPES OF WATER AVAILABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION:
1. Boring water 2. RO Water 3. STP / ETP Water 4. Potable water
The quality of water have much effect on the strength of mortar and cement concrete. Most of the time
treated water received from STP or hard water extracted from ground are not as per the standards for the
concrete hence we recommend to use the potable water which has very less solids, minerals, oils etc.
• Calcium Chloride, Iron Salts, inorganic salts and sodium etc. are dangerous and reduce initial strength of
concrete
• Salts enhance the rusting problem in steel
• Acid, alkali, industrial waste, sanitary sewage and water with sugar reduce the strength of concrete
• Silt or suspended particle in water has adverse effect on strength of concrete.
• Presence of oil such as linseed oil, vegetable oil or mineral oil in water above 2 % reduces the strength of
concrete up to 25 %.
• Presence of algae/vegetable growth in water used for mixing in cement concrete reduce the strength of
concrete along with the bond between cement paste and aggregate.

18. USE OF HIGH GRADE STEEL (FE-600)

19. Steel plays a vital roles in structure of any building.
It not only provide the strength to the structure but by using the higher grade of steel can
increase the life span of the building. As of now FE-500 is most popular steel but by using
FE-600 steel we may have following merits with nominal increase in cost:
• Reinforcement Coefficient will be diminished by 8% to 10% by utilizing Fe 600 relying on
the arrangement of structures. In the event that the reinforcement factor is 7.5 kg per Sft
at that point, the decrease will be 0.6 kg per SFt.
• Value addition in the cost of Fe 600 TMT bar can be accomplished.
• Since the steel content is less, the heaviness of steel will chop somewhere near 8 to 10%,
transportation and related expenses viz fuel pursues and so forth will come.
• Useful for seismic tremor territories as it is having high quality.

20. ADVANTAGES OF GALVANIZED TMT REBARS
• Durable
• Cathodic protection to the steel against climatic conditions
• Remains unaffected by UV ray exposure during field storage and installation period
• Offers equal or better bond strength in concrete not requiring any additional lap lengths
• Provides barrier against corrosive environment, which is three times more than normal steel
• Has an abrasion resistance up to ten times better than organic paint coatings
• Tolerates higher chloride concentration
• Delay the onset of cracking and spalling
• Better protected during storage and construction before placing
• Structural protection against chloride contamination
• Reduces surface staining opportunities
• Control chloride ion diffusion in concrete
• Offers protective barrier against the contact if chloride ions and steel

21. USE OF THE COUPLER IN COLUMNS

22. Couplers are replacing the traditional lap joint splicing. Benefits of using couplers are as
below:
• Eliminate congestion and simplify bar placing.
• Can be used at any location and no need to cut the bars as per the lap zone
• Reliability and consistency
• Cost-effective
• More reliable than lap systems
• Offer greater structural integrity, strength and toughness
• 125% to 150% greater capacity
• Increases congestion at the lap zone
• Allow to achieve an ideal balance of steel and concrete
• Fast and easy to install

23. PROVISION OF COVERS IN RCC
EXTRA COVER AND THICKNESS OF
CONCRETE

24. Concrete Covers of RCC structures plays a vital role in life of concrete. Benefits of
using thicker cover are:
• More life to the concrete by saving it from weather.
• Protect from chemicals, water and other contents in soil etc.
• Protection of steel in case of fire.
We should use following cover thickness to get benefits as stated above:
• Footing / Raft : 50 to 75 mm
• Columns : 40 to 50 mm
• Beam : 25-40 mm
• Slab : 25mm
By having extra cover, there is no extra cost involve.
As a standard practice, most of the slabs are designed with thickness of 150 mm which is
very less to have proper concrete and cover over the steel. To avoide this, we can opt the
slab with thickness of 200mm to achieve the covers etc.

25. USE OF MIVAN SHUTTERING

26. We can increase the speed of shuttering and improve the quality by using Mivan Shuttering.
Following are the major advantages:
• Environment friendly. Don’t need ply or any natural materials
• Mivan Formwork requires relatively less labour
• Faster completion of floors
• Lesser number of joints and reduced leakages
• Smooth finishing of wall and slab
• Low maintenance
• More seismic resistance
• More carpet area
• Good quality construction work
• Faster completion
• May not need plastering on slabs etc.

27. STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS

28. WE SHOULD TAKE FOLLOWING MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE RCC STABILITY & QUALITY
 Slab should have minimum thickness of 200 mm. Benefits of having thicker slab is as below:
• Help to achieve better strength and cover
• Reduce the beam size
• Better protection against water. We all know that RCC is best water proofing materials.
• Better sound proofing between the floors
 PT slabs are ideal for the large floor plates. We can achieve larger spans and clear floor with lesser
columns & beams to work
 Minimal sleeves should be used in beams, slabs and walls
 Sleeves should be placed at no lap zones / no tension zone
 Levels of floors should be established from base level instead of floor below.
 Verticality check should be done for every structural member.
 Deflection margin should be considered while shuttering / casting of structure.

29. CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

30. CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS COMMONLY FALL UNDER THE FOLLOWING CATEGORY:
• Chemicals for concrete bonding :
Benefits : Reduce cracks formed in shrinkage, permeability of concrete is reduced, improves adhesion
between the layer of concrete. The tensile, flexural and bond strength of the concrete or mortar are
increased. They have high resistance against frost and chemical actions.
• Concrete and Mortar (Grout) Admixture :
Benefits : Offers high workability, high compressive strength, durability, watertight, wear resistant, and
high finish
• Floor Hardeners and Floor Topping :
Benefits : Excellent abrasion (wear & tear), Protection against damage caused by impact of tools and
other materials, Reduces maintenance and repair costs, Improves the appearance by providing uniform
look.

31. CURING OF STRCUTURE

32. Curing of the structure and civil work is very important to
mitigate the shrinkage and gain the strength of concrete and
mortar.
Following are the standard methods of curing :
• Water curing by ponding,
• Covering with Hasian Cloth, wet burlap, plastic film or
reinforced paper
• Applying a physical barrier, such as membrane-forming curing
compounds or cure-and-seals
• Sprinkling over the concrete
Sprinkling over the concrete require manpower and there is chance
of mishandling or missing some structural elements. To avoid this
we can use perforated pipes at the top of the structure which will
sprinkler the water at regular interval and water can be collected
through channel and recycled for the curing as shown in sketch.

33. CURING BY SPRINKLER OVER THE CONCRETE AND RECYCLING THE WATER

34. BOOM PLACER

35. • It can place the concrete farther away and at greater heights.
• It can place the concrete even in bad weather.
• It is easier to pour smaller amounts in multiple locations as some job sites may
require.
• It reduces the wastage of the concrete.
• It takes fewer workers to pour in place.
• The concrete moves faster from the source to the pouring location.
• It can allow you to get to areas not accessible by crane.
• The time-savings may allow you to complete work on multiple job sites in a day,
reducing costs.
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE PUMPING

36. JUMP FORM SHUTTERING

37. TYPE OF JUMP FORM SHUTTERING
• Normal jump or the climbing form - the units are lifted off individually off the structures
and then relocated at the next level of construction with the help of a crane. The availability
of the crane is crucial.
• Guided climbing jump form- it also uses the crane but it also offers greater level of safety
and security as well as control while lifting the units which are anchored as well as guided
by the structures.
• Self-climbing jump form (RCS Tyoe)- it doesn’t need a crane since it climbs on the rails
up to the building with the help of hydraulic jacks.
• Gliding form- This type of formwork is similar to the self-climbing type above. However,
the climbing process is continuous instead of intermittent, and is usually only interrupted
for a very short time (for example to fix the mounting mechanisms to new anchoring
points). The advantage is that it will produce seamless structures, but it requires a
continuous, uninterrupted process throughout, with serious potential quality and stability
problems if the pour has to be stopped.

38. • Faster construction
• Does not require manpower of crane to move.
• Increased construction speed
• Good quality surface finishes.
• Designed for operating in the high winds.
• Easy to plan the construction activities because
of the repetitive nature of work.
• Minimizes the usage of scaffolding and temp
work platforms.
• Long lengths can be obtained combining
different sections.
• Minimizes labor time and has a better
productivity rate.
• Other protection systems (Screens) can be
hung off with this system,
• Long lengths can be obtained combining
different sections for each particular project.
• Can be used at an inclined angle.
• Easy to clean and reuse with little formwork
waste generation
• Offer simplicity, safety and cost effectiveness
• Many repeated uses of formwork are possible
before maintenance or replacement is needed,
the number of uses depending on the quality
of the surface finish of concrete specified.
ADVANTAGES OF JUMP FORMWORK

39. PERIMETER SAFETY SCREENS & SAFETY RAILING

40. • Prevents people or objects falling from the slabs
• Offers excellent protection against harsh weather
• Avoids vertigo
• Provides a platform for tasks over the slab
edge thickness
• Material lifting platforms can be part of the
windshield panels
• Provides access between the last floors of the building
• Platform for works at the slab edge
• Can be raised by means of hydraulic system or crane
• Adapts well to the geometry of irregular slabs,
including geometries varying in height
• Encloses the entire perimeter without any gaps
ADVANTAGES OF PERIMETER SAFETY SCREENS ADVANTAGES OF SAFETY RAILING
• Prevents people or objects falling from the
slabs
• Provides a platform for tasks over the slab
edge thickness
• Protection during works at the slab edge

41. WORKMAN / HOIST LIFT

42. • These lifts are very useful for the buildings above height of 7-8 stories
• Protect, Products and Goods while transporting at height
• Increase the safety of Workers
• Increase Efficiency and Productivity
• Save Cost by saving time required for movement
ADVANTAGES OF WORKMAN LIFT / HOIST LIFT

43. DEBRIS CHUTE

44. 1. Convenience : Workers do not have to move from one floor to another, collecting waste or
trash. The trash bags can be easily disposed from every floor.
2. Cleaner Work Space : Workers can dispose of trash immediately to make sure that the
workspace is clean.
3. Safe Environment : Getting rid of waste materials using the construction trash chutes will
promote the workspace’s safety.
4. No Physical Contact : Workers will have little or no physical or direct contact with the trash.
Their health will not be affected since there is minimal exposure to the trash.
5. Avoidance of accidents : Workers are exposed to more hazards when packing debris or
trash from one floor to another. They could fall, trip, or hurt their backs, resulting in activating
the insurance claims. However, having construction trash chutes on each floor will prevent the
bulk of accidents that may involve workers’ insurance claims.
Call our hotline for trash chute rental today. We offer high-quality and construction-grade
trash chute rental. We are committed to your cleaner and safer workspace.
ADVANTAGES OF WORKMAN LIFT / HOIST LIFT

45. WORKERS SAFETY AND HYGINE

46. • Head Protection
• Eye and Face Protection
• Respiratory protection
• Hand & Skin protection
• Hearing protection
ADVANTAGES OF PPE KIT
PPE KITS AND HEALTH SAFETY SHOULD BE COMPULSORY IN ALL THE SITES.
THEY NOT ONLY INCREASE THE SAFETY OF THE WORKERS FROM ACCIDENTS
AS WELL AS PROTECT FROM HEALTH ISSUES
• Provision of potable water
provision on each floor
• Toilet provision on each floor
• Toilet at entry of the site
PROVISION AT SITE FOR HEALTH OF
WORKERS
• Head Protection
• Eye and Face Protection
• Respiratory protection
• Hand & Skin protection
• Hearing protection
ADVANTAGES OF PPE KIT

47. ELECTRICAL, FIRE AND PLUMBING

48. Fire and electrical safety is must at site to prevent
any accident and loss of human life. There are
many ways by which we can stop such incidents :
• Using fire rated cables
• Electrical panel on each floor for electrical
connection
• Clips should be used to run cables
• Provision of Fire Extinguisher on every floor
CLIP TO RUN CABLES

49. PIPE BELOW THE CEILING
SOME MEASURES TO LAY SERVICES
• Plumbing pipes should not be embedded in RCC
• All the plumbing pipes should run in exposed area or in
shafts
• All the toilet drain pipes can be run below the ceiling
instead of sunken floor
• All drain pipes should be of centre spun Hobbles CI pipe
• No equipment with vibrations should be placed over the
floor, i.e. DG or chillers
• DG pipes etc. should run away from the building to avoid
damage due to vibrations and heat. HOBLESS PIPE BY
PAM (SAINT GOBAIN), FRANCE

50. USE OF AAC BLOCK WORK

51. Benefits of AAC blocks
• Lightweight
• Easy Workability and design
flexibility
• Faster Construction
• Minimum Wastages
• Thermal insulation and energy-
efficient
• Eco friendly and sustainable
• Acoustic performance
• Fire-resistant
There are myth the AAC blocks are prone to develop
cracks but there are following method to prevent the
cracks:
• AAC blocks should be used dry, without watering
• Adhesive should be used instead of cement mortar
• Mesh should be used at the time of plastering /
gypsum plaster
• Horizontal and vertical RCC Band should be provided
at regular interval to give extra support
• RCC Mullions/members should be provided at every
opening
• Block work should not touch the slab to avoid crack
due to settlement of slab.

52. WATER PROOFING

53. BENEFITS OF WATER PROOFING
• Improves Structure Durability
• Reduces Cost of Repairs
• Offers Energy Efficiency
• Prevents the Onset of Health
Concerns
• Improves the Life of Interior
Work and Furniture
TYPE OF WATER PROOFING
• Cement Based Waterproofing Method
• Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method
• Bituminous Coating Waterproofing Method
• Bitumen Membrane Waterproofing Method
• Polyurethane Liquid Membrane Waterproofing
Method
• EPDM Rubber water proofing method

54. FLOORING / TILING CHEMICALS

55. Advantages of using tile adhesive :
• Fast and efficient
• Easy to use, only mix with water
• Better bonding strength
• Can be grouted within 24 hours without waiting for the moisture to evaporate
• Applicable on existing tiles, many special substrates like polished cement, dry wall system, etc.
• Thinner layer
Advantages of Tile Joints and Epoxy Grouting:
• It creates expansion joint between the two tiles
• It gives floor or wall a crisp finished appearance.
• It helps keep dirt and debris from getting in between and under your tile.
• It adds rigidity and strength to the tile installation.
• Epoxy grout is a very strong, exceedingly durable and chemically-resistant material.
• It is non-porous and discourages the growth of mould or mildew.