1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION
JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF ACCREDITATION
(AN ISO 9001:2000 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
BANGALORE TRUNK ROAD, VARADHARAJAPURAM,
NASARATHPET, POONAMALLEE,
CHENNAI- 600123.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF WASTE TYRES IN
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
PRADEEP KANDASAMY NATARAJAN
pradeep.93kn@gmail.com
Mobile no: 2267003868

2. OBJECTIVE:
• Evaluate the feasibility of using waste tyres as
replacement material in bituminous concrete.
• Provide preliminary recommendations for the
use of waste tyres in the flexible pavements.
• To compare the results of the conventional mix
with the mix replaced with waste tyres.
• To suggest the mix proportion with replaced
tyres, giving the desired strength.
ABSTRACT:
 The waste tires are replaced in the bituminous
concrete as a partial replacement for bitumen
and the stone aggregates.
 Rubber powder is mixed with the bitumen as a
binder material and aggregates are replaced
with crumb rubber
 Marshall Stability test is conducted to evaluate
the strength of the mix.
INTRODUCTION:
• In India the number of vehicles hitting the road
is increasing every day. With more than 33
million vehicles added to the Indian roads from
2007 to 2010, about 80 million tyres have hit
the roads
• Worldwide more than 981 million tyres are
thrown away each year and even less than 7%
are recycled, 11% are burned for fuel, and
5% are exported. The remaining 77% are
sent to landfills, stockpiled, or illegally
dumped.
• 765 million old tyres a year wasted across the
world.
Hence an effective method of disposing the waste tire is
studied in detail.
Materials:
• Stone Aggregate:
19mm, 13.2mm, 6.7mm, 2.36mm (dust)
• Bitumen
Aggregates:
The aggregates are specified based on their grain size,
texture and its gradation. Aggregate size is ascertained
by sieving through square sieves of successively
decreasing sizes. The required aggregate sizes are
chosen to fulfill the desired gradation.
AGGREGATE TEST:
Test Result
IRC
Limitation
Crushing
strength test
22.42% <30%
Abrasion test 14.8% <30%
Impact test 23.54% <30%
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST:
Size of
aggregate
Weight
of
bottle
Weight
of bottle
+
aggregate
Weight
of bottle
+
aggregate
+ water
Weight
of
bottle
+
water
Specific
gravity
19 626 1045 1786 1524 2.669
13.2 626 1028 1773 1524 2.627
6.7 626 1005 1758 1524 2.614
2.36 626 995 1754 1524 2.636

3. Bitumen:
Bitumen is waterproof, durable, resistant to
strong acids, and possesses good cementing properties.
At normal temperature, bitumen is semi-solid, that is, it
takes time to flow. At higher temperatures, bitumen
behaves like a viscous liquid, whereas at a very low
temperature bitumen is as brittle glass. Bitumen is
believed to behave ‘viscoelastically’ at the standard
operating temperature of highways. Theoretically, it is
difficult to model the exact behavior of bitumen.
BITUMEN TEST RESULT:
S.NO BITUMEN TEST
TEST RESULT
OBTAINED
1 Penetration @ 25 C 66
2
Softening point @ 5
C
54
3
Ductility @ 27 C cm
Min
75
4
Viscosity @ 135 C
cst Min
341
5
Specific gravity @
27 C
1.081
Marshall Stability Test:
Gradation:
Determination of quantity of materials required for
the mix:
Wt of aggregate (19mm) = 12 x (1200/100) = 144gm
Wt of aggregate(13.2mm) =18 x (1200/100) = 216gm
Wt of aggregate (6.7mm)= 20x (1200/100) = 240gm
Wt of aggregate (2.36mm) =50 x (1200/100) = 600gm
Total = 1200gm
OPTIMUM BITUMEN CONTENT:
%BITUMEN BY WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE VS
FLOW VALUE
2
3
4
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
flowinmm
%Bitumen by wt of aggregate
s.no
Percentage
bitumen
Marshall
stability
(KN)
Flow
value
(mm)
Bulk
density
(gm/cc)
Percentage
air voids
1 4.5 13.91 2.35 2.389 3.61
2 5 14.99 2.90 2.412 2.10
3 5.5 16.62 3.37 2.430 0.77
4 6 10.25 3.50 2.421 0.55

4. %BITUMEN BY WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE VS
UNIT WEIGHT
%BITUMEN BY WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE VS
STABILITY
DESCRIPTION OF REPLACEMENT
MATERIALS:
Rubber powder:
The waste rubber tires are finely grinded to obtain the
rubber powder.
The Powder passing through the 250 micron sieve is
used for the replacement.
Mixing:
Bitumen is heated to a temperature of 160°C and then
the rubber powder is added to the bitumen.
Mix proportions:
Rubber powder is replaced in 5, 10, 15 and 20 %
by weight of the bitumen.
Test Results:
%RUBBER POWDER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS STABILITY
%RUBBER POWDER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS UNIT WEIGHT
2310
2360
2410
2460
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
unitwtinkg/m3
%Bitumen by wt of aggregate
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
StabilityinKN
% Bitumen by wt of aggregate
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
StabilityinKN
%Rubber powder by wt of Bitumen
2330
2335
2340
2345
2350
2355
2360
2365
2370
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
unitwtinkg/m3
%Rubber powder by wt of Bitumen

5. %RUBBER POWDER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS FLOW VALUE
Advantages:
The advantages of replacing bitumen with the
rubber powder are
• The stability of the powder replaced
bituminous mix is greater than the conventional
mix.
• An effective way of disposing the waste tires
without polluting the environment is obtained.
• The cost of the bituminous concrete decreases
by replacing bitumen with the rubber powder.
CRUMB RUBBER:
• The waste tyres are shredded to different sizes
using a shredder.
• The shredded pieces passing through the 19mm
and 13.2mm sieves are used as a replacement
for stone aggregates.
Replacement:
 The crumb rubber replacement is done after the
gradation of the stone aggregates.
 Crumb rubber is replaced in 5, 10% by weight
of the aggregates.
CRUMB RUBBER REPLACEMENT TEST RESULT
%CRUMB RUBBER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS STABILITY
%CRUMB RUBBER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS UNIT WEIGHT
%CRUMB RUBBER BY WEIGHT OF
AGGREGATE VS FLOW VALUE
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
flowinmm
% Rubber powder by wt of Bitumen
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 5 10 15 20
StabilityinKN
% by wt of aggregate
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
0 5 10 15 20
unitwtinkg/m3
% by wt of aggregate
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
0 5 10 15 20
flowinmm
% by wt of aggregate

6. Advantages:
• An effective method of disposal of waste tires.
• The replacement makes the construction of
bituminous concrete cost effective.
Disadvantages:
• The stability of the mix decreases when
replacement is more than 5% by weight of
aggregates.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be drawn from the
above investigations:
 From the study it is found that by replacing
bitumen with 15% of weight by rubber powder
the desired result is obtained.
 The overall stability increases by 14%
compared to conventional bituminous concrete.
 The replacement of stone aggregates by the
crumb rubber however did not give the desired
output.
 The stability may be increased when the crumb
rubber used is of size less than 13.2mm.
 Thus by replacing the bitumen with rubber
powder we can save the accumulation of rubber
tyres to a greater extent.
FUTURE STUDY:
 Research work has to be carried on effectively
using the crumb rubber as a replacement
material for stone aggregates.
 The problem for the reduction in the stability of
the crumb rubber replaced mix is found to be
the larger size of the aggregates.
 Hence research has to be carried on using the
crumb rubber of smaller size and with irregular
shapes.
Reference:
 Meles, D., & Bayat, A. (2012) “Compression
Behavior of Large Size Tire Derived Aggregate
for Embankment Application.” Accepted.
ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering.
 Nuha S. Mashaan, Asim Hassan Ali,
Mohamed RehanKarim and MahrezAbdelaziz.
“Effect of blending time and crumb rubber
content on compacting-properties of crumb
rubber modified asphalt binder” international
journal of the physical sciences doi: vol. 6(9),
pp. 2189-2193, 4 may, 2011.
 Prof Prithvi Singh Khandal “Quality control
requirements for using crumb rubber modified
bitumen (crmb) in bituminous mixtures”.
Indian roads congress, indian highways, 31aug
2006.
 IRC: SP: 53, ‘Tentative Guidelines on use of
polymer and Rubber modified Bitumen in Road
construction’, Indian Road congress (IRC),
2002.
 F.A.Aisen, F.K.Hymore and R.O.Ebewele.
“Application of ground tyre rubbers in asphalt
concrete pavements” Indian journal of
engineering and materials sciences doi: vol 13,
august 2006, pg 333-338.