The document summarizes the development of industrial sociology through both indirect and direct means. Indirect development included the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution, which led to new ways of logical thinking about society. Direct development included the seminal Hawthorne Experiments conducted in the 1920s-1930s at Western Electric, which studied the impact of variables like lighting, incentives, and breaks on worker productivity and satisfaction. The experiments demonstrated that productivity is influenced by psychological and social factors within work groups. In summary, industrial sociology emerged from revolutionary eras that encouraged social analysis, and was further developed through groundbreaking industrial studies of the human element in organizations.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL SOCIOLOGY

2. Development of Industrial Sociology
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
1) The Enlightenment 1) Hawthorne Experiments
2) French Revolution
3) Industrial Revolution

3. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
 Sociology is sometimes called as the child of the ‘ age of revolutions’
These revolutions are:
 The enlightenment or Scientific Revolution
 The French Revolution
 Industrial Revolution

4. The Enlightenment or the Scientific Revolution

5. THIS LOGICAL THINKING WAS HELPFUL FOR
THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.
 New way of Thinking about the world
,known as ‘The Enlightenment’.
 Enlightenment generates logical
thinking in people and the start
thinking about their society.
 Only person who could think and
reason could be considered as fully
human.
 It displaces nature, religion and the
divine act of GOD from the central
position of thinking.

6. Enlightenment increases the no of people
who can give their ideas without any
Fear , about society and religion.
Eg Copernicus:
mathematician and astronomer who formulated
a model of the universe that placed the Sun
rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.

7. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789)

8. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION GAVE THE QUOTATION ---
LIBERTY , EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY.
 Main power was in the hand of
monarchy.
 People revolt against the system .
 Only one way Do or Die.
 First it took place in France and then
Spread to the other part of the world.

11. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1760----BETWEEN 1820 AND
1840

12.  Machines were invented which replaced human labor
 New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam,
electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
 Some historians place advances in atomic, solar, and wind energy at the later
stages of the Industrial Revolution
 Increased use of metals and minerals
 Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
 Transportation improved
 Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
 Trains
 Automobiles
 Communication improved
 Telegraph
 Telephone
 Radio

13.  Mass production of goods
 Increased numbers of goods
 Increased diversity of goods produced
 Development of factory system of production
 Rural-to-urban migration
 People left farms to work in cities
 Development of capitalism
 Financial capital for continued industrial growth
 Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
 Working class, bourgeoisie (middle class) , and wealthy
industrial class
 Commitment to research and development
 Investments in new technologies
 Industrial and governmental interest in promoting invention,
the sciences, and overall industrial growth

14. IMPACT of Industrial Revolution :
1) Factory system : Cottage (home ) system of production was replaced by the factory system.
2) Large Scale production: Mass production of goods became possible with the help of machines.
3) Change in the form of ownership: From a single owner to partnership firm which expanded into a joint stock
company.
4) Specialization : Industrialization leads to the need for specialization in various fields. A need for managers was also
felt to manage purchasing , production , marketing etc.

15. DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Hawthorne Experiments
Conducted between 1924-1932
Conducted at WESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY, Chicago, USA
Conducted by,
 Elton Mayo
White Head
Roethlisberger
The Hawthorne studies were conducted in order to find out the role
of human resource in increasing the production of an organization.
The Hawthorne studies included the following experiments..
Illumination Experiment
Relay Assembly Test Experiments
Relay Assembly Room #2
Mica Splitting Test Group
Plant Interview Group
Bank Wiring Observation Group

16.  Illumination Studies
 Measured Light Intensity vs. Worker
Output
 Result :
 Higher worker productivity and
satisfaction at all light levels
 Worker productivity was stopped with
the light levels reached moonlight
intensity.
 Conclusions:
 Light intensity has no conclusive effect
on output
 Productivity has a psychological
component
 Relay Assembly Test Experiments
• 1927-1929
• Experiments were conducted by Elton Mayo
• Manipulated factors of production to measure effect on
output:
– Pay Incentives (Each Girls pay was based on the other 5 in
the group)
– Length of Work Day & Work Week (5pm, 4:30 pm, 4pm)
– Use of Rest Periods (Two 5 minutes break)
– Company Sponsored Meals (Morning Coffee & soup along
with sandwich)
• Results:
– Higher output and greater employee satisfaction
• Conclusions:
– Positive effects even with negative influences – workers’
output will increase as a response to attention
– Strong social bonds were created within the test group.
Workers are influenced by need for recognition, security and
sense of belonging

17. Mass Interview Program
 Conducted 20,000 interviews.
 Objective was to explore
which could be used to improve
supervisory training.
 Initially used the method of Direct
Questioning and changed to Non
Directive.
 Results
- Giving an opportunity to talk and
express grievances would increase
the morale.