โรงเรียนเทพศิรินทร์ร่มเกล้า

2. 65%
18%
10%
5% 1% 1%
ÃŒÍÂÅТͧÊÒõ‹Ò§ æ ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
¹éíÒ â»ÃµÕ¹ ÅÔ¾Ô´
¤ÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµ ÊÒÃ͹Թ·ÃՏÍ×è¹ æ ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏÍ×è¹ æ

3. Substance
• Inorganic substance --> mineral, H2O, O2
• Organic substance --> starch, glycogen, cellulose
sugar, vitamin, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid

5. ¾Ñ¹¸Ðà¤ÁÕ (Chemical Bonds)
ÍеÍÁÊÒÁÒöÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹¡ÅÒÂ໚¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ´ŒÇ¾ѹ¸Ð·Ò§
à¤ÁÕ â´Âã¹ÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµÁվѹ¸Ð·ÕèÊíÒ¤ÑÞ䴌ᡋ
1. Covalent bond ໚¹¾Ñ¹¸Ð·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ㪌
electron ËÇÁ¡Ñ¹µÑé§áµ‹ 2 ÍеÍÁ ઋ¹ H2 , O2 , H2O ,
CH4 ໚¹µŒ¹

7. 1.1 nonpolar covalent ໚¹¡ÒÃ㪌 electron ËÇÁ¡Ñ¹
â´Â electron ÇÔè§ÃͺÍеÍÁ·Ñé§Êͧ෋ҡѹ ઋ¹ H2 , O2 áÅÐ CH4
1.2 polar covalent ໚¹¡ÒÃ㪌ÍÔàÅ硵Ã͹ËÇÁ¡Ñ¹ â´ÂÍеÍÁ
·ÕèÁÕ EN ÊÙ§ ¨Ð´Ö§ electron ÁÒã¡ÅŒµÑÇÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò ¨Ö§·íÒãËŒÁÕ»ÃÐ¨Ø àª‹¹
H2O
ÍÍ¡«ÔਹÁÕ EN ÊÙ§ÊÒÁÒö´Ö§ electron ࢌÒÁÒǹÃͺµÑÇàͧ䴌
ÁÒ¡¡Ç‹Ò H ¨Ö§·íÒãËŒ O ໚¹Åº H ໚¹ºÇ¡

8. 2. Ionic bond ໚¹¾Ñ¹¸Ð·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§ÍеÍÁ·ÕèÁÕ
»ÃШص‹Ò§¡Ñ¹ ઋ¹ NaCl à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÍеÍÁ¢Í§ Na ãËŒ electron
á¡‹ Cl ¡ÅÒÂ໚¹ Na+ ¢³Ð·Õè Cl ¡ÅÒÂ໚¹ Cl- ¼Å·íÒãËŒ
electron ǧ¹Í¡¢Í§ÍеÍÁ Na áÅÐ Cl ¤Ãº 8 ¡ÅÒÂ໚¹
ÊÒûÃСͺ NaCl

9. 3. Hydrogen bond ໚¹¾Ñ¹¸Ð·ÕèäÁ‹á¢ç§áç à¡Ô´¡Ñº H
·Õ赋ʹŒÇ covalent bond ¡ÑºÍеÍÁ¢Í§¸ÒµØ·Õè´Ö§´Ù´ electron
ä´Œ´Õ ઋ¹ N ËÃ×Í O â´Â electron 㹾ѹ¸Ð¹Ñé¹ ¨Ð´Ö§´Ù´ä»ã¡ÅŒ
N ËÃ×Í O ÁÒ¡¨¹·íÒãËŒ H à¡Ô´à»š¹»ÃÐ¨Ø + ·íÒãËŒÊÒÁÒö´Ö§´Ù´
¡ÑºÍеÍÁÍ×è¹·ÕèÁÕ electron ÁÒ¡ ઋ¹ O ËÃ×Í N

10. 4. Van der Waals interaction ໚¹áç´Ö§´Ù´
ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§âÁàÅ¡ØÅËÃ×ÍÀÒÂã¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅà´ÕÂǡѹ ÁռŷíÒãËŒà¡Ô´
ÃٻËҧ¢Í§âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
5. Hydrophobic interaction áç´Ö§´Ù´ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§
âÁàÅ¡ØÅ·ÕèäÁ‹ªÍº¹éíÒ (hydrophobic)

11. ÊÒÃ͹Թ·ÃՏ
Inorganics

14. • Hydrophilic ---> ªÍº¹éíÒ (ÁÕ¢ÑéÇ)
• Hydrophobic ---> äÁ‹ªÍº¹éíÒ (äÁ‹ÁÕ¢ÑéÇ)

15. ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤Ñޢͧ¹éíÒ
• ʋǹ»ÃСͺ¢Í§à«Åŏ
• ¡ÒÃÅíÒàÅÕ§ÊÒÃ
• µÑÇ¡Åҧ㹡Ò÷íÒ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
• ª‹Ç¤Ǻ¤ØÁÍسËÀÙÁÔ
• ¡ÒâѺ¶‹ÒÂáÅСíҨѴ¢Í§àÊÕÂ

16. Mineral
• á˸ҵØËÃ×Íà¡Å×ÍáË໚¹ÊÒÃÍÒËÒÃÍÕ¡»ÃÐàÀ·Ë¹Ö觷ÕèËҧ¡ÒÂ
µŒÍ§¡ÒÃáÅТҴäÁ‹ä´Œ à¾ÃÒÐá˸ҵغҧª¹Ô´à»š¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§
ÍÇÑÂÇÐáÅСŌÒÁà¹×éͺҧÍ‹ҧ ઋ¹ ¡Ãд١ ¿˜¹ àÅ×Í´ ºÒ§ª¹Ô´
໚¹Ê‹Ç¹¢Í§ÊÒõ‹Ò§ æ ·Õèà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàµÔºâµã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò ઋ¹
ÎÍÏâÁ¹ àÎâÁâ¡ÅºÔ¹ à͹ä«Á ໚¹µŒ¹
• ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õéá˸ҵØÂѧª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒäǺ¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§ÍÇÑÂÇе‹Ò§ æ
¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂãËŒ·íÒ˹ŒÒ·Õ軡µÔ ઋ¹ ¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍ
áÅÐÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ· ¡ÒÃá¢ç§µÑǢͧàÅ×Í´ áÅЪ‹Ç¤Ǻ¤ØÁÊÁ´ØŢͧ
¹éíÒ㹡ÒÃäËÅàÇÕ¹¢Í§¢Í§àËÅÇã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò ໚¹µŒ¹

17. á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ (calcium)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍ
–¹Á
–䢋
–»ÅҡԹ䴌·Ñ駡Ãд١
–¡ØŒ§½ÍÂ
–¼Ñ¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇࢌÁ

18. á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ (calcium)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ·ÕèÊíÒ¤Ñޢͧ¡Ãд١áÅп˜¹
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§ËÑÇ㨠¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍáÅÐÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·
–໚¹¸ÒµØ·ÕèÊíÒ¤ÑÞª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃá¢ç§µÑǢͧàÅ×Í´

19. á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ (calcium)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âä¡Ãд١͋͹áÅп˜¹¼Ø
–àÅ×Í´ÍÍ¡§‹ÒÂáÅÐá¢ç§µÑǪŒÒ

20. ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (phosphorus)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍ ¹Á 䢋
–à¹Â
–»ÅҡԹ䴌·Ñ駡Ãд١
–¡ØŒ§½ÍÂ
–¼Ñ¡µ‹Ò§ æ

21. ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (phosphorus)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ·ÕèÊíÒ¤Ñޢͧ¡Ãд١áÅп˜¹
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧà͹ä«Á·ÕèÁÕâ»ÃµÕ¹áÅФÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµ
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧà«ÅŏÊÁͧáÅлÃÐÊÒ·

22. ¿ÍÊ¿ÍÃÑÊ (phosphorus)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âä¡Ãд١͋͹áÅп˜¹¼Ø
–¡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàµÔºâµªŒÒ

23. â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ (potassium)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍÊѵǏ
–¹Á 䢋
–§Ò ¢ŒÒÇ
Ј荫
–¼Ñ¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇáÅмÅäÁŒºÒ§ª¹Ô´

24. â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ (potassium)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍ â´Â੾ÒСŌÒÁà¹×éÍËÑÇã¨
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·
–ÃÑ¡ÉÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³¹éíÒã¹à«ÅŏãËŒ¤§·Õè

25. â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ (potassium)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–·íÒãËŒ¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂáÅÐËÑÇã¨ÇÒÂ

26. ¡íÒÁжѹ (sulfur)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍÊѵǏ
–¹Á
–䢋

27. ¡íÒÁжѹ (sulfur)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ÊÌҧâ»ÃµÕ¹ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
–ÊÌҧ¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍʋǹµ‹Ò§ æ

28. ¡íÒÁжѹ (sulfur)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–àÅçºà»ÃÒЧ‹Ò áÅмÁËǧ§‹ÒÂ
–âä¼ÔÇ˹ѧÍÑ¡àʺ

29. â«à´ÕÂÁ (sodium)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¡Å×Íᡧ
–ÍÒËÒ÷ÐàÅ
–ÍÒËÒÃËÁÑ¡´Í§
–䢋 ¹Á à¹Âá¢ç§
–¼Ñ¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇ

30. â«à´ÕÂÁ (sodium)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍáÅÐÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·
–ÃÑ¡ÉÒ»ÃÔÁÒ³¹éíÒã¹à«ÅŏãËŒ¤§·Õè
–ÃÑ¡ÉÒ¤ÇÒÁ໚¹¡Ã´-´‹Ò§¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂãËŒÍÂÙ‹ã¹ÊÀÒ¾ÊÁ´ØÅ

31. â«à´ÕÂÁ (sodium)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âä»ÃÐÊÒ·àÊ×èÍÁ
–¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂ

32. àËÅç¡ (iron)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍÊѵǏ
–µÑº
–à¤Ã×èͧã¹ÊѵǏ
–䢋ᴧ
–¼Ñ¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇ

33. àËÅç¡ (iron)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§àÎâÁâ¡ÅºÔ¹ã¹àÁç´àÅ×Í´á´§
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§à͹ä«Á·Õè·íÒ˹ŒÒ·Õè㹡ÒÃËÒÂã¨

34. àËÅç¡ (iron)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âäâÅËÔµ¨Ò§
–àÅçºà»ÃÒÐËÑ¡§‹Ò àÊŒ¹¼ÁËÅشËǧ§‹ÒÂ
–͋͹à¾ÅÕ «ÖÁ

35. áÁ§¡Ò¹ÕÊ (manganese)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¡Ãд١
–µÑº
–¸Ñ޾ת

36. áÁ§¡Ò¹ÕÊ (manganese)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–¡Ãе،¹¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§à͹ä«Á

37. áÁ§¡Ò¹ÕÊ (manganese)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–·íÒãˌ໚¹ÍÑÁ¾Òµä´Œ
–ÍÒ¡Òêѡã¹à´ç¡
–àÇÕ¹ÈÕÃÉÐáÅÐäÁ‹ÊÒÁÒö䴌ÂÔ¹

38. ·Í§á´§ (copper)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¤Ã×èͧã¹ÊѵǏ
–ä¡‹
–Ë͹ҧÃÁ
–¾×ª¼Ñ¡áÅмÅäÁŒ

39. ·Í§á´§ (copper)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡Òôٴ«ÖÁ¸ÒµØàËÅç¡
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧàÎâÁ⡺ÔÅã¹àÁç´àÅ×Í´á´§
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§à͹ä«ÁºÒ§ª¹Ô´

40. ·Í§á´§ (copper)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–ÁÑ¡¾ºã¹·Òá·Õè¤ÅÍ´¡‹Í¹¡íÒ˹´ áÅÐÁÕ¹éíÒ˹ѡáá¤ÅÍ´
¹ŒÍÂ¡Ç‹Ò 1,500 ¡ÃÑÁ¨Ðà¡Ô´ÀÒÇÐâÅËÔµ¨Ò§ ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂ
ËÒÂ㨼Դ»¡µÔ

41. äÍâÍ´Õ¹ (iodine)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–ÍÒËÒ÷ÐàÅ
–à¡Å×ÍÊÁØ·Ã
–à¡Å×Í͹ÒÁÑÂ

42. äÍâÍ´Õ¹ (iodine)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§ÎÍÏâÁ¹ä·ÃÍ¡«Ô¹·ÕèÍÂÙ‹ã¹µ‹ÍÁ
ä·ÃÍ´»‡Í§¡Ñ¹âä¤Í¾Í¡

43. äÍâÍ´Õ¹ (iodine)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âä¤Í¾Í¡
–Ëҧ¡ÒÂá¤ÃÐá¡Ãç¹

44. âä¤Í¾Í¡ (simple goiter)
• ¢Ò´¸ÒµØäÍâÍ´Õ¹·Õè㪌ÊÌҧÎÍÏâÁ¹ä·ÃÍ¡«Ô¹¢Í§µ‹ÍÁ
ä·ÃÍ´ ·íÒãËŒµ‹ÍÁ¹Õé·íҧҹ˹ѡ µ‹ÍÁ¨Ö§ÁÕ¢¹Ò´âµ¢Öé¹
• »˜¨¨ØºÑ¹ÁÕ¡ÒÃó礏ãËŒ»ÃЪҪ¹ºÃÔâÀ¤ÍÒËÒ÷ÕèàµÔÁäÍâÍ´Õ¹
à¾×èÍ»‡Í§¡Ñ¹âä¤Í¾Í¡ ઋ¹ ¹éíÒ»ÅÒäÍâÍ´Õ¹ 䢋à¤çÁäÍâÍ´Õ¹
à¡Å×ÍäÍâʹչ໚¹µŒ¹

45. ¿ÅÙÍÍäô (fluoride)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¹éíÒ´×èÁ¨Ò¡º‹Í¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔºÒ§áË‹§
–ÍÒËÒ÷ÐàÅ

46. ¿ÅÙÍÍäô (fluoride)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡Òôٴ«ÖÁ¸ÒµØàËÅç¡
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§ÊÒÃà¤Å×ͺ¿˜¹ ·íÒãËŒ¿˜¹
á¢ç§áç »‡Í§¡Ñ¹¿˜¹¼Ø

47. ¿ÅÙÍÍäô (fluoride)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–¿˜¹¼Ø§‹ÒÂ

48. áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (magnesium)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–ÃíÒ¢ŒÒÇ
–¾×ªÊÕà¢ÕÂÇ
–¶ÑèÇ ¹Á §Ò
–ÍÒËÒ÷ÐàÅ

49. áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (magnesium)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍáÅÐÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃÊÌҧâ»ÃµÕ¹

50. áÁ¡¹Õà«ÕÂÁ (magnesium)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§¡Ãд١ áÅÐàÅ×Í´
–à¡Ô´ÍÒ¡ÒüԴ»¡µÔ·Ò§Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·áÅСŌÒÁà¹×éÍ ÍÒ¨à¡Ô´
ÍÒ¡Òêѡ

51. Mineral
• ¡ÒùíÒá˸ҵØä»ãªŒã¹¾×ª
–â«à´ÕÂÁäÍÍ͹ (Na+)
–â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁäÍÍ͹ (K+)
–á¤Åà«ÕÂÁäÍÍ͹ (Ca2+)
–ä¹àµÃ´äÍÍ͹ (NO3
- )
• ¾×ª¨Ð¹íÒࢌÒÊÙ‹ÃÒ¡ä´Œ â´ÂäÍÍ͹àËÅ‹Ò¹Õé·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂÍÂÙ‹ã¹¹éíÒ

52. ¤ÇÒÁÊíÒ¤Ñޢͧá˸ҵØ
• ÃÑ¡ÉÒÊÁ´ØŢͧ¡Ã´-àºÊ
• ໚¹µÑÇà˧»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ
• ʋǹ»ÃСͺ¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
• ¤Çº¤ØÁÊÁ´ØŢͧ¹éíÒ
• ¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§à«Åŏ¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍáÅÐà«Åŏ»ÃÐÊÒ·

53. ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏ
Organics

54. Biological molecule
• à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ C ÃÇÁ¡Ñº H ¡ÅÒÂ໚¹ÊÒûÃСͺäÎâ´Ã¤ÒϺ͹
• functional group ËÁÒ¶֧ ÍеÍÁËÃ×Í¡ÅØ‹Á¢Í§ÍеÍÁ «Öè§
ÁÕ¡ÒÃáÊ´§ÍÍ¡·Õè¨íÒà¾Òе‹ÍâÁàÅ¡ØŢͧÊÒ÷Õè·íÒ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ

57. ¤ÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµ(Carbohydrate)
• ÍѵÃÒʋǹ H : O = 2 : 1
• ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØÅ·ÑèÇä»à»š¹ (CH2O)n â´Â·Õè n ÁÕ¤‹ÒµÑé§áµ‹ 3 ¢Öé¹ä»
ËÃ×Í Cx(H2O)y â´Â·Õè x ÁÕ¤‹ÒµÑé§áµ‹ 3 ¢Öé¹ä»
• ẋ§Í͡໚¹ 3 ¡ÅØ‹Á
monosaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide

58. ¡ÒÃÍ‹Ò¹ª×èÍÁÍâ¹á«ç¡¤Òäô
¨íҹǹÍеÍÁ¤ÒϺ͹ ª×èÍÁÍâ¹á«ç¡¤Òäô
3 triose
4 tetrose
5 pentose-ribose
6 hexose
7 heptose

66. α-D-Glucose β-D-Galactose β-D-Fructose

67. áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
• Glucose ---> ¾ºã¹¢ŒÒÇ ¢ŒÒÇâ¾´ ¼ÅäÁŒ ¹éíÒ¼Öé§ áÅмѡ
• Galactose----> ¾ºã¹¹éíÒ¹ÁáÅмÅÔµÀѳ±¨Ò¡¹Áᵋ¾ºã¹ÃÙ»
¢Í§ lactose áÅж١‹ÍÂÊÅÒÂâ´Âà͹ä«Á lactase 䴌໚¹
galactose
• Fructose ---> ¾ºã¹¹éíÒàª×èÍÁ ¢ŒÒÇâ¾´ ¼ÅäÁŒ ¹éíÒ¼Öé§ ¼Ñ¡µ‹Ò§ æ
áÅÐã¹¹éíÒàÅÕé§ÍÊØ¨Ô ¨Ñ´à»š¹¹éíÒµÒÅ·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÇÒ¹ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´

68. Oligosaccharide
• à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ monosaccharide µÑé§áµ‹ 2-10 âÁàÅ¡ØŨѺµÑǡѹ
´ŒÇ glycosidic bond â´Â Oligosaccharide ·Õè
»ÃСͺ´ŒÇ monosaccharide 2 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ àÃÕ¡NjÒ
disaccharide

71. • Sucrose ໚¹¹éíÒµÒÅ·Õè㪌»ÃСͺÍÒËÒà ¾ºä´Œ·ÑèÇä»ã¹¼ÅäÁŒ
¾×ªµ‹Ò§ æ ઋ¹ ¹éíÒµÒÅ·Õèä´Œ¨Ò¡ÍŒÍ ÁоÌÒÇáÅеÒÅ
• Maltose ¾ºã¹¢ŒÒÇÁÍŵ áÅÐà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒËÍÂệ§ «Öè§à»š¹
Çѵ¶Ø´Ôºã¹¡ÒûÃСͺÍÒËÒà áÅТ¹ÁËÇÒ¹
• Lactose ໚¹¹éíÒµÒÅã¹¹éíÒ¹Á«Öè§à»š¹áËÅ‹§ÍÒËÒÃÊíÒ¤ÑޢͧÊѵǏ
àÅÕé§ÅÙ¡´ŒÇ¹Á ã¹¹éíÒ¹Á¢Í§ÁÒôÒÁÕ lactose ¶Ö§ÃŒÍÂÅÐ 70
äÁ‹¾ºã¹¾×ª

72. Polysaccharide
• à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ monosacharide µÑé§áµ‹ 11 ¨¹¶Ö§ 1,000 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
µ‹Í¡Ñ¹à»š¹ polysaccharide ᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹·Õ誹ԴáÅШíҹǹ
¢Í§ monosacharide ·Õè໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ ºÒ§ª¹Ô´à»š¹ÊÒÂ
â«‹ÂÒǵç ºÒ§ª¹Ô´ÁÕ¡Ô觡ŒÒ¹á¡ÍÍ¡ä»
• µÑÇÍ‹ҧ¢Í§ polysaccharide ·Õè»ÃСͺ´ŒÇ glucose
ÁÒµ‹Í¡Ñ¹ ઋ¹ cellulose ໚¹ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏ·ÕèÁÕÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹âÅ¡
·íÒ˹ŒÒ·Õè໚¹â¤Ã§ÊÌҧËÅÑ¡¢Í§¼¹Ñ§à«Åŏ¾×ª

82. α-1,6 glycosidic linkage
α-1,4 glycosidic linkage

84. ˹ŒÒ·Õè¢Í§¤ÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµ
• ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ÊÐÊÁ ¾×ªà¡çº¾Åѧ§Ò¹¨Ò¡áʧÍҷԵã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§
monosacharide áÅÐ starch
• ÊѵǏà¡çº¾Åѧ§Ò¹·ÕèàËÅ×ͨҡ¡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞ¹éíÒµÒÅã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§
glycogen
• ໚¹â¤Ã§ÊÌҧ¢Í§ÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµ (cellulose, chitin, cell wall)
• ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ¢Í§ nucleic acid, ribose ¢Í§ RNA
áÅÐ deoxyribose ¢Í§ DNA
• ÃÇÁ¡Ñº protein ËÃ×Í lipid ໚¹ glycoprotein ËÃ×Í
glycolipid «Öè§à»š¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺ¢Í§ cell membrane

85. N Cα C
O
O
H
H
H
H
R
Amino Group Carboxylic Acid Group
Hydrogen
Side Chain

90. • Peptide »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ amino acid µ‹Í¡Ñ¹à»š¹ÊÒ àÃÕ¡
µÒÁ¨íҹǹ amino acid ·ÕèÁÒµ‹Í¡Ñ¹´ŒÇ covalence bond
• dipeptide »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ amino acid 2 ˹‹ÇÂ
• tripeptide »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ amino acid 3 ˹‹ÇÂ
• amino acid ¨íҹǹÁÒ¡àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò polypeptide

91. dipeptide bond
Hydrolysis Dehydration
Reaction Reaction
H2O

92. • Amino acid ·ÕèËҧ¡ÒµŒÍ§¡ÒÃáÅÐÊѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ¢Öé¹àͧäÁ‹ä´ŒµŒÍ§
ä´ŒÃѺ¨Ò¡ÍÒËÒà àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò essential amino acid ʋǹ
amino acid ·ÕèËҧ¡ÒÂÊÒÁÒöÊѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ䴌àͧ àÃÕ¡NjÒ
nonessential amino acid ᵋ¶Ö§Í‹ҧäÃËҧ¡Ò¢ͧ¤¹àÃÒ
¡çµŒÍ§¡Òà amino acid ·Ñé§Êͧª¹Ô´

94. Essential Conditionally Nonessential Nonessential
Histidine Arginine Alanine
Isoleucine Cysteine Aspartate
Leucine Glutamine Glutamate
Lysine Glycine Selenocysteine
Methionine Proline
PyrrolysinePhenylalanine Serine
Threonine Tyrosine
Tryptophan Asparagine
Valine
Ornithine

95. • ¤×Í ÊÒûÃСͺ·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂä´Œ¹ŒÍÂã¹¹éíÒ áµ‹ÅÐÅÒÂä´Œ´Õã¹
µÑÇ·íÒÅÐÅÒÂã¹ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏ ઋ¹ ether, benzene,
chloroform, ethanol ໚¹µŒ¹
• »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ C, H, O ᵋÁÕÍѵÃÒʋǹ¨íҹǹ H : O
äÁ‹à·‹Ò¡Ñº 2:1 àËÁ×͹ carbohydrate
• ẋ§Í͡໚¹ fat, oil, phospholipid, wax, steroid
Lipid

96. • ãËŒ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ 9kcal/g ᵋ carbohydrate áÅÐ protein
ãËŒ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ 4 kcal/g àÁ×èÍÁÕ¹éíÒ˹ѡ෋ҡѹ
• »‡Í§¡Ñ¹¡ÒÃÊÙÞàÊÕ¹éíÒ à»š¹©¹Ç¹ª‹Ç¤Ǻ¤ØÁÍسËÀÙÁԢͧ
Ëҧ¡Ò áÅл‡Í§¡Ñ¹¡ÒáÃзº¡ÃÐá·¡¢Í§ÍÇÑÂÇÐÀÒÂã¹
• ẋ§µÒÁâ¤Ã§ÊÌҧ䴌໚¹ 3 ª¹Ô´ ¤×Í
–simple lipid
–complex lipid
–derived lipid

97. • simple lipid »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ fatty acid áÅÐ alcohol
䴌ᡋ fat oil wax
• Fat ÁÕʶҹÐ໚¹¢Í§á¢ç§·ÕèÍسËÀÙÁÔˌͧ ʋǹ oil ໚¹
¢Í§àËÅÇ·ÕèÍسËÀÙÁÔˌͧ ÊíÒËÃѺ wax ໚¹ÊÒ÷Õè
»ÃСͺ´ŒÇ fatty acid âÁàÅ¡ØÅãËÞ‹¡Ñº alcohol ÁÑ¡äÁ‹
ÅÐÅÒ¹éíÒ ¾ºµÒÁ¼ÔÇ˹ѧ ãºäÁŒáÅмÅäÁŒºÒ§ª¹Ô´
• âÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ fat áÅÐ oil »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ alcohol ·Õè
àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò glycerol and fatty acid

99. • ÊÒûÃСͺ alcohol ÁÕÊٵ÷ÑèÇä» R-OH
• ÊÙµÃâÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ glycerol ໚¹ C3H5(OH)3 ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ glycerol
¨Ö§à»š¹ÊÒûÃÐàÀ· alcohol
• ¨íҹǹ fatty acid ã¹âÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ fat áÅÐ oil
–˹Öè§âÁàÅ¡ØÅ àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò monoglyceride
–ÊͧâÁàÅ¡ØÅàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò diglyceride
–ÊÒÁâÁàÅ¡ØÅàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò triglyceride «Öè§à»š¹ lipid ·Õ辺
ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ã¹ÊѵǏáÅоת

100. • glycerol ¡Ñº fatty acid 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ ä´Œ H2O 1 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ
• ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ triglyceride ¨Ðä´Œ H2O 3 âÁàÅ¡ØÅ

102. • Fatty acid ẋ§Í͡໚¹ 2 ª¹Ô´ ¤×Í
– saturated fatty acid
– unsaturated fatty acid
• saturated fatty acid ÁÕ¤ÒϺ͹·Ø¡ÍеÍÁ
µ‹Í¡Ñ¹ÍÂÙ‹´ŒÇ single bond
• unsaturated fatty acid ÁÕºÒ§¾Ñ¹¸ÐÃÐËÇ‹Ò§
ÍеÍÁ¢Í§¤ÒϺ͹໚¹ double bond
Vit.C, E, A
บีเอชเอ (BHA : Butylate hydoxyanisole)
หรือบีเอชที ((BHT : Butylate hydoxytoluene)

105. • ËÒ¡ÃѺ»ÃзҹÍÒËÒ÷Õè»ÃСͺ´ŒÇ oil ËÃ×Í saturated
fatty acid ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä» ÁռŷíÒãËŒà¡Ô´ä¢ÁѹÍØ´µÑ¹ã¹ËÅÍ´
àÅ×Í´ áÅÐâäËÑÇ㨢ҴàÅ×Í´
• saturated fatty acid ä´Œ¨Ò¡ä¢ÁѹÊѵǏ ઋ¹ à¹Â ¹éíÒÁѹ¨Ò¡
ÊѵǏ áÅйéíÒÁѹ¾×ªºÒ§ª¹Ô´ ઋ¹ ¹éíÒÁѹÁоÌÒÇ ¹éíÒÁѹ»ÒŏÁ
໚¹µŒ¹
• unsaturated fatty acid ä´Œ¨Ò¡¹éíÒÁѹ¾×ªÊ‹Ç¹ãËÞ‹ ઋ¹ ¹éíÒÁѹ
¢ŒÒÇâ¾´ ¹éíÒÁѹ¶ÑèÇàËÅ×ͧ ¹éíÒÁѹ¨Ò¡àÁÅç´·Ò¹µÐÇѹ ໚¹µŒ¹

108. • Essential fatty acids ; alpha-linolenic acid
(an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid
(an omega-6 fatty acid), arachidonic acid
• conditionally essential ; gamma-linolenic acid
(an omega-6 fatty acid), lauric acid
(a saturated fatty acid), and palmitoleic acid
(a monounsaturated fatty acid)
• Non-Essential fatty ; butyric acid

110. • complex lipid »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ fatty acid áÅÐ alcohol
·ÕèÁÕÊÒûÃСͺÍ×è¹à¨×Í»¹ ઋ¹ phospholipid & glycolipid
• phospholipid ໚¹ä¢Áѹ·ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÌҧ·Ò§à¤ÁդŌÒ¡Ѻ
triglyceride ᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹·ÕèËÁÙ‹¢Í§ fatty acid 1 ËÁÙ‹¨ÐÁÕËÁÙ‹
phosphate ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ
• phospholipid ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺËÅÑ¡¢Í§ cell membrane
• glycolipid ໚¹ lipid ·ÕèÁÕ carbohydrate ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ
¾ºÁÒ¡ã¹ àÂ×èÍËØŒÁà«Åŏ áÅÐà¹×éÍàÂ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁͧ

111. • derived lipid ໚¹ÊÒûÃСͺ·ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÌҧᵡµ‹Ò§¨Ò¡
lipid ·ÑèÇä» ã¹·Õè¹Õé¨Ñ´à»š¹ lipid ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÁÕÊÁºÑµÔ
·Ò§ physics ¤ÅŒÒ lipid Í×è¹ àª‹¹ ÅÐÅÒÂä´Œã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒÂ
ÍÔ¹·ÃՏ µÑÇÍ‹ҧ derived lipid ·ÕèÊíÒ¤ÑÞ àª‹¹
• Steroid ÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÌҧ·ÑèÇä»à»š¹Ç§áËǹ 4 ǧ »ÃСͺ´ŒÇÂ
¨íҹǹÍеÍÁ¢Í§¤ÒϺ͹ 17 ÍеÍÁ áÅÐ ËÁÙ‹ R «Ö觨Ð
ᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹µÒÁᵋª¹Ô´¢Í§ steroid

112. • steroid ·Õ辺·ÑèÇ令×Í cholesterol ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ¢Í§
cell membrane steroid ºÒ§ª¹Ô´à»š¹ sex hormone
ઋ¹ progesterone, testosterone

114. Nucleic acid
• ¨Ñ´à»š¹ biomolecule ·ÕèÁÕ¢¹Ò´ãËÞ‹·íÒ˹ŒÒ·Õèà¡çºáÅÐ
¶‹Ò·ʹ¢ŒÍÁÙÅ·Ò§¾Ñ¹¸Ø¡ÃÃÁ¢Í§ÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµ ¨Ò¡ÃØ‹¹Ë¹Öè§ä»ÂѧÃØ‹¹
µ‹Íä»ãËŒáÊ´§Åѡɳе‹Ò§ æ ¢Í§ÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÂѧ·íÒ
˹ŒÒ·Õè¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàµÔºâµáÅСÃкǹ¡Òõ‹Ò§ æ ¢Í§
ÊÔè§ÁÕªÕÇÔµ ẋ§Í͡໚¹
–DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
–RNA (ribonucleic acid)

115. • âÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ nucleic acid »ÃСͺ´ŒÇÂ˹‹Ç‹ͷÕèàÃÕ¡NjÒ
nucleotide ´Ñ§ÀÒ¾ âÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ nucleotide »ÃСͺ´ŒÇÂ
ʋǹ‹Í 3 ʋǹ 䴌ᡋ phosphate group, pentose,
nitrogenous base ໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺ
• nucleotide ÁÕÍÂÙ‹´ŒÇ¡ѹËÅÒª¹Ô´ ᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹µÒÁ
ʋǹ»ÃСͺ·Õè໚¹ base, sugar

116. A
T
C
G

118. Nucleoside

119. Nucleotide

120. • ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé nucleotide Âѧ໚¹ÊÒÃãËŒ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ ઋ¹ ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) â´Â nucleotide ¨ÐàÃÕ§
µÑÇÍ‹ҧµ‹Í¡Ñ¹à»š¹ÊÒÂÂÒÇ àÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò polynucleotide

122. • âÁàÅ¡ØÅ DNA »ÃСͺ´ŒÇ polynucleotide 2 ÊÒ àÃÕ§
µÑÇÊÅѺ·ÔÈ·Ò§¡Ñ¹áÅÐÁÕʋǹ¢Í§ base àª×èÍÁµ‹Í¡Ñ¹´ŒÇÂ
hydrogen bond ´Ñ§ÀÒ¾âÁàÅ¡ØźԴ໚¹à¡ÅÕÂǤŌÒºѹä´
àÇÕ¹ʋǹ RNA ໚¹ polynucleotide à¾Õ§ÊÒÂà´ÕÂÇ
• DNA áÅÐ RNA ÁÕ sugar ·Õè໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹ ã¹
DNA ໚¹Ê‹Ç¹ deoxyribose sugar ʋǹ㹠RNA ໚¹Ê‹Ç¹
ribose sugar â´Â base ·Õ辺㹠DNA áÅÐ RNA ÁÕºÒ§
ª¹Ô´·ÕèàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ áÅкҧª¹Ô´µ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹

125. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ (Vitamin)
• ÁÒ¨Ò¡¤íÒÇ‹Ò Vita «Öè§ËÁÒ¶֧ ªÕÇÔµ ¡Ñº¤íÒÇ‹Ò Amin «Öè§
ËÁÒ¶֧ ÊÒûÃСͺà¤ÁÕËÃ×ÍÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏ ´Ñ§¹Ñé¹ Vitamin
¨Ö§ËÁÒ¶֧ ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃՏ·ÕèÊíÒ¤ÑÞµ‹ÍªÕÇÔµ
• ÇÔµÒÁԹ໚¹ÊÒÃÍÒËÒ÷ÕèËҧ¡ÒµŒÍ§¡ÒÃã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¹ŒÍ ᵋäÁ‹
ÊÒÁÒö¢Ò´ä´Œ ¶ŒÒ¢Ò´¨Ð·íÒãËŒÃкºµ‹Ò§ æ ¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
¼Ô´»¡µÔ ËÃ×Íà¡Ô´â䵋ҧ æ ä´Œ

126. »ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹
• 1. Fat Soluble Vitamins 䴌ᡋ A D E K
• 2. Water Soluble Vitamins 䴌ᡋ C B

127. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍ (retinol)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¼Ñ¡áÅмÅäÁŒ·ÕèÁÕÊÕàËÅ×ͧ ÊŒÁ á´§ áÅÐà¢ÕÂÇࢌÁ
–µÑº
–à¹Â
–䢋ᴧ
–¹ÁÊ´
–Ë͹ҧÃÁ

128. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍ (retinol)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇºíÒÃاÊÒÂµÒ áÅÐá¡ŒâäµÒÁÑǵ͹¡ÅÒ§¤×¹
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒ¡Ãд١ áÅп˜¹á¢ç§áç
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧ¤ÇÒÁµŒÒ¹·Ò¹ãËŒÃкºËÒÂã¨
–ª‹ÇÂÅ´¡ÒÃÍÑ¡àʺ¢Í§ÊÔÇáÅЪ‹ÇÂź¨Ø´´‹Ò§´íÒ

129. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍ (retinol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–·íÒãËŒÁͧàËç¹ä´ŒÂÒ¡ã¹àÇÅÒ¡ÅÒ§¤×¹
(âäµÒºÍ´µÍ¹¡ÅÒ§¤×¹)
–·íÒãËŒ¼ÔǾÃó¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁªØ‹Áª×é¹
–ÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹µèíÒ

130. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍ (retinol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒÃä´ŒÃѺÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä»
–á·Œ§ÅÙ¡ËÃ×;ԡÒà «Öè§ÍÒ¨·íÒãËŒà´ç¡ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Õè·Ò§à´Ô¹
»˜ÊÊÒÇÐ ¡Ãд١¼Ô´ÃÙ» ËÃ×ÍÁÕµÔ觻ٴÍÍ¡ÁÒ·ÕèºÃÔàdzËÙ
–͋͹à¾ÅÕ ËҡËҧ¡ÒÂä´ŒÃѺÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍà¡Ô¹¤ÃÑé§ÅÐ 15,000 µg
¨ÐÁռŷíÒãËŒÃÙŒÊ֡͋͹à¾ÅÕÂáÅÐÍÒà¨Õ¹䴌

131. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹àÍ (retinol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒÃä´ŒÃѺÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä»
–à¨çº¡Ãд١áÅТŒÍµ‹Í àº×èÍÍÒËÒà à«×èͧ«ÖÁ ¹Í¹äÁ‹ËÅѺ
¡ÃÐǹ¡ÃÐÇÒ ¼ÁËǧ »Ç´ÈÕÃÉÐ ·ŒÍ§¼Ù¡
–ã¹ÊѵǏ¡ÃÐà¾ÒÐà´ÕèÂÇàÁ×èÍä´ŒÃѺà¡Ô¹¤ÇÒÁµŒÍ§¡Òà 4-10
à·‹Ò ¨Ð·íÒãËŒâ¤Ã§¡Ãд١¼Ô´»¡µÔ ã¹ÊѵǏà¤ÕéÂÇàÍ×éͧàÁ×èÍ
ä´ŒÃѺà¡Ô¹ 30 à·‹Ò ¨Ðà¡Ô´ÍÒ¡ÒüԴ»¡µÔ

132. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹´Õ (calciferol)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–䢋
–»ÅÒ
–áʧᴴ
–¹éíÒÁѹµÑº»ÅÒ
–¹Á à¹Â

133. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹´Õ (calciferol)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹Ç´ٴ«ÖÁá¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
–¤Çº¤ØÁ»ÃÔÁÒ³á¤Åà«ÕÂÁã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃÊÌҧ¡Ãд١áÅп˜¹

134. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹´Õ (calciferol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–»Ç´¢ŒÍáÅСÃд١
–»Ç´àÁ×èÍÂ
–¡Ãд١ËÑ¡§‹ÒÂ

135. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ (tocopherol)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¹éíÒÁѹ¨Ò¡¸Ñ޾תáÅжÑèÇ»ÃÐàÀ·à»Å×Í¡á¢ç§

136. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ (tocopherol)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–໚¹µÑÇ antioxidant ¤×Í ·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´¡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞâ´ÂÁÕ
ÍÍ¡«Ôਹ໚¹µÑÇ¡ÒÃÊíÒ¤ÑÞ·íÒãˌËҧ¡ÒÂà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞä´Œ´Õ
–໚¹µÑǪ‹ÇÂ䢡Ãд١㹡ÒÃÊÌҧàÅ×Í´ ª‹Ç¢ÂÒÂàÊŒ¹àÅ×Í´
µŒÒ¹¡ÒÃá¢ç§µÑǢͧàÅ×Í´ Å´¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒèѺµÑÇ໚¹
ÅÔèÁàÅ×Í´ áÅÐÅ´ÍѵÃÒàÊÕ觢ͧâä·Õèà¡ÕèÂǡѺËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´
ÊÁͧáÅÐËÑÇã¨

137. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ (tocopherol)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ºíÒÃاµÑº
–ª‹ÇÂã¹ÃкºÊ׺¾Ñ¹¸Ø à«Åŏ»ÃÐÊÒ· áÅСŌÒÁà¹×éÍãËŒ·íÒ§Ò¹
ä´ŒµÒÁ»¡µÔ
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒ¼ÔǾÃóʴãÊ áÅЪ‹ÇÂÊÁÒ¹á¼Åä¿äËÁŒ
¹éíÒÌ͹ÅÇ¡ãËŒËÒÂàÃçÇ¢Öé¹
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒ»Í´·íÒ§Ò¹´Õ¢Öé¹áÅÐäÁ‹Í‹Í¹à¾ÅÕ§‹ÒÂ

138. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ (tocopherol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âäËÑÇ㨡íÒàÃÔº ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕÁÕ˹ŒÒ·Õè㹡ÒèѺÊÒ÷ÕèࢌÒÁÒ·íÒÅÒÂ
ÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡Ò ¡ÒâҴÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ·íÒãËŒÊÒÃàËÅ‹Ò¹ÕéࢌÒä»
·íÒ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂҡѺä¢Áѹã¹àÅ×Í´·íÒãËŒà¹×éÍàÂ×èÍ
µ‹Ò§ æ àÊ×èÍÁÊÀÒ¾àÃçÇÂÔ觢Öé¹ ¹íÒä»ÊÙ‹ÀÒÇÐËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´á´§á¢ç§
¡‹ÍãËŒà¡Ô´¡ŒÍ¹àÅ×Í´áÅзÕèÊØ´·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´âäËÑÇ㨡íÒàÃԺ䴌

139. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕ (tocopherol)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·ÁÕ»˜ÞËÒ ã¹¡Ã³Õ¢Í§¤¹·ÕèËҧ¡ÒÂÁÕ»˜ÞËÒã¹
¡Òôٴ«ÖÁä¢ÁѹáÅÐã¹à´ç¡·Òá·Õè¤ÅÍ´¡‹Í¹¡íÒ˹´
¡ÒÃä´ŒÃѺÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÍÕµèíÒ¡Ç‹Ò»ÃÔÁÒ³·Õè¡íÒ˹´ÍÒ¨·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´
¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒµ‹ÍÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·áÅÐ໚¹ anemia ä´Œ
à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡à«ÅŏàÁç´àÅ×Í´á´§ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò¶١·íÒÅÒÂ

140. ÇÔµÒÁԹठ(phytonadione)
• Vitamin K I ËÃ×Í phylloquinone໚¹ÃٻẺ·Õ辺㹾ת
áÅÐÊѵǏ
• Vitamin K II ËÃ×Í menaquinone ໚¹ÃٻẺ·Õ辺ã¹
à¹×éÍàÂ×è͵Ѻ áÅÐÂѧÊÒÁÒöÊÌҧ䴌â´ÂẤ·ÕàÃÕ·ÕèÍÒÈÑÂÍÂÙ‹ã¹
Ëҧ¡ÒÂ
• Vitamin K III ËÃ×Í menadione ¹Ñé¹ à»š¹âÁàÅ¡ØÅ·Õè
Êѧà¤ÃÒÐˏ¢Öé¹ «Ö觨ж١à»ÅÕè¹໚¹ menaquinone â´ÂµÑº

141. ÇÔµÒÁԹठ(phytonadione)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–ºÃÍ¡â¤ÅÕ
–¼Ñ¡¡ÐËÅèíÒ
–䢋ᴧ
–¹éíÒÁѹ¶ÑèÇàËÅ×ͧ
–¹éíÒÁѹµÑº»ÅÒ

142. ÇÔµÒÁԹठ(phytonadione)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃá¢ç§µÑǢͧàÅ×Í´
–໚¹Í§¤»ÃСͺÊíÒ¤Ñޢͧ¡Ãд١

143. ÇÔµÒÁԹठ(phytonadione)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–àÅ×Í´äËÅäÁ‹ËÂØ´
–Áռŵ‹ÍÃкº¡Òôٴ«ÖÁã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
ÀÒÇÐÇÔµÒÁÔ¹à¤à»š¹¾ÔÉ (Hypervitaminosis K)
¤×Í ¡ÒÃä´ŒÃѺÇÔµÒÁÔ¹à¤ÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä» ÊÒÁÒö·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´ÀÒÇÐ
àÁç´àÅ×ʹᴧᵡ áÅÐÀÒÇкÔÅÔÃÙºÔ¹ã¹àÅ×Í´µèíÒã¹·Òá䴌

144. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 1 (Thiamin)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¸Ñ޾ת ¢ŒÒÇ«ŒÍÁÁ×Í
–¶Ñèǵ‹Ò§ æ
–§Ò
–¢¹Á»˜§¢ÒÇ

145. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 1 (Thiamin)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà¨ÃÔÞàµÔºâµ¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ· ËÑÇã¨áÅСŌÒÁà¹×éÍ
–ª‹ÇÂà¾ÔèÁ¡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞ carbohydrate

146. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 1 (Thiamin)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à˹×èͧ‹ÒÂ
–àº×èÍÍÒËÒÃ
–»Ç´¡ÅŒÒÁà¹×éÍ
–໚¹µÐ¤ÃÔÇ
–âäà˹纪ҵÒÁÁ×ÍáÅÐà·ŒÒ

147. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 2 (Riboflavin)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–ÂÕʵ
–䢋
–¹ÁÊ´
–à¹Â
–à¹×éÍÊѵǏ
–¼Ñ¡ãºà¢ÕÂÇ

148. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 2 (Riboflavin)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞ lipid
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒޡôÍÐÁÔâ¹ tryptophan
–໚¹Ê‹Ç¹»ÃСͺÊíÒ¤ÑޢͧÊÕ·Õè retina ¢Í§ÅÙ¡µÒ

149. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 2 (Riboflavin)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à˹×èͧ‹ÒÂ
–àº×èÍÍÒËÒÃ
–໚¹á¼Å·ÕèÁØÁ»Ò¡ËÃ×Íâä»Ò¡¹¡¡ÃШ͡

150. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 3 (Niacin)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍËÁÙ à¹×éÍÇÑÇ
–¢¹Á»˜§âÎÅÁÕÅ
–䢋
–à¹Â

151. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 3 (Niacin)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ÃÑ¡ÉÒâääÁà¡Ã¹
–Å´¤ÇÒÁ´Ñ¹âÅËÔµÊÙ§
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞ¤ÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµ
–ÃÑ¡ÉÒâäà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Ò§ÊÁͧ

152. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 3 (Niacin)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ¢Í§Ãкº·Ò§à´Ô¹ÍÒËÒÃ
áÅÐÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·

153. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 5 (pantothenic acid)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¤Ã×èͧã¹ÊѵǏ
–µÑº
–§Ò
–¶ÑèÇÅÔʧ

154. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 5 (pantothenic acid)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧÎÍÏâÁ¹¨Ò¡µ‹ÍÁËÁÇ¡äµ áÅÐÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒºÒ´á¼ÅËÒÂàÃçÇ
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹ä¢Áѹ໚¹¹éíÒµÒÅ
–ª‹ÇÂãˌËҧ¡ÒÂËÒ¨ҡ¡ÒêçÍ¡ËÅѧ¡Òü‹ÒµÑ´ãËÞ‹
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒÍÒ¡ÒÃ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂËÒÂàÃçÇ¢Öé¹

155. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 5 (pantothenic acid)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à˹×èͧ‹Ò ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂ
–àº×èÍÍÒËÒÃ
–¹Í¹äÁ‹ËÅѺ

156. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 (pyridoxine)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–à¹×éÍÊѵǏ
–µÑº
–¡ÅŒÇÂ
–¼Ñ¡µ‹Ò§ æ
–»ÅÒ

157. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 (pyridoxine)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂÊÌҧà«ÅŏàÁç´àÅ×Í´
–ª‹ÇÂÃÑ¡ÉÒÊÀÒ¾¼ÔÇ˹ѧãˌ໚¹»¡µÔ
–ª‹ÇÂËҧ¡ÒÂÊÌҧ¹éíÒ‹ÍÂ㹡ÃÐà¾ÒÍÒËÒÃ
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒÃà¼Ò¼ÅÒÞâ»ÃµÕ¹

158. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 (pyridoxine)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à˹×èͧ‹Ò ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂ
–໚¹âäËÅÍ´àÅ×Í´ÍØ´µÑ¹
–໚¹âäâÅËÔµ¨Ò§

159. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 7 (biotin) or vitamin H
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¶ÑèÇÅÔʧ ÍÑÅÁ͹´
–䢋ᴧ
–µÑº
–àÁÅç´§Ò
–à¹Â

160. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 7 (biotin) or vitamin H
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ㹡ÒËͤÒÏâºäÎà´Ãµãˌ໚¹¡ÅÙâ¤Ê
–ª‹ÇÂãËŒÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ··íÒ§Ò¹»¡µÔ
–ª‹ÇºíÒÃا¼ÔÇ˹ѧ àÊŒ¹¼Á µÒ áÅлҡ

161. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 7 (biotin) or vitamin H
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–à˹×èͧ‹Ò ͋͹à¾ÅÕÂ
–«ÖÁàÈÃŒÒ
–ÁÕ¼×è¹¢Öé¹µÒÁËҧ¡ÒÂ

162. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 9 (Folic acid) or vitamin M
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¼Ñ¡ÊÕà¢ÕÂÇࢌÁ
–¼ÅäÁŒÊ´
–µÑº
–Áѹ½ÃÑè§ ¿˜¡·Í§ á¤ÃÍ· ¶ÑèÇ ÃíÒ¢ŒÒÇ
–䢋ᴧ

163. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 9 (Folic acid) or vitamin M
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹ÇÂ䢡Ãд١㹡ÒÃÊÌҧàÁç´àÅ×Í´á´§
–ÊÌҧÀÙÁÔµŒÒ¹·Ò¹âä ¡Òö‹Ò·ʹÊÒ÷ҧ¾Ñ¹¸Ø¡ÃÃÁ
–¡Ãе،¹¶Ø§¹éíÒ´ÕãËŒ¼ÅÔµ¹éíÒ´Õ
–¤Çº¤ØÁ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹¢Í§ÊÁͧáÅÐÍÒÃÁ³ãˌ໚¹»¡µÔ

164. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 9 (Folic acid) or vitamin M
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–âäâÅËÔµ¨Ò§
–Ëҧ¡Ò¢ҴÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹âä
–ÁÕÍÒ¡Ò÷ŒÍ§Ã‹Ç§ËÃ×Íà¡Ô´ÍÒ¡ÒüԴ»¡µÔã¹ÅíÒäÊŒ
–Ëҧ¡ÒÂàµÔºâµäÁ‹àµçÁ·Õè
–¼Á˧͡àÃçÇ à©×èÍÂªÒ ¢ÕéÅ×Á ͋͹à¾ÅÕ ˧ش˧Դ ¹Í¹äÁ‹ËÅѺ
–ÁÕÍÒ¡Ò÷ҧ»ÃÐÊҷ͋͹ æ ઋ¹ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´ÊѺʹ

165. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ (ascorbic acid)
• áËÅ‹§·Õ辺
–¼ÅäÁŒÊ´ äÁ‹¨íÒ໚¹µŒÍ§à»š¹
¼ÅäÁŒÃÊà»ÃÕéÂÇ µÑÇÍ‹ҧઋ¹
½ÃÑè§ ÊŒÁ ÁйÒÇ ÁТÒÁ»‡ÍÁ
ÁÐà¢×Íà·È
–¼Ñ¡ãºà¢ÕÂǵ‹Ò§ æ ઋ¹
ºÅçͤâ¤ÅÕè ¤Ð¹ŒÒ

166. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ (ascorbic acid)
• »ÃÐ⪹
–ª‹Ç»¡»‡Í§à«Åŏ àÊÃÔÁÊÌҧÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹ ÊØ¢ÀÒ¾áÅФÇÒÁ
á¢ç§áç¢Í§à¹×éÍàÂ×èÍã¹Ã‹Ò§¡Ò·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢ŒÍ§¡Ñº àÊŒ¹àÍç¹ áÅÐ
¤ÍÅÅÒਹ
–໚¹ÊÒà antioxidant ·Õè´Õ ¨Ö§ÊÒÁÒö»‡Í§¡Ñ¹¡Ò÷íÒÅÒÂ
à«Åŏ¨Ò¡Í¹ØÁÙÅÍÔÊÃÐ䴌໚¹Í‹ҧ´Õ

167. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ (ascorbic acid)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–͋͹à¾ÅÕ àº×èÍÍÒËÒà »Ç´µÒÁ¢ŒÍµ‹Í¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ
àÅ×Í´ÍÍ¡µÒÁäÿ˜¹ à¨çº¡Ãд١
–á¼ÅËÒªŒÒ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ·íÒ˹ŒÒ·Õ赋͵ŒÒ¹¡ÒÃÍÑ¡àʺáÅÐ
ª‹Ç«‹ÍÁá«Áʋǹ·ÕèÊÖ¡ËÃͧ͢Ëҧ¡Ò ¡ÒÃä´ŒÃѺÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ
äÁ‹à¾Õ§¾Í¨Ð·íÒãËŒàÊŒ¹àÅ×Í´ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂ͋͹áÍ áÅзíÒãËŒ
ºÒ´á¼Å·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹µÒÁʋǹµ‹Ò§ æ ¢Í§Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂËÒªŒÒ¡Ç‹Ò»¡µÔ

168. ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ (ascorbic acid)
• ÍѹµÃÒ¨ҡ¡ÒâҴ
–໚¹âäµÔ´àª×éÍä´Œ§‹Ò ¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ ¤×Í à»š¹µÑÇ
µ‹ÍµŒÒ¹ÊÒá‹ÍÁÐàÃç§áÅЪ‹Ç¤Ǻ¤ØÁÃкºÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹ ¨Ö§¨Ð
Ê‹§¼ÅãËŒÃкºÀÙÁԤ،Á¡Ñ¹ã¹Ã‹Ò§¡ÒÂÅ´µèíÒŧáÅзíÒãËŒµÔ´àª×éÍ
äÇÃÑÊáÅÐẤ·ÕàÃÕÂä´Œ
–âäÅÑ¡»´Åѡແ´ 㹡óբͧà´ç¡ËÃ×ͼٌÊÙ§ÍÒÂØ·Õèä´ŒÃѺÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ
¹ŒÍ¡NjÒÇѹÅÐ 10 ÁÔÅÅÔ¡ÃÑÁ ÍÒ¨·íÒãˌ໚¹âäÅÑ¡»´Åѡແ´ä´Œ
ËҡËҧ¡Ò¢ҴÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«ÕÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹»¡µÔÍÒ¨·íÒãËŒÁÕÅÙ¡ÂÒ¡
–໚¹âäâÅËÔµ¨Ò§áÅÐÁÕÀÒÇФÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Ò§¨Ôµä´Œ

169. ¡Å͹ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹
• àÍµÒ ªÒºÕ
• «Õ¿˜¹ ËÁѹÍÕ
• ´Õ´Ù¡à´‹ à¤àÅ×Í´ÍÍ¡
• ¨Í¡ºÕÊͧ ºÕÊÔºÊͧàÅ×Í´¨Ò§

170. ÈÖ¡ÉÒà¡ÕèÂǡѺÊÒêÕÇâÁàÅ¡ØÅä´Œ·ÕèàÇ红ͧÁËÔ´Å
• http://www.snw.ac.th/media/12/content.html

171. Enzyme
• Enzyme ¨Ñ´à»š¹ biocatalyst ·íÒãËŒÍѵÃÒàÃçǢͧ reaction
à¾ÔèÁÊÙ§¢Öé¹ä´Œ¶Ö§ 106-1012
• ¨Ö§¡Å‹ÒÇä´ŒÇ‹Ò enzyme ÁÕ˹ŒÒ·Õè໚¹µÑÇ catalysis ·íÒãËŒ
reaction à¡Ô´ä´ŒÃÇ´àÃçÇ¢Öé¹
• â´Â substrate ¨ÐࢌҨѺËÃ×Í·íÒ reaction ¡Ñº enzyme
áÅŒÇä´Œ product ÍÍ¡ÁÒ

174. • ¾.È. 2437 Ostwald ãËŒ¤íÒ¨íÒ¡Ñ´¤ÇÒÁ¢Í§
catalyst Ç‹Ò໚¹ “ÊÒ÷Õè·íÒãËŒÍѵÃÒàÃçǢͧ
reaction à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ áÅÐàÁ×èÍ reaction ÊÔé¹ÊØ´
áÅŒÇ catalyst ¨ÐäÁ‹ÁÕ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã´ æ
·íÒãËŒÊÒÁÒöà˧ reaction ä´Œ«éíÒáŌǫéíÒÍÕ¡”
• Enzyme ÁÕÅѡɳоÔàÈÉᵡµ‹Ò§¨Ò¡
catalyst ã¹»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà¤ÁÕ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò ´Ñ§µ‹Í仹Õé

175. • 1. Enzyme ໚¹ catalyst ·Õè specificity ·Ñ駵‹Í substrate,
product, reaction
–enzyme ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§ æ àÁ×èÍà˧ reaction ·ÕèÁÕ substrate
ª¹Ô´ã´ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§áŌǨÐä´Œ product ·Õè੾ÒÐÍÍ¡ÁÒ â´Â
enzyme ºÒ§ª¹Ô´¨ÐÁÕ specificity ÁÒ¡ ËÃ×Í ¹ŒÍÂ
ᵡµ‹Ò§¡Ñ¹ÍÍ¡ä»

176. • 2. Enzyme »ÃÔÁÒ³¹ŒÍ æ ÊÒÁÒö catalyst 䴌͋ҧÁÕ
effciency ¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ enzyme ·Õè㪌㹠reaction
¨Ð¹ŒÍÂÁÒ¡ (˹‹Ç micromolar) àÁ×èÍà·Õº¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹
¢Í§ substrate (˹‹Ç millimolar)
• 3. Enzyme ¨ÐäÁ‹ÁÕ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ã´ æ ËÅѧ¨Ò¡·Õèà¡Ô´¡ÒÃ
à˧ reaction áÅŒÇ ·íÒãËŒà¡Ô´ reaction ä´ŒãËÁ‹ â´ÂÊÒÁÒö
ºÍ¡ä´Œà»š¹¤‹Ò·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡Ç‹Ò turnover number ¤×Í ¤‹Ò·ÕèºÍ¡Ç‹Ò
enzyme ˹Öè§âÁàÅ¡ØÅÊÒÁÒöà˧»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒà»ÅÕè¹ substrate
à¾×èÍãˌ䴌 product ä´Œ¨íҹǹ¡Õè¤ÃÑé§ã¹Ë¹Öè§Ë¹‹ÇÂàÇÅÒ

177. • 4. Enzyme ¨ÐäÁ‹à»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¤‹Ò¢Í§¼Åµ‹Ò§¢Í§ free
energy change, G ËÃ×ͤ‹Ò¤§·Õè equilibrum constant
¢Í§ enzyme ¤×Í äÁ‹à»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÃдѺ¾Åѧ§Ò¹·Õè¨Ø´àÃÔèÁµŒ¹
áÅШشÊØ´·ŒÒÂã¹ enzyme à¾Õ§ᵋä»à˧ÍѵÃÒàÃçÇãËŒä»ÊÙ‹
ÊÁ´ØÅä´ŒàÃçÇ¢Öé¹ â´ÂÅ´ activation energy ËÃ×Í free
energy of activation ãˌŴŧ

178. ¡ÒÃ᡹éíÒâ´Â㪌¾Åѧ§Ò¹ä¿¿‡Ò
»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¹éíÒ

181. (a) Normal binding (c) Noncompetitive inhibition(b) Competitive inhibition
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Active site
Competitive
inhibitor
Substrate
Enzyme

182. »˜¨¨Ñ·ÕèÁռŵ‹Í rate of reaction
• ¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ substrate ¡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ substrate
¨Ð·íÒãËŒÍѵÃÒàÃçÇàÃÔèÁµŒ¹à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ Í‹ҧÃÇ´àÃçÇ㹪‹Ç§·Õè¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹
¢Í§ substrate Âѧ¹ŒÍÂÍÂÙ‹ ᵋ¨Ðà¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹ã¹ÍѵÃÒ·Õ誌Òŧ㹪‹Ç§·Õè
¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ substrate ÊÙ§ÁÒ¡áÅÐã¹·ÕèÊØ´ÍѵÃÒàÃçÇàÃÔèÁµŒ¹¨Ð
ÊÙ§¤§·ÕèäÁ‹á»Ã¼Ñ¹¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ substrate ÍÕ¡µ‹Íä»
• ¤ÇÒÁࢌÁ¢Œ¹¢Í§ substrate ·ÕèãËŒÍѵÃÒ¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇÊÙ§ÊØ´àÃÕ¡NjÒ
saturating concentration ¢Í§ substrate

183. ¤‹Ò pH
• Enzyme ᵋÅеÑǨÐÁÕ¤‹Ò pH ·Õè·íҧҹ䴌´Õ·ÕèÊØ´ «Öè§Ê‹Ç¹ãËÞ‹
¨ÐÍÂً㹪‹Ç§ÃÐËÇ‹Ò§ pH 5 ¶Ö§ pH 9 ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§
enzyme 㹡ÒèѺ¡Ñº substrate áÅÐ㹡ÒÃà˧ reaction
ÍÒ¨¢Öé¹ÍÂÙ‹¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÁ´ØŢͧ»ÃШآͧËÁÙ‹µ‹Ò§ æ 㹺ÃÔàdzà˧
áÅкÃÔàdz¨Ñº¢Í§ enzyme ÃÇÁ·Ñ駻ÃШآͧ substrate
àͧ´ŒÇ·Õè pH µèíÒËÃ×ÍÊÙ§à¡Ô¹ä»ÁÑ¡·íÒãËŒ»ÃШØà»ÅÕè¹仨¹äÁ‹
àËÁÒÐÊÁ·Õè¨Ð reaction ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé·Õè pH ÊÙ§ÁÒ¡ËÃ×͵èíÒÁÒ¡
ÍÒ¨·íÒãËŒâ¤Ã§ÊÌҧ¢Í§ enzyme àÊÕÂÃٻËҧÊÒÁÁÔµÔ
à»ÅÕè¹仨¹ inactive

185. ÍسËÀÙÁÔ
• àÁ×èÍà¾ÔèÁÍسËÀÙÁԨзíÒãËŒ reaction ÁÕÍѵÃÒàÃçÇÊÙ§¢Öé¹à¾ÃÒШÐ
·íÒãËŒâÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ substrate ÁÕ¾Åѧ§Ò¹ÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡ÒÃà¾ÔèÁ
ÍسËÀÙÁԨзíÒãËŒÍѵÃÒàÃçǢͧ reaction à¾ÔèÁ¢Öé¹´ŒÇÂᵋËÒ¡
ÍسËÀÙÁÔÊÙ§à¡Ô¹ä»ÍÒ¨·íÒãËŒ enzyme àÊÕÂÊÀÒ¾¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ
ÍѵÃÒàÃçÇ¡ç¨ÐŴŧ·Ñ¹·Õ

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