Editorial   Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT):   Penetration and Photobiomodulation   Cecilia YOUNG*, Cheuk Lam MAK   Physician, Pharmacist People Health Magazine, Hong Kong

1. Journal of Oral Health and CraniofacialScienceOpenAccess
HTTPS://WWW.HEIGHPUBS.ORG
ISSN
2573-6191
Editorial
Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT):
Penetration and Photobiomodulation
Cecilia YOUNG*, Cheuk Lam MAK
Physician, Pharmacist People Health Magazine, HongKong
*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Cecilia
YOUNG, Physician, Pharmacist People Health
Magazine, Hong Kong,
Email: ceciliatyp@yahoo.com.hk
Submitted: 14 July 2017
Approved: 31 July 2017
Published: 31 July 2017
Copyright: 2017 Cecilia YOUNG, et al. This
is an open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properlycited.
How to cite this article: YOUNG C,MAK CL. Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT): Penetration and Photobiomodulation. J
Oral Health Craniofac Sci. 2017; 2: 080-082.
Mester et al. stated the laser effects in a review of their studies of 15 various bio-
logical systems, they observed the stimulating effect of low energy (in terms of J/cm2
)
laser and inhibiting effect of high energy laser and later reported the relationship of
cumulative energy applied and the effects conforms to the Arndt-Schultz law. They
concluded their experience with 875 healed cases and the results of their experiments
had convinced them to recommend the use of lasers to stimulate wound healing [1].
Studies on the effects of Low Level Light Therapy reported pain relief [2,3] and
promotion of wound healing [2]. These effects are useful in the oro-maxillofacial region
and other parts of the body.
Ohshiro introduced the concept of photobioactivation [4], he suggested that
photobioactivation follows as a result of an exogenous photostimulus, and therefore
follows the Arndt-Schultzlaw (figure 1) [4].
For photobiostimulation to take place, the incident light needs to be delivered to
target tissue in proper dosage, therefore the penetration of the light used is important.
Optical properties of light depends on body tissues and wavelength. Studies have been
done to investigate the optical window for various biological tissues and respective
data are well-documented [5,6].
Despite knowing correct ranges of wavelength, the skin is still a great barrier to
LLLT treatment. The skin blocks out most of the incident energy by scattering and
absorption, thus energy dosage for the deeper parts of the body remains at far left of
the Ohshiro’s Arndt-Schultz curve (Figure 1) [4], photobiostimulation of the treatment
is actually insignificant, if better than no treatment at all at lower energy range.
Will raising the incident energy be the solution? Yes and No. Photobiomodulation
is biphasic in nature: biostimulation occurs in low doses but bioinhibition arises in
high doses. Absorption coefficient of human tissue is independent to light amplitude.
Although increasing incident energy can deliver proper energy to deeper parts of the
body, it may also result in bioinhibition to the superficial layer.
Finding a proper instrument for precise penetration measurement inside the body
is also difficult. Jagdeo et al. measured the penetration of red 633nm and infrared
830nm through cadaver skull bones, sectioned cadaver skulls with intact soft tissue,
in vivo human cheek, and in vivo human hand. Red and infrared behave differently in
different areas [7]. Human hand and cheek were thin enough, but application to human
brain and spine remains a great challenge due to its anatomicalposition.
Case reports and clinical studies e.g. for tooth movement [8] and palatal expansion
[9,10], tooth extraction [11,12], dental implants [13], Temporomandibular jaw

2. Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT): Penetration andPhotobiomodulation
disorders [14] andotheroral surgeries [15], have recorded parameters likewavelength,
power and energy dosage etc., without detailed explaining their choices. Most of the
above mentioned studies did not mention which layer or depth is their target tissue.
More investigation at different area and different depth should be performed in order
to give more information for future treatment planning.
Figure 1: Ohshiro’s modified Arndt-Schultz curve.
Published: July 31,2017 81/82
REFERENCES
1. Mester E, Mester AF, Mester A. The biomedical effects of laser application. Lasers in surgery and
medicine. 1985; 5: 31-39. Ref.:https://goo.gl/cRAjBy
2. Suter VGA, Sjölund S, Bornstein MM. Effect of laser on pain relief and wound healing of recurrent
aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review. Lasers Med Sci. 2017; 32: 953-963. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/dK4NHF
3. Bjordal JM, Johnson MI, Iversen V, Aimbire F, Lopes-Martins RA. Low-level laser therapy in acute
pain: a systematic review of possible mechanisms of action and clinical effects in randomized
placebo-controlled trials. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006; 24: 158-168. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DRN456
4. Ohshiro T, Caldenhead RG. Development of low reactive-level laser therapy and its present status.
Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery. 1991; 9: 267-275. Ref.: https://goo.gl/W9GSnG
5. Bashkatov A, Genina E, Kochubey V, Tuchin V. Optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous
and mucous tissues in the wavelength range from 400 to 2000 nm. Journal of Physics D:
Applied Physics. 2005; 38: 2543-2555.
6. Jacques S. Optical properties of biological tissues: a review. Physics in Medicine and Biology.
2013; 58: 5007-5008. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DfwFGP
7. Jagdeo JR, Adams LE, Brody NI, Siegel DM. Transcranial Red and Near Infrared Light Transmission
in a Cadaveric Model. PLoS One. 2012;7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qC1BTq
8. Tortamano A, Lenzi DC, Haddad AC, Bottino MC, Dominquez GC. Low-level laser therapy for pain
caused by placement of the first orthodontic archwire: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 136: 662-667. Ref.:https://goo.gl/5VDZY3
9. Angeletti P, Pereira MD, Gomes HC, Hino CT, Ferreira LM. Effect of low-level laser therapy
(GaAlAs) on bone regeneration in midpalatal anterior suture after surgically assisted rapid
maxillary expansion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109: 38-46. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/Hm7qqB
10. Abreu ME, Viegas VN, Pagnoncelli RM, de Lima EM, Farret AM, et al. Infrared laser therapy after
surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion to diminish pain and accelerate bone healing. World J
Orthod. 2010; 11: 273-277. Ref.:https://goo.gl/iyt9aG
11. Amarillas-Escobar ED, Toranzo-Fernández JM, Martínez-Rider R, Noyola-Frías MA, Hidalgo-Hurtado
JA, et al. Use of therapeutic laser after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68: 319-324. Ref:https://goo.gl/FD8qWa

3. Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT): Penetration andPhotobiomodulation
12. Kan B, Altay MA, Taşar F, Akova M. Low-level laser therapy supported teeth extractions of two
patients receiving IV zolendronate. Lasers Med Sci. 2011; 26: 569-575. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/wGMQ9H
13. García-Morales JM, Tortamano-Neto P, Todescan FF, de Andrade JC Jr, Marotti J, et al. Stability of
dental implants after irradiation with an 830-nm low-level laser: a double-blind randomized clinical
study.Lasers Med Sci. 2012; 27: 703-711. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mLA3cS
14. Sayed N, Murugavel C, Gnanam A. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders with Low Level
Laser Therapy. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2014; 13: 444-450. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bq1E56
15. Prazeres LD, Muniz YV, Barros KM, Gerbi ME, Laureano Filho JR. Effect of infrared laser in the
prevention and treatment of paresthesia in orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2013; 24: 708-
711. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FpuAcp
Published: July 31,2017 82/82

4. Editorial
Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT):
Penetration and Photobiomodulation
Cecilia YOUNG*, Cheuk Lam MAK
Physician, Pharmacist People Health Magazine, Hong Kong
Mester et al. stated the laser effects in a review of their studies of 15
various bio-logical systems, they observed the stimulating effect of low
energy (in terms of J/cm2) laser and inhibiting effect of high energy laser
and later reported the relationship of cumulative energy applied and the
effects conforms to the Arndt-Schultz law. They concluded their experience
with 875 healed cases and the results of their experiments had convinced
them to recommend the use of lasers to stimulate wound healing [1].
Studies on the effects of Low Level Light Therapy reported pain relief [2,3]
and promotion of wound healing [2]. These effects are useful in the oro-
maxillofacial region and other parts of the body.
Ohshiro introduced the concept of photobioactivation [4], he suggested
that photobioactivation follows as a result of an exogenous photostimulus,
and therefore follows the Arndt-Schultz law ( igure 1) [4].
For photobiostimulation to take place, the incident light needs to be
delivered to target tissue in proper dosage, therefore the penetration of the
light used is important. Optical properties of light depends on body tissues
and wavelength. Studies have been done to investigate the optical window
for various biological tissues and respective data are well-documented [5,6].
Despite knowing correct ranges of wavelength, the skin is still a great
barrier to LLLT treatment. The skin blocks out most of the incident energy
by scattering and absorption, thus energy dosage for the deeper parts of
the body remains at far left of the Ohshiro’s Arndt-Schultz curve (Figure 1)
[4], photobiostimulation of the treatment is actually insigni icant, if better
than no treatment at all at lower energy range.

5. Will raising the incident energy be the solution? Yes and No.
Photobiomodulation is biphasic in nature: biostimulation occurs in low
doses but bioinhibition arises in high doses. Absorption coef icient of
human tissue is independent to light amplitude. Although increasing
incident energy can deliver proper energy to deeper parts of the body, it
may also result in bioinhibition to the super icial layer.
Finding a proper instrument for precise penetration measurement inside
the body is also dif icult. Jagdeo et al. measured the penetration of red
633nm and infrared 830nm through cadaver skull bones, sectioned cadaver
skulls with intact soft tissue, in vivo human cheek, and in vivo human hand.
Red and infrared behave differently in different areas [7]. Human hand and
cheek were thin enough, but application to human brain and spine remains
a great challenge due to its anatomical position.
Case reports and clinical studies e.g. for tooth movement [8] and palatal
expansion [9,10], tooth extraction [11,12], dental implants [13],
Temporomandibular jaw disorders [14] and other oral surgeries [15], have
recorded parameters like wavelength, power and energy dosage etc.,
without detailed explaining their choices. Most of the above mentioned
studies did not mention which layer or depth is their target tissue. More
investigation at different area and different depth should be performed in
order to give more information for future treatment planning.
REFERENCES
1. Mester E, Mester AF, Mester A. The biomedical effects of laser
application. Lasers in surgery and medicine. 1985; 5: 31-39. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/cRAjBy
2. Suter VGA, Sjölund S, Bornstein MM. Effect of laser on pain relief
and wound healing of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review.
Lasers Med Sci. 2017; 32: 953-963. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dK4NHF

6. 3. Bjordal JM, Johnson MI, Iversen V, Aimbire F, Lopes-Martins RA.
Low-level laser therapy in acute pain: a systematic review of possible
mechanisms of action and clinical effects in randomized placebo-controlled
trials. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006; 24: 158-168. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DRN456
4. Ohshiro T, Caldenhead RG. Development of low reactive-level laser
therapy and its present status. Journal of clinical laser medicine & surgery.
1991; 9: 267-275. Ref.: https://goo.gl/W9GSnG
5. Bashkatov A, Genina E, Kochubey V, Tuchin V. Optical properties of
human skin, subcutaneous and mucous tissues in the wavelength range
from 400 to 2000 nm. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2005; 38: 2543-
2555.
6. Jacques S. Optical properties of biological tissues: a review. Physics
in Medicine and Biology. 2013; 58: 5007-5008. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DfwFGP
7. Jagdeo JR, Adams LE, Brody NI, Siegel DM. Transcranial Red and
Near Infrared Light Transmission in a Cadaveric Model. PLoS One. 2012; 7.
Ref.: https://goo.gl/qC1BTq
8. Tortamano A, Lenzi DC, Haddad AC, Bottino MC, Dominquez GC.
Low-level laser therapy for pain caused by placement of the first orthodontic
archwire: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;
136: 662-667. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5VDZY3
9. Angeletti P, Pereira MD, Gomes HC, Hino CT, Ferreira LM. Effect of
low-level laser therapy (GaAlAs) on bone regeneration in midpalatal anterior
suture after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. Oral Surg Oral Med
Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109: 38-46. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/Hm7qqB
10. Abreu ME, Viegas VN, Pagnoncelli RM, de Lima EM, Farret AM, et
al. Infrared laser therapy after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion to
diminish pain and accelerate bone healing. World J Orthod. 2010; 11: 273-
277. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iyt9aG

7. 11. Amarillas-Escobar ED, Toranzo-Fernández JM, Martínez-Rider R,
Noyola-Frías MA, Hidalgo-Hurtado JA, et al. Use of therapeutic laser after
surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;
68: 319-324. Ref: https://goo.gl/FD8qWa
12. Kan B, Altay MA, Taşar F, Akova M. Low-level laser therapy
supported teeth extractions of two patients receiving IV zolendronate.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011; 26: 569-575. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wGMQ9H
13. García-Morales JM, Tortamano-Neto P, Todescan FF, de Andrade JC
Jr, Marotti J, et al. Stability of dental implants after irradiation with an 830-
nm low-level laser: a double-blind randomized clinical study. Lasers Med Sci.
2012; 27: 703-711. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mLA3cS
14. Sayed N, Murugavel C, Gnanam A. Management of
Temporomandibular Disorders with Low Level Laser Therapy. J Maxillofac
Oral Surg. 2014; 13: 444-450. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bq1E56
15. Prazeres LD, Muniz YV, Barros KM, Gerbi ME, Laureano Filho JR.
Effect of infrared laser in the prevention and treatment of paresthesia in
orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2013; 24: 708-711. Ref.:
https://goo.gl/FpuAcp

8. 楊幽幽牙科醫生
Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau
內容授權於原文醫藥人
以全篇原文為準
**以上內容已得病人同意使用作公共衛生教學用途
當中 "我們" 或 "示範中的方法" 指牙醫業內一般做法或其中一種做法
內容只作一般公共衛生教育用途，病人應該與醫生商量自己的處理方法。
所有牙醫均可進行公共口腔衛生教育，而公共衛生(Public Health )或社
會牙醫科
(Community Dentistry )更是牙科內的一個科目。
牙醫專業守則
1.6 牙科／口腔健康教育活動
1.6.1 牙醫可以參與真確的牙科／口腔健康教育活動，例如
演講及作 專業發表..............
1.6.3 向公眾提供的資料應具權威性、合宜並與一般經驗相符。該等 資
料應有事實根據、清楚易明及用詞淺白。
香港牙醫管理委員會 香港牙醫專業守則
http://www.dchk.org.hk/docs/code_c.pdf

9. 楊幽幽牙科醫生教育系列 以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字
嵌塞 牙縫刷 腎病 致命牙齒脫位 膿 退縮 戒煙 骨質疏鬆 腫脹 四環素染色 楊幽幽牙科醫生 更薄的牙齒
刮舌板 牙齒長出 牙齒不可逆性牙髓炎 水氟化 X光對生育期內婦女的影響, 什麼年紀最適合箍牙, 假牙,
傷口處理, 公共衛生教育, 剝牙, 副作用, 口腔種植, 成人矯齒成效如何, 止血, 正確刷牙及使用牙線方法,
楊幽幽牙科醫生口腔教育系列 注意事項, 洗牙流血點解, 活動假牙托, 流血不止, 滿口牙套可以箍牙嗎,
漂牙, 牙周病, 牙周病患者是否可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎, 牙柱, 牙橋, 牙痛, 牙瘡, 牙肉流血, 牙醫, 牙
骹, 種牙, 空姐接觸的宇宙射線會否影響胎兒, 笑容, 箍牙會唔會失敗, 脫牙, 蛀牙, 關節 好唔好
以下為公共口腔衛生教育系列關鍵字, 阿士匹靈,抗血小板劑,抗凝血劑, 抗生素, 關節僵硬,銀粉, 矯正,
植牙, 膿腫, 研磨劑, 刷蝕牙齒, 態度, ,撕脫, 乳齒, 細菌, 口氣, 咬, 矯正器, 腦膿腫, 刷牙, 緩衝作用, 過氧
化尿素,齲齒,檢查,咀嚼, 複合, 牙套, 牙冠增長手術,
環孢素A, 失智症, 牙,科, 牙橋, 牙科疾病, 牙科脫牙,牙科問題, 牙髓, 牙周膜, 牙菌膜, 矯齒,根管治療, 洗
牙齒表面, 微電測試牙髓, 預防性樹脂補牙, 玻璃離子, 牙腳尖, 二手煙, 敏感牙齒, 吸煙, 手術, 鑽洞測試,
水銀, 成功,牙齒氟化, 發炎, 淋巴核, 神經, 牙齒過度長出酸鹼值, 維他命C, 智慧齒,華法林, 牙膏, 牙刷,
牙齒美白,牙齒漂白, 口氣, 失敗, 補牙, 牙線, 外觀, 咬合, 橋體, 牙冠,口腔種植周邊炎 , 含氟漱口水, 漱
口水, 硝酸鉀, 口腔黏膜發炎, 尼古丁, 口腔疾病, 口腔感染, 預防, 牙袋, 家庭主婦, 感冒, 象牙質, 牙齒
創傷, 牙骨黏連, 牙周膜位置骨化, 磨蝕牙齒, 牙齒正畸, 氟素防蛀劑, 牙紋防蛀劑,鑲嵌物, 鑄造瓷貼片,
酸蝕牙齒, 牙齒腫大, 漱口水, 肝素, 薄血藥, 維生素C,血栓栓塞, 國際標準化比值, 感染性心內膜炎, 琺
瑯質, 局部麻醉劑, 三氯沙, 空間固定器, 進食次數,用餐次數, 全口假牙托、琺瑯質形狀缺陷,馬利蘭牙
橋, 咽喉炎, 食物與牙齒健康, 奶瓶齲齒, 鎮靜, 牙髓治療, 氟素凝膠, 牙腳斷裂, 牙腳吸收, 牙根整平術,
早期兒童蛀牙, 糖尿病, 效用, 測試, 牙齦, 牙齦組織, 牙齦出血, 雙氧水, 免疫抑制劑, 嵌塞, 牙縫刷, 腎
病, 致命,牙齒脫位, 膿, 退縮, 戒煙,骨質疏鬆, 腫脹, 四環素染色, 更薄的牙齒, 刮舌板, 牙齒長出, 牙齒
不可逆性牙髓炎, 水氟化X光對生育期內婦女的影響、什麼年紀最適合箍牙、假牙、傷口處理、公共
衛生教育、剝牙、副作用、口腔種植、成人矯齒成效如何、止血、正確刷牙及使用牙線方法、注意事
項、洗牙流血點解、活動假牙托、流血不止、滿口牙套可以箍牙嗎、漂牙、牙周病、牙周病患者是否
可以箍牙. 透明牙箍有用嗎、牙柱、牙橋、牙痛、牙瘡、牙肉流血、牙醫、牙骹、種牙、空姐接觸的
宇宙射線會否影響胎兒、笑容、箍牙會唔會失敗、脫牙、蛀牙、關節, 常見的牙患及預防方法, 蛀牙的
成因及預防, 牙周病的成因及預防方法
甚麼是根管治療, 關於脫牙的事實, 銀汞合金安全嗎, 牙齒如何漂白, 需要矯齒的原因及準備, 牙齒創傷
即時處理及治療, 懷孕婦女需特別注重口腔健康, 如何除口氣, 骨質疏鬆與牙齒脫落的關係, 家長須助
孩子護理乳齒, 牙周病─治療方法探究篇, 牙患可以致命, 鑲補牙齒方法知多少, 假牙扥 你們對我的期
望合理嗎, 牙菌膜可以使種牙鬆脫, 糖尿病與牙周病互相影響, 必先利其器 口腔衛生用品知多少, 脫牙
前必須認真考慮, 預防蛀牙的方法氟素防蛀劑及牙紋防蛀劑, 漂白牙齒的各種方法, 細數牙周病各種病
徵, 用力刷牙≠清潔
使用漱口水是否好習慣, 吸煙與牙周病, 吸煙對治療牙周病的影響, 吸煙與口腔癌關係密切
戒煙為何與如何, 二手煙立法與自律, 乳齒對恆齒的影響, 公眾對洗牙的誤解調查, 兒童乳齒的根管治
療, 第一隻長出的恆齒, 換牙時需注意事項, 護理口腔第一步正確刷牙方法, 敏感牙齒成因及預防, 公眾
對洗牙的誤解應用篇, 如何保養活動假牙, 矯齒點滴, 矯齒前應注意的事項, 木糖醇對人有害嗎, 口腔穿
環的後遺問題, 牙周牙髓聯合症, 防敏感牙膏不適合長期使用, 頭頸部放射治療前後的口腔護理, 幫助
睡眠窒息症患者呼吸口腔矯治器, 根管治療時斷針是否失誤, 小朋友在牙科治療時不合作, 嚴重蛀牙 幼
兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(上)
嚴重蛀牙 幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(中), 嚴重蛀牙 幼兒一次被脫8隻乳齒(下), 香港牙膏並未含有「二甘
醇」, 社會醫學研究電話調查, 小朋友不肯見牙醫 怎辦？, 牙周病口瘡性潰痬與口腔癌 牙齒創傷幸與
不幸, 智慧齒過度長出, 智慧齒過度長出引致的其他牙患, 矯齒替代鑲假牙, 矯齒替代鑲假牙(二), 善用
抗生素, 失去牙齒的其他後果, 一顆牙齒多個問題
根管治療後如何加上牙柱及牙套, 澳洲回顧研究 漱口水內的酒精致口腔癌, 牙齒美容
牙齒美容(二), 牙齒美容(三), 常見牙齒問題酸蝕, 牙科治療 為甚麼要磨蝕好的牙齒, 健康牙齒伴你一生,
淺談假牙的承扥問題, 腎病患者的口腔問題, 抗凝血劑 抗血小板劑與脫牙

10. 感染性心內膜炎與牙科治療, 二手煙對兒童牙齒的影響, 失智症(老人痴呆症)與口腔健康
如何保持牙齒清潔, 防敏感牙膏新資訊, 牙套內會不會蛀牙, 探討牙科內常用的局部麻醉
劑
孕婦及牙科常用藥物, 牙科病人與精神問題(上), 牙科病人與精神問題(下), 阻生智慧齒
殺菌劑三氯沙氾濫我們應否使用抗菌牙膏, 牙科病人的求診習慣, 診斷不同不知信那一個
什麼情況,什麼病人不宜脫牙, 關於植牙的種種迷恩, 如何處理長者的牙患, 預防牙患多角
度孕婦與胎兒母親與嬰幼兒, 牙周整形手術治敏感牙齒, 牙齦萎縮不能復原, 牙周組織再
生法, 植骨與植牙手術 先植骨後植牙, 同時進行植骨與植牙, 口腔植體周邊組織炎, 牙冠增
長手術(上). 牙冠增長手術(下), 中小學教師與中學生對牙齒創傷認識不足, 牙齒各類創傷
與處理, 牙齒各類創傷與處理(2), 牙齒創傷當牙周膜死了, 牙齒創傷日後可能顯現的問題
牙齒創傷後的治療個案, 假牙可以戴多久, 即時性假牙托, 假牙的種類和設計, 假牙的種類
和設計--種牙, 假牙的種類和設計--牙橋, 假牙的種類和設計--活動假牙托, 我的牙齒為什
麼不好, 由牙齒所引致的感染看似小事的牙瘡, 由牙齒所引致的感染看似皮膚問題的牙瘡
由牙齒所引致的感染細菌進入眼部, 由牙齒所引致的感染細菌入腦, 由牙齒所引致的感染
Ludwig氏咽峽炎阻塞氣道, 漱口水過酸易蛀牙, 食物與牙齒健康, 錯誤使用奶瓶餵飼幼兒
奶瓶齲齒, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的治療方法, 兒童嚴重蛀牙的治療方法--牙套, 牙齒咬合與移位
(上), 牙齒咬合與移位(下), 智障人士的牙患, 智障人士如何預防牙患, 正確使用氨素
氟素以外牙紋防蛀劑填補牙紋縫隙, 牙齒重疊最需要徹底清潔, 牙齒磨損, 對牙菌膜的監
測
簡介牙髓的各種測試, 淺談口腔以外的牙科X光, 口腔以內的牙科X光, 牙髓死亡, 淺析咬合
垂直距離, 牙痛, 到底哪裡痛, 能不能忍一時之痛, 活動假牙托下不應有壞牙腳, 氟斑齒的
處理方法 注意有否刷蝕牙齒, 牙齒消炎丸到底是甚麼., 正確使用抗生素, 處理接近神經線
的阻生智慧齒, 脫牙流血不止, 正確清潔牙齒及牙肉邊緣, 牙科手術儀器的消毒程序, 牙科
用具其他消毒程序, 黏液囊腫, 看見和看不見的蛀牙, 切除部分牙腳手術, 切除部分牙腳手
術 2, 如何清潔牙腳分岔位 上, 如何清潔牙腳分岔位 下, 牙線功能成疑, 美白牙膏去牙漬,
洗牙真的很痛嗎, 清刮牙腳, 再談清刮牙腳, 洗牙流血只因牙肉發炎 口腔腫塊--牙齦瘤
口腔腫塊--乳突瘤, 口腔內的黑色素---牙齦的黑色素沉澱,G6PD缺乏症與牙科治療
頭頸癌放化治後牙科問題, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更受惠, 關愛基金改善政策使長者更
受惠, 磨去蛀牙

11. Dr. Cecilia Young Yau Yau Oral Health Education series key words
mellitus, diagnosis, early childhood caries, effectiveness, electric pulp test, enamel, erosion,
esthetics, examination, extraction, failure, fever, fillings, fissure sealant, flight attendant,
flossing, fluoride gel, fluorosis, gaps, gingiva, Gingival hypertrophy, gingival tissue, glass
ionomer, gum bleeding, gum disease, halitosis, Heparin, housewife, hydrogen peroxide,
hypoplasia, immunosuppressant, impaction, implant, infective endocarditis, inflammation,
inlay, interdental brushing, international normalizing ratio INR, Kidney disease, lethal, local
anaesthesia, look, luxation, lymph node, mechanical cleansing, mercury, mouthrinse,
mucositis, nerve, nicotine, number of meals, nursing bottle syndrome, occlusion, onlay, oral
disease, Oral Health Education, oral infection, orthodontic treatment, osteoporosis,
overeruption, peri-implantitis, periodontal disease, periodontal membrane, pH value,
plaque, pocket, pontic, porcelain veneer, post, post and core, potassium nitrate, prevention,
abrasion、abrasives、abscess、abutment tooth、aligners、amalgam、ankylosis、
antibiotics、anticoagulation、antiplatelet、aspirin、attitude、attrition、avulsion、baby
teeth、bacteria、bad breath、biting、bleaching、bleeding、bracing.., brain abscess、
bridge、brushing、buffering effect、carbamide peroxide、caries、check-up、chewing、
chlorhexidine、composite、crown、crown lengthening、cyclosporine A、dementia、
Dental、dental bridge、dental decay、dental disesase. dental extraction、dental problem、
dental pulp、dental scaling、dental trauma、dentine、denture、diabetes mellitus、
diagnosis、early childhood caries、effectiveness、electric pulp test、enamel、erosion、
esthetics、examination、extraction.. failure、fever、fillings、fissure sealant、flight
attendant、flossing、fluoride gel、fluorosis、gaps、gingiva、Gingival hypertrophy、
gingival tissue、glass ionomer、gum bleeding、gum disease、halitosis、Heparin、
housewife、hydrogen peroxide.. hypoplasia、immunosuppressant、impaction、implant、
infective endocarditis、inflammation、inlay、interdental brushing、international
normalizing ratio INR、Kidney disease、lethal、local anaesthesia、look、luxation、lymph
node、mechanical cleansing.. periodontal membrane、pH value、plaque、pocket、
pontic、porcelain veneer、post、post and core、potassium nitrate、prevention、
preventive resin restoration、pus、recession、removable appliance、removable denture、
root apex.. Root Canal Treatment、root fracture、root planning、root resorption、scaling、
second hand smoking、sensitive teeth、side effect、smile、smoking、smoking cessation、
successful、surgery、swelling、test cavity、tetracycline staining、thinner teeth.
thromboembolism、tongue scrapper、tooth bleaching、Tooth bracing、tooth decay、
tooth eruption、tooth whitening、tooth. Irreversible pulpitis、toothache、toothbrush、
toothpaste、triclosan、vitamin C、warfarin、washing effect、water fluoridation..
wisdom tooth、wound handling ,complete Denture, space maintainer, Maryland
Bridge ,pharyngitis, sedation , Pulpotomy. Small tooth, black tooth, damage tooth.

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