1. The word scam and corruption have become synonymous with the campaign that Anna Hazare, along with his
supporters, has undertaken.
These two words are, almost entirely, responsible for the political and social state that our country is in today. The
entire nation suffered economically and faced humiliation because of the greed of a few individuals.
Though Anna Hazare, has been able to wake the nation from its slumber to a great extent, the damage that has
already been done by these scams cannot be erased.
Here is MensXP’s pick of India’s Top 10 corruption scams.
1. Indian Black Money Scam
Cost: Rs. 7,280,000 Crores
Face of the Scam: Hassan Ali Khan
This scam can be said to be the almost immediate cause of the anti-corruption movement being faced by the country.
The revelation about the huge sums of money being stashed away in Swiss banks served as an impetus to rally
against the government that had been ignoring it. The magnanimity of the situation came into focus when Indian
businessman was arrested on money laundering charges which was to the tune of Rs. 39,120 crores.
2. CWG Scam

2. Cost: Rs. 70,000 crores
Face of the Scam: Suresh Kalmadi
The Commonwealth Games held in India was an even that was soaked in controversies and corruption to say the
least. While the organizing committee drew flak for various allegations like child labour, sex slavery, environmental
impact, racism and financial costs, the one that shocked the nation was the humungous amount of funds that had
been mishandled by them. The chairman of the organizing committee was, resultantly, arrested on charges of
'criminal conspiracy and cheating.'
3. 2G Spectrum Scam

3. Cost: Rs 176,000 crore
Face of the Scam: A. Raja & M. K. Kanimozhi
The 2G scam is one of the latest scams that have hit our country driving it to incur huge losses. And caught at the
centre of the embarrassing controversy was the Telecom Minister, A. Raja himself. The scam became bigger with
new revelations of the involvement of politicians, bureaucrats, corporate personalities, media persons and lobbyists.
The granting of licenses to various companies led to a massive loss to the exchequer. Also, daughter of political
heavyweight, M. Karunanidhi, M. Kanimozhi was also arrested on charges of being a co-conspirator in the scandal.
4. Scorpene Submarine Scam

4. Cost: Rs 18,978 crores
Face of the Scam: Ravi Shankaran
The Scorpene submarines scam was one of the biggest corruption scandals faced by the country and including the
navy. In the scandal, secret Navy documents were sold to the makers of the Scorpene submarine. The Indian
government had approved the 19,000 crore submarine deal with the French company. The purchase of six Scorpene
submarines cost the Indian government a lot more than its actual price.
5. Stamp Paper Scam

5. Cost: Rs 20,000 crores
Face of the Scam: Abdul Karim Telgi
The Stamp Paper scam was perhaps the most innovative scam in the list. Abdul Karim Telgi, a former fruits and
vegetables seller, duped the nation of crores of rupees by printing fake stamp papers. He began his counterfeit career
by making fake passports after which he started selling fake stamp papers to banks, insurance companies, share
broking firms and bulk purchases. What was surprising, was the involvement of many police officers and other
government employees. In fact, one police officer was said to have assets worth Rs. 100 crores despite earning only
Rs. 9000 a month.
6. Bofors Scam
Cost: Rs. 400 million
Face of the Scam: Ottavio Quattrocchi
The Bofors scandal that hit the country was a major corruption scandal which changed the fate of the, then ruling,
Congress party. Top politicians like Rajiv Gandhi and S.K. Bhatnagar and high profile names like Win Chadha and
the Hinduja family were accused of "receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB for winning a bid to supply India's 155 mm
field howitzer." The scale of the corruption was such that it immediately led to the defeat of the government headed
by Rajiv Gandhi. Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi, was the prime accused in the scandal and was chased by
the CBI for years.
7. Mining Scam

6. Cost: Rs. 300,000 crores
Face of the Scam: Naveen Patnaik government
This scam was plundering at its best with the Naveen Patnaik led government exploiting the state's minerals to the
tune of lakhs of crores of rupees. Apparently, the mine owners had been illegally using fake Transit Passes to
transport minerals from Orissa to other states. The plundering was a large scale one and involved many high profile
people from the government and bureaucracy.
8. Fodder Scam

7. Cost: Rs. 950 crores
Face of the Scam: Lalu Prasad Yadav
Bihar's most famous scam was the one involving fodder and ex- Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav. The officials of
the Bihar state government embezzled funds worth Rs. 950 crores by fabricating vast herds of fictitious livestock for
which fodder, medicines and animal husbandry equipment were acquired. Soon, Lalu resigned from the post
following immense pressure from all quarters owing to his close involvement in the case.
9. Hawala Scam
Cost: US$ 18 billion
Face of the Scam: L.K Advani/ Late Narasimha Rao
Hawala scam was probably the first scam that gave the public an idea of the the loot of national treasure that was
being implemented by the top politicians. The scam revolved around the payments that the politicians received from
hawala brokers, who basically fund terrorism around the globe. Many prominent politicians like LK Advani, Arjun
Singh, Yashwant Sinha, Kalpnath Roy, VC Shukla, Madhavrao Scindia, Sharad Yadav, Buta Singh, Natwar Singh
and Madan Lal Khurana were indicted in this case, but no action was taken against them due to lack of hardcore
evidence.
10. Satyam Scam

8. Cost: Rs. 14,000 crores
Face of the Scam: B. Ramalinga Raju
The Satyam Scam was the biggest corporate scam that the country ever saw. The founder of the Satyam Group,
Raju, resigned after he admitted to fudging the account books for years and falsely inflating the profit figures and
revenues of Satyam for years. The credibility of the company fell hugely, owing to the scam and it was finally taken
over by the Mahindra Group. (MensXP.com)

9. Harshad Shantila Mehta (Hindi: ) was an Indian stockbroker. He is alleged to
have engineered the rise in the BSE stock exchange in 1992. Exploiting several loopholes in the
banking system, Mehta and his associates siphoned off funds from inter-bank transactions and
bought shares heavily at a premium across many segments, triggering a rise in the Sensex. When
the scheme was exposed, banks started demanding their money back, causing the collapse. He
was later charged with 72 criminal offenses, and more than 600 civil action suits were filed
against him. Mehta died in 2002 with many litigations still pending against him
Contents
1 Early life
2 Stock Market Scam
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
[edit] Early life
Harshad Shantilal Mehta was born on 29 July 1954 in a Gujarati Jain family of modest means.
His early childhood was spent in Mumbai (Kandivali), where his father was a small-time
businessman. Later, the family moved to Raipur in Chattisgarh after doctors advised his father
to move to a drier place on account of his health. Mehta studied in Holy Cross Higher Secondary
School, Byron Bazar, Raipur.
[edit] Stock Market Scam
Mehta gradually rose to become a stock broker on the Bombay Stock Exchange and had an
expensive lifestyle. He lived in a 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) apartment, which had a
swimming pool as well as a golf patch. By 1990, Mehta had risen to prominence in the stock
market. He was buying shares heavily. The shares which attracted attention were those of
Associated Cement Company (ACC). The price of ACC was bid up to Rs 10,000. When asked,
Mehta used the replacement cost theory as an explanation. .
Through the second half of 1991 Mehta had earned the sobriquet of the „Big Bull‟, because he
was said to have started the bull run. On April 23, 1992, journalist Sucheta Dalal exposed
Mehta's illegal methods in a column in The Times of India. Mehta was dipping illegally into
the banking system to finance his buying. The authors explain: “The crucial mechanism through
which the scam was effected was the ready forward (RF) deal. The RF is in essence a secured
short-term (typically 15-day) loan from one bank to another. Crudely put, the bank lends against
government securities just as a pawnbroker lends against jeweller. The borrowing bank actually
sells the securities to the lending bank and buys them back at the end of the period of the loan,
typically at a slightly higher price.” It was this ready forward deal that Mehta and his
accomplices used with great success to channel money from the banking system.

10. A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a broker in lieu of a
commission. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that wasn‟t the case
in the lead-up to the scam. “In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were
made through the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed
them to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to
the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know whom they
had traded with, either being known only to the broker.” This the brokers could manage
primarily because by now they had become market makers and had started trading on their
account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions
on behalf of a bank.
Another instrument used was the bank receipt (BR). In a ready forward deal, securities were not
moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e., the seller of securities, gave the
buyer of the securities a BR. As the authors write, a BR “confirms the sale of securities. It acts as
a receipt for the money received by the selling bank. Hence the name - bank receipt. It promises
to deliver the securities to the buyer. It also states that in the mean time, the seller holds the
securities in trust of the buyer.”
Having figured out his scheme, Mehta needed banks which issued fake BRs, or BRs not backed
by any government securities. “Two small and little known banks - the Bank of Karad (BOK)
and the Metropolitan Co-operative Bank (MCB) - came in handy for this purpose. These banks
were willing to issue BRs as and when required, for a fee,” the authors point out. Once these fake
BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta,
assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case.
This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to
return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the
bank was returned.
The game went on as long as the stock prices kept going up, and no one had a clue about
Mehta‟s modus operandi. Once the scam was exposed, though, a lot of banks were left holding
BRs which did not have any value - the banking system had been swindled of a whopping Rs
4,000 crore. When the scam was revealed, the Chairman of the Vijaya Bank committed suicide
by jumping from the office roof. He knew that he would be accused if people came to know
about his involvement in issuing cheques to Mehta.
Mehta made a brief comeback as a stock market guru, giving tips on his own website as well as a
weekly newspaper column. This time around, he was working with owners of a few companies
and recommended only the shares of those companies. This game, too, did not last long.[1]
By the time he died, Mehta had been convicted in only one of the many cases filed against him.
The Mehta scandal was portrayed in a recent Hindi movie, 'Gafla.'[2]
Here's an article by Sucheta Dalal after Harshad's death:

11. Perhaps the best example of a historically unethical advertising mistake was the presentation of
the threat of complete nuclear obliteration, coupled with a little girl innocently plucking a daisy.
In 1964, Lyndon Johnson‟s advertising team commissioned the nuclear advertisement. It was
so controversial that it was shown only once, but has remained burned into the collective
memory of historians, ordinary citizens, and anyone else with a passing interest in advertising.
Was the controversy worth it? While Johnson was re-elected, that ad launched a conversation in
the marketing and advertising communities that continues to this day; namely, what are the
ethics of advertising? Cigarette advertising in the 1960‟s completely ignored the harmful health
realities of their products, instead trumpeting „flavor‟ and „personality‟ and other attributes. The
result: millions of deaths that could have been easily prevented.
Perhaps the most insidious form of unethical advertising is that which targets children.
Companies which sell sugar-based products have frequently conflated joy with the consumption
of their products, when in fact unrestrained consumption results in serious health problems such
as diabetes, tooth decay, and obesity. While parents are ultimately responsible for what their
children consume, it is difficult to combat the pervasive culture of unethical advertising that
blankets most forms of childhood entertainment.

12. Lying or willfully ignoring truth in advertising is a strategy that ultimately amplifies harm to the
end user, and creates a culture of one-upmanship within the advertising community that leads to
wildly inaccurate depictions of products and services. While some companies may experience a
temporary sales „bump‟ by utilizing this strategy, in the long run this form of unethical behavior
breeds a kind of automatic skepticism and distrust in the consumer. Cynical advertising
executives have been known to say that “consumers are like cockroaches: you spray them and
spray them, and eventually it doesn‟t affect them.” This attitude demonstrates why advertising
must enforce a baseline ethical standard.
Creating ethical ads that accurately convey the benefits of a product without omitting important
details has become the responsibility of every advertising agency. Agencies that wish not only to
meet the needs of their clients, but to continue to engage meaningfully with the public, must
work to rebuild trust with consumers. Truth in advertising, combined with a set of enforceable
and fair guidelines, will ultimately boost sales and the quality of advertisements. Instead of
earning recognition for wildly unethical work, advertisers should design each campaign for
inclusion in a future museum retrospective.
Coca-Cola is banned from students' union over 'unethical practices'
Sussex University has become the first campus in the country to ban all Coca-Cola products
from its students' union in protest at the company's allegedly unethical practices. Other campuses
are expected to follow suit, amid calls for a nationwide student boycott of the soft drinks giant.
The decision to withdraw Coca-Cola from the university comes at a time when its products have
already been banned in schools, as concerns rise about rates of obesity among children.
Universities in the US have also banned Coca-Cola and a quarter of states in India have outlawed
products following concerns that they contain 27 times the permitted levels of pesticides.
Campaigners also claim that bottling plants in India have depleted local water tables and
deprived farmers of their livelihoods. In Colombia and other South American states, the
company has been accused of ignoring anti-union abuses at its factories.
Dan Glass, the president of Sussex University's students' union, said: "We had objections to
Coca-Cola on the grounds of health but the really big things were the anti-union practices in
Colombia and the environmental damage they have done in India ... Our ultimate goal is to make
Coca-Cola accountable for the crimes it has committed, but by banning all its products from the
campus, we can hit them where it hurts them most - in the wallet."
Coca-Cola products will be withdrawn from all the campus bars from next week and replaced
with organic colas, as well as the Virgin soft drinks range.
Other universities, including Middlesex, Leeds, Portsmouth and theUniversity of East Anglia,
are planning to remove products from their campuses.

13. The National Union of Students is investigating the allegations surrounding the company
following an emergency resolution at its annual conference in June.
Students' unions belong to a purchasing consortium called NUS Services Limited (NUSSL),
which supplies food, drinks and other goods to campuses at low prices. But the NUSSL contracts
limit the choice of products the unions can buy and the Sussex students found it hard to get the
consortium to agree to the withdrawal of Coca-Cola. NUSSL has four multimillion-pound
contracts with Coca-Cola.
UK Students Against Coca-Cola, a pressure group, hopes the investigation will lead to the
NUSSL terminating all its contracts with Coca-Cola.
Mary Rayner of Ethical Consumer magazine said: "People have so much more information now
about what companies like Coca-Cola are doing around the world and increasingly they are
realising that they do have an alternative." Coca-Cola comes bottom of the magazine's
"ethiscore" table that rates soft drinks on ethical principles, with a score of three out of 20. She
added: "It has been very slow to address the ethical concerns, partly because it is so big that it
may think it just doesn't need to do anything."
Despite plummeting sales in the fizzy drinks market as a whole, Coca-Cola's worldwide profits
rose by 8 per cent in the first half of this year. And sales in the UK rose by "single digits" after a
drastic fall over the last few years.
Just Zatak Her?
July 17, 2010 — meetawsengupta
There is a fine line between glamorous, sexy and vulgar. And then there is language, which may have
unintended consequences. As always, these are matters of perception and opinion, but I must admit
to being a bit disturbed by the trend of the advertisement series for this deodorant called Zatak. Its
sexual innuendoes may cross over into the vulgar and that is unpleasant enough, but it is the tag line
of this series that causes concern: the tagline being – ‗Just Zatak Her‘.
Objectifying women or stereotyping them is not new in advertising. This has been the object of debate
ever since advertising began, which is why advertising standards were created for each nation. Some
nations manage to implement them much more effectively than others. India has the Advertising
Standards Council of India that has given its judgment on one of the Zatak series of ads as recently as
March 2010 saying, ‗Visual is not likely to cause grave or widespread offence.‘ The complaint was
specifically about the Zatak ad where a woman emerges from a swimming pool in a bikini with the
voiceover in the background saying ‗very very sexy‘. The complainant had objected to cheap dialogue
and claimed that the ad is obscene.

14. While the ad is certainly in poor taste, this particular one is borderline when it comes to obscenity.
The fact that a woman is in a bikini is certainly not objectionable – she has a right to wear whatever
she wants. What troubles me is the voyeuristic eye, via the camera that raises the tempo of the ad to
the theme – ‗very very sexy‘. A random search online revealed comments and discussions that were
lewd which was reflective of the general response to the advertisement in question. Others, including
on twitter were aghast:
1. Twitter / Sandeep Pathak: Was it ―Just Zatak Her‖ th …
Was it ―Just Zatak Her‖ the guy sure looks more like he might ―Just Attack Her‖, the woman sure
does.
twitter.com/patondaback/status/14111840391 – Cached
1. Twitter / Shakthi: I find the Zatak ad showin …
8 May 2010 … I find the Zatak ad showing a bride throwing her ring and clothes off pretty vulgar and
cheap !
twitter.com/v_shakthi/status/13614773773 – Cached
Advertising is the art of influence. Influence enough to move people through the four phases of
effective communication popularized by the simple acronym AIDA – Attention, Interest, Desire, Action.
Effective promotions and advertisements are all about taking potential customers through these four
phases and every junior marketing executive is taught to build these stages into the promotion.
The advertisement in question does exactly that.. literally. One advertisement starts with a beautifully
decked up bride who responds to the smell of the neighbour‘s deodorant which arouses both interest
and desire. Another advertisement in the series starts with a bare chested man at a party where,
seemingly, all the other guests are glamour models. This man carries two axes in his hand, as one
does at parties. Not. (Yes, it is an unsubtle attack on a competitor of the same name.) At the literal
level, it is still a sharp and dangerous weapon that he swings around, ineffectually. Of course, another
person, the suave ‗zataker‘ gets the girls. Subliminally, we are being told that just having the weapon
is not enough, one has to use the (z)ata(c)k. Get it?
The other advertisement, which is the more objectionable one, we have the beautiful bride
performing a not so subtle strip for the voyeuristic boy next door. As the bride () starts to take her

15. Jewellery and wedding finery off, the advertisement then proceeds to exhort the viewer to ‗just zatak
her‘.
What? Did I hear that right? Did the syllables of the first and second words in the tag-line just merge
a little, sort of accidentally? What I heard, the first time I saw the ad, was – ―Just attack her‖. Right. A
nubile bride and glamour girls, and the voice tells me to attack. And, of course, we have just the
weapon to support this Action, which is what we are promoting. Zatak!
When has the word ‗attack‘ ever indicated a positive interaction with the opposite party? Look up the
dictionary meaning of the word attack. It is clearly aggressive, with intent to dominate, conquer and
most often hurt the other party. The Zatak advertisement is a case of very clever advertising, just
this side of the line. While each element in this is (barely) justifiable, it does not make it ethical. When
combined with linguistic tricks, such as, the sibilant second syllable of the ‗just‘ merging with the first
letter of the next word, ‗zatak‘ almost absorbing it in the process, leaving enough ambiguity to be
defensible, and yet – not unintelligible. This is not about sexual innuendo; this is about the
association of sexual innuendo with aggression, potentially seeding intent to cause harm.
Did anyone even think this one through and see how dangerous it could be? As a nation, our record
of safety for women is dismal. There are 18 reported sexual assaults on women every hour. Our
national capital was just reported to be one of the worst places for women to live and work, with three
out of every five women reporting sexual harassment. Centre for Civil Society too found similar
results in their study. An Assocham survey a couple of years ago revealed the same picture: over half
the women felt unsafe, the proportion of working women was significantly higher. Women travelling to
India receive advisories from their governments to be extra careful and dress conservatively. And then
our television channels boom out the exhortation – just zatak her!
Using the concept of sex to sell perfumes is arguably logical. Ad industry professionals in this article
argued that fragrances are associated with attraction and male grooming is an established behavioral
fact. Hardly objectionable. Is it? However, the advertisement seems to have moved beyond mere
attraction to aggressive action with the admonishment to ‗just zatak‘, and more specifically to zatak
‗her‘. In this I fear, we have crossed a line that should never have been crossed.

16. quality circle is a volunteer group composed of workers (or even students), usually under the
leadership of their supervisor (but they can elect a team leader), who are trained to identify,
analyse and solve work-related problems and present their solutions to management in order to
improve the performance of the organization, and motivate and enrich the work of employees.
When matured, true quality circles become self-managing, having gained the confidence of
management.
Quality circles are an alternative to the dehumanising concept of the division of labour, where
workers or individuals are treated like robots. They bring back the concept of craftsmanship,
which when operated on an individual basis is uneconomic, but when used in group form (as is
the case with quality circles), it can be devastatingly powerful and enables the enrichment of the
lives of the workers or students and creates harmony and high performance in the workplace.
Typical topics are improving occupational safety and health, improving product design, and
improvement in the workplace and manufacturing processes.
quality circle is a volunteer group composed of workers (or even students), usually under the
leadership of their supervisor (but they can elect a team leader), who are trained to identify,
analyze and solve work-related problems and present their solutions to management in order to
improve the performance of the organization, and motivate and enrich the work of employees.
When matured, true quality circles become self-managing, having gained the confidence of
management.

17. Quality circles are an alternative to the dehumanizing concept of the division of labor, where
workers or individuals are treated like robots. They bring back the concept of craftsmanship,
which when operated on an individual basis is uneconomic but when used in group form can be
devastatingly powerful. Quality circles enable the enrichment of the lives of the workers or
students and creates harmony and high performance. Typical topics are improving occupational
safety and health, improving product design, and improvement in the workplace and
manufacturing processes.
The term quality circles derives from the concept of PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) circles
developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming.
Quality circles are not normally paid a share of the cost benefit of any improvements but usually
a proportion of the savings made is spent on improvements to the work environment.[citation needed]
They are formal groups. They meet at least once a week on company time and are trained by
competent persons (usually designated as facilitators) who may be personnel and industrial
relations specialists trained in human factors and the basic skills of problem identification,
information gathering and analysis, basic statistics, and solution generation.[1] Quality circles are
generally free to select any topic they wish (other than those related to salary and terms and
conditions of work, as there are other channels through which these issues are usually
considered).[2][3]
Quality circles have the advantage of continuity; the circle remains intact from project to project.
(For a comparison to Quality Improvement Teams, see Juran's Quality by Design.[4]
Contents
1 History
2 Student quality circles
3 See also
4 References
[edit] History
Quality circles were first established in Japan in 1962; Kaoru Ishikawa has been credited with
their creation. The movement in Japan was coordinated by the Japanese Union of Scientists and
Engineers (JUSE). The first circles were established at the Nippon Wireless and Telegraph
Company but then spread to more than 35 other companies in the first year.[5] By 1978 it was
claimed that there were more than one million quality circles involving some 10 million Japanese
workers.[citation needed] They are now in most East Asian countries; it was recently claimed that
there were more than 20 million quality circles in China.[citation needed]
Quality circles have been implemented even in educational sectors in India, and QCFI (Quality
Circle Forum of India) is promoting such activities. However this was not successful in the

18. United States, as it (was not properly understood and) turned out to be a fault-finding exercise
although some circles do still exist. ref Don Dewar who together with Wayne Ryker and Jeff
Beardsley first established them in 1972 at the Lockheed Space Missile Factory in California.
There are different quality circle tools, namely:
The Ishikawa or fishbone diagram - which shows hierarchies of causes contributing to a problem
The Pareto Chart - which analyses different causes by frequency to illustrate the vital cause,
Process Mapping, Data gathering tools such as Check Sheets and graphical tools such as histograms,
frequency diagrams, spot charts and pie charts
[edit] Student quality circles
Student quality circles work on the original philosophy of Total Quality Management[6]. The
idea of SQCs was presented by City Montessori School (CMS) Lucknow India at a conference
in Hong Kong in October 1994. It was developed and mentored by duo engineers of Indian
Railways PC Bihari and Swami Das in association with Principal Dr. Kamran of CMS Lucknow
India. They were inspired and facilitated by Jagdish Gandhi, the founder of CMS after his visit to
Japan where he learned about Kaizen. The world's first SQC was made in CMS Lucknow with
then 13-year- old student, Ms. Sucheta Bihari as its leader. CMS conducts international
conventions on student quality circles which it has repeated every 2 years to the present day.
After seeing its utility, the visionary educationalists from many countries started these circles.
The World Council for Total Quality & Excellence in Education was established in 1999 with its
Corporate Office in Lucknow and head office at Singapore. It monitors and facilitates student
quality circle activities to its member countries which are more than a dozen. SQCs are
considered to be a co-curricular activity. The have been established in India, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Mauritius, Iran, UK (Kingston University), and USA. In
Nepal, Prof. Dinesh P. Chapagain has been promoting this innovative approach through QUEST-
Nepal since 1999. He has written a book entitled "A Guide Book on Students' Quality Circle: An
Approach to prepare Total Quality People", which is considered a standard guide to promote
SQCs in academia for students' personality development.[