An Overview for Functionality Graded Materials (FGM)

1. Functionally
Graded
Materials
(FGM) – An overview
Presented by : Baghershahi , P.
Amirkabir University of Technology - Tehran Polytechnic
Fall 2017

2. Contents
• History
• Introduction
• Characteristics
• Processing Methods
• Applications
• Problems & Difficulties
• Pros & Cons

3. History
• FGM in Nature
porous
dense
Human tooth Organic bone Plants fiber

4. History
• FGM in Human Use
First human FGM in 1985. challenge : 1000°C temperature gradient over a
thickness of only 10 mm

5. Introduction
• One proper solution for problems associated with the presence of an
interface in a material : stress singularities due to elastic or thermal
property mismatch, poor adhesion, or unwanted reflections at the
interface .
• FGM (Functionally Graded Materials) or Gradient material :
gradual change of material properties
with position caused by position-dependent
chemical composition, micro-structure,
or atomic order .

6. Introduction
• Types of FGM materials
 Bulk FGM
 Thin FGM
o Coating type
o Connection type

7. Characteristics
• FGM are materials in which some particular physical
properties are changed with dimensions
• Properties of such materials can be described by the function
f(x).
 homogenous materials : constant
 junction (two different material) : strain shape
 FGMs : continuous or qusi-continuous

8. Characteristics
• Typical ways to categorize FGMs
 Based on phases :
Ceramic/Metal, Ceramic/Ceramic, Metal/Metal, Ceramic/Plastic
 Based on different density gradient (changing nature
of FGM) :
Composition , Optical , fine , etc
 Based on applications :
Heat resisting , Biology , Chemical eng. , Electronic eng.

9. Processing Methods
• Most of the processes are based on a variation of
conventional processing methods which are already well
established
• Categories :
 Capable methods for accommodating a gradation step
 Forming methods
• Factors for proper method :
 Material combination
 transition function
 geometry

10. Processing Methods
• PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF THIN FGM
 Vapor Deposition techniques(physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical
vapor deposition)
 Plasma Spraying
 Self-propagating High temperature synthesis (SHS)
 Ion Beam Assisted Deposition
• PROCESSING TECHNIQUES OF BULK FGM
 Powder metallurgy technique
 Centrifugal casting method
 Solid freeform technology

11. Processing Methods
Vapor
Deposition
techniques
(PVD), (CVD)
Ion Beam
Assisted
Deposition
Self-propagating
High
temperature
synthesis (SHS)

12. Processing Methods
Plasma
Spraying
Centrifugal
casting
method
Solid free
form
technology

13. Processing Methods
Powder metallurgy technique
Electrophoretic
deposition
Die-compaction
Thermal
spraying

14. Processing Methods
Wet powder
spraying
Sheet
lamination
Gravity
sedimentation

15. Processing Methods
Overview of processing methods for FGMs

16. Applications
Biomaterials
Commodities
Aerospace
Chemical
Plants
Energy
Conversion
Engineering
Optics
Electronics
Nuclear
Energy

17. Applications
Architecture
Ballistic

18. Applications
Power supply insulators Bones implants Aerospace (blades) nuclear reactor

19. Problems & Difficulties
• Proper database of gradient materials
• Physical properties of material model
• Optimizing thermal stress relaxation & heat transfer of the
materials ( for variety of engineering applications )
• Improve continuum theory , quantum (discrete) theory ,
percolation theory and microstructure model with computer
simulation of material properties
• Refining samples size , structure other geometric properties
• Reducing total preparation costs
• Correction of micromechanical & fracture problems

20. Pros & Cons

21. Refrences
• Papers:
 A review on Functionally Graded Ceramic-Metal Materials by:
M. S. EL-Wazery, A. R. EL-Desouky (Mater. Environ. Sci. 6 (5) (2015) 1369-1376 - ISSN : 2028-2508 - CODEN: JMESCN )
 Functionality Graded Materials and Structures by:
Victor Birman
 Functionality Graded Composite materials : An overview by:
Gururaja Udupa , S.Shrikantha Rao , K.V.Gangadharan (Procedia Materials Science 5 ( 2014 ) 1291 – 1299 )
 Functionally Graded Material: An Overview by:
Rasheedat M. Mahamood, Esther T. Akinlabi Member, IAENG, Mukul Shukla and Sisa Pityana
(Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2012 Vol III WCE 2012, July 4 - 6, 2012, London, U.K.)
• Presentations :
 FRACTURE OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL by : Shambhu Kumar (REG. NO.-2014DN06)
 FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL by : Sanjay Singh Tomar
 What you should know about FGM ( Sirris Materials day 2013 )
 Potential of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) (Sirris Materials day 2013 )
• Websites :
 https://www.youtube.com
 http://www.sciencedirect.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://www.slideshare.net

22. Thanks for your
attention