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Beeswax used for repairing damaged dry human bones
- 1. Use of beeswax for repair of damaged dry human bones in anatomy Shruthi Bhat, Sheela G Nayak, Vidhyashambava Pare, Sagar Borker Kurinji Venkatramana Gowda Medical College, Sullia, Karnataka National journal of clinical anatomy Vol. 2(4), Pg: 200-203 2013
- 2. Beeswax • The wax is formed by worker bees • Initially glass-clear and colourless • becoming opaque after mastication and adulteration with pollen • to build honeycomb cells
- 3. Contents • Hydrocarbons • Monoesters, diesters, triesters • Hydroxy polyesters • Acid esters, acid polyesters • Free fatty acids, free fatty alcohols • Unidentified substances
- 4. Physical charecteristics • Tough wax • Low melting point – 62 – 64 degree Celsius • Discolours when heated above 85 degree c • Cold – brittle • Room temperature – tenascious • Soft & pliable @ 35-40 degree c
- 5. Uses • Types – yellow(crude), white(bleached) & beeswax absolute(treated with alcohol) • Used for – food, cosmetics & pharmaceuticals
- 6. Food • Food additive • Glazing agent • Coat cheese, fruits • Ingredient in chewing gum
- 7. Cosmetics • Substitute for petroleum jelly • Lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, eye liners, eye shadow, etc. • Moustache wax • Hair pomades
- 8. Clincally • Surgical bone wax – control bleeding from bone surface
- 9. Historical use • Lost wax casting “cire – perdue”
- 10. • Wax tablets
- 12. • Strengthen sewing thread • Sealing wax • Didgeridoo • Tooth filling
- 13. Objective • Studied use of beeswax to repair damaged dry human bones used in anatomy.
- 14. Materials & methodology • Spirit lamp, forceps, scissors, scalpel, quick fix, varnish, copper wire, enamel paint, paint brush & spatula.
- 15. How to extract • Step 1
- 16. • Step 2
- 17. • Step 3
- 18. • Step 4
- 19. Waxcloth
- 20. • Crude wax placed on damaged bones • Given correct shape manually • Applied fast gum
- 21. Repaired pelvis • Articulated ilium with sacrum & counter part
- 22. Skull
- 23. Hyoid bone
- 24. Scapula
- 25. Rib cage
- 26. Discussion • Students who use bone set often don’t know to maintain it • Fail to understand negative impact • No special demonstration prescribed by Medical education in India
- 27. Conclusion • Simple to use • Cost effective • Appropriate technique to repair bones in anatomy • Bones can be used for long periods
- 28. Thank you