Professor Richard Feynman forecast the bright future of nanomaterials in his popular lecture, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” Since then, many trials have been made to consider and manipulate matter at the atomic level to exploit nanoscale properties. Learn More: https://bit.ly/3A7Q1yT

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Graphene’s For Research And The Growing
Number Of Publications Per Year
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Phdassistance, info@phdassistance.com
Keywords
Nanomaterials, Graphene, nanostructure, research,
publications, year, materials science, academia,
2021.PhD Help,Publication Support ,
I. INTRODUCTION
Professor Richard Feynman forecast the bright future
of nanomaterials in his popular lecture, "There's
Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Since then, many
trials have been made to consider and manipulate
matter at the atomic level to exploit nanoscale
properties. In 2021, the number of scholarly papers
describing graphene's use was enormous. With such a
high level of curiosity in graphene, both specialists
and the public need to stay updated on recent and
historical graphene technology. This article looks at
graphene and its effect on the science environment.
II. NANOSTRUCTURE
Graphene was originally found as a two-dimensional
carbon nanostructure that was mechanically
exfoliated from a block of graphite. Still, researchers
have recently expanded their studies into this two-
dimensional carbon nanostructure. This molecular
structure will take a variety of morphologies, as seen
in Figure 1. These single-atom carbon layers may
take on various morphologies, such as quantum dots,
nanosheets, and nanoparticles, and can be tailored to
produce breakthrough developments. The use of
graphene-based nanomaterials in medicine is
currently a hot research subject.
Figure 1: (a) when folded into a 0D structure, it forms spherical molecules called fullerenes; (b) when
rolled into a 1D structure, it forms carbon nanotubes; (c) when it forms a single 2D atomic layer, it
forms graphene; and (d) when stacked into a 3D bulk structure, it forms graphite [1]

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III. TRENDS
Whether or not graphene ultimately contributes to
nanoscale transistors, its introduction in the early
stages of the post-silicon period is historic. There has
been interesting in this promising material from the
scientific community. It could help Moore's law
surpass the technical barrier before approaching the
fundamental limit of the single-molecule level.
Graphene is now a popular research subject, with a
clear promise to meet the global demand for
breakthrough technology. The number of graphene-
related publications for the last six years is given in
(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Total number of publications in 2015-2021 as per Google scholar information (keyword:
Graphene)
IV. THE GRAPHENE SURVEY
The Graphene Council's survey report was released
on January 4, 2021 [2]. The Graphene Council is the
world's largest community devoted to graphene and
related advanced materials science, production, and
commercial use. The link over 30k materials experts,
professionals, architects, and technology developers:
roughly 1/3 of academia and the other 2/3 from the
industry. This survey received responses from over
800 people and organisations. According to the
survey, graphene has an extraordinarily broad
spectrum of possible uses, owing to its remarkable
range of performance characteristics. The survey
respondents were divided into categories depending
on how people use graphene, such as processing
graphene, using in an application, testing, designing
potential applications, etc.
Fig 2 depicts the proportion of survey respondents
who identify as working people. On looking at
research activities, it is observed that academic
organisations are studying graphene account for 19%
of all respondents, or 78% of the more than 250
academic organisations that took part in the study.
Commercial organisations (which include both
producers and users of graphene materials) also
research graphene for 17% of all responses. The
Graphene Council is well aware of the significant
volume of research conducted by the private sector to
create real-world commercial applications. According
to the survey findings, 19 % of commercial
institutions and 14 % of academic organisations seek

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application growth, for a total of 33%, just marginally lower than study activities.
If graphene progresses, the percentage of companies
focusing on application growth will outnumber those
focusing on analysis, particularly as production size,
handling, dispersion, and pricing become more
resolved. Graphene producers were also split into
industrial and research, with 17% and 12 % of the
market. Industrial and academic graphene suppliers
accounted for 17% and 12% of total graphene
production, respectively. While many academic
institutions manufacture graphene, the material is
mainly used for internal analysis or application
production. On the commercial side, it's worth noting
that some commercial producers don't sell graphene,
preferring to use it entirely in value-added products or
masterbatch formulations. A significant 10% of
survey participants described themselves as
“Intermediary” organisations, including toll
processors, functionalization services suppliers, and
other mechanisms aimed at improving graphane.
Finally, 4% of our survey respondents work for
governing authorities, including standards-setting
associations, regulatory commissions, and
governmentdepartments.
Fig. 2. The percentage of survey respondent corresponding to the society
Graphene is the only substance that can claim to be
the thinnest, toughest, most thermally conductive,
most electrically conductive, have the highest
barrier properties, and have other positive
characteristics all at the same time. Coatings [3],
energy harvesting [4], textiles [5], filtration,
composites, printed electronics, biomedical [6],
EMI insulation, corrosion prevention, films,
lubrication, heat transport, among many other uses,
are among the many. As for efficiency increases,
manufacturing are exponentially scaled, the
processing is perfected, and better pricing renders
this incredible material affordable in 2021;
graphene is reaching an inflexion point. The
varieties of graphene for different applications are
shown in table 1.

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Table 1. Graphene for various applications [2]
.
V. THE USE OF GRAPHEME
A very small amount of graphene (less than 1% by
weight, or even tenths or hundredths of a per cent by
weight) may significantly affect efficiency. The
graphene's work is influenced by its morphology,
chemical groups, surface chemistry,
functionalization, and form element (powder, paste,
or solvent). Choosing the best graphene for a given
application is important. The synthesis and storage of
graphene are crucial to its application's performance
(i.e. dispersion techniques).
Although graphene is now readily accessible, it takes
special handling capabilities, so collaborating with
people who have these abilities is important. For most
applications, even at very low loadings in terms of
percent by weight, substantial amounts of graphene
will be needed. As a result, it's critical to partner with
manufacturers and vendors who can scale demand
while maintaining high quality. Table 2 summarises
some of the ground-breaking efforts in graphene
synthesis.

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Table 2. Comparison of graphene synthesis methods and their various applications
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
Graphene is a fascinating substance that may be used
in nanotechnology. Graphene has outstanding
electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical
properties, indicating that it has great potential for use
as a transparent electrode, FETs, gas sensors, energy
storage systems such as supercapacitors a catalyst.
New graphene synthesis methods are being developed
to achieve favourable electrical properties. As a
designer product, graphene is expected to be soon
able to replace silicon-based electronics. Future
graphene-based electronic devices are supposed to
operate at a very high speed, be chemically inert, and
be environmentally sustainable. This post gave a
broad description of graphene as well as a look at
recent innovations. Given graphene's enormous
ability and one-of-a-kind properties, it would be more
appropriate to inquire, "What science and engineering
problems exist for which graphene might have a
solution?" rather than "What are the actual
applications of graphene?"
REFERENCES
[1] A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, Nat. Mater. 2007,
6, 183–191.
[2] www.thegraphenecouncil.org
[3] Parra C, Aristizabal J, Arce B, Montero-Silva F,
Lascano S, Henriquez R, Lazcano P, Giraldo-Gallo P,
Ramírez C, Henrique Rodrigues da Cunha T, Barrera
de Brito A. Graphene Coating as an Effective Barrier
to Prevent Bacteria-Mediated Dissolution of Gold.
Metals. 2021; 11(1):147.
https://doi.org/10.3390/met11010147.
[4] Mohammad Mehrali, Johan E. ten Elshof, Mina
Shahi, Amirhoushang Mahmoudi, Simultaneous
solar-thermal energy harvesting and storage via shape
stabilized salt hydrate phase change material,
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 405, 2021,
126624, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126624.
[5] Bonetti, L, Fiorati, A, Serafini, A, et al. Graphene
nanoplatelets composite membranes for thermal
comfort enhancement in performance textiles. J Appl
Polym Sci. 2021; 138:e49645.
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49645
[6] Yi He, Chen Yi, Xiliu Zhang, Wei Zhao,
Dongsheng Yu, Magnetic graphene oxide: Synthesis
approaches, physicochemical characteristics, and
biomedical applications, TrAC Trends in Analytical
Chemistry, Volume 136, 2021, 116191,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116191.