Agricultural Inputs Use And Land Reforms in India Department of economics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh

1. Submitted To:-
Dr. Vinod Naik
Asstt. Professor
Department. Of Economics
Submitted By:- Roll no. :-
1.Nidhi Mehta CUHP19MAECO17
2. Pallvi Jishtu CUHP19MAECO18
3. Pawan Kumar CUHP19MAECO19
4. Pratibha devi CUHP19MAECO20
5. Priyanka Kumari CUHP19MAECO21
Topic:- Agricultural Inputs and Land Reforms In India
Course Name:- Agricultural economics
Course Code:- ECN 411

2. PART-1
AGRICULTURAL INPUTS USED IN INDIA

3. Agriculture Input
Agriculture input are the heart of the rural marketing and
rural development.
Agriculture inputs are also defines as products permitted for
use in organic farming .
These include feedstuffs , fertilizer and permitted plant
protection products as well as cleaning agents and additives
used in food production.

4. Agriculture inputs are divided into two parts:
1.consumable input 2.capital input

5. Consumable input:
 Consumable inputs are the types of inputs that will be
consumed naturally by the crops.
 Seeds
 Fertilizer
 Agrochemical
 Oil and lubricant
 Irrigation
 Pesticides

6. Capital input:
 capital inputs are agro inputs that are often mechanical and
more technologically advanced. These are the tool for larger
farms.
Tractors
Agriculture machineries (thrasher, harvester)
Agricultural implements and tools (irrigation, pump set ,
motors, carts etc)

7. Productionand use of Agriculture inputs in India
Inputs Unit 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
1.Seeds
a) Production of
Breeder seeds
b) Production of
founded seeds
c) Distribution of
certified/quality
seeds
2.Consumption of
Chemical fertilizers
a) Nitrogen(N)
b) Phosphatic(P)
c) Potassic(K)
3. Consumption of
Pesticides
Thousand 118.85 123.38 110.20 82.29 86.21 90.37 110.71 105.08 104.26
Qtls
Lakh Qtls 18.06 22.26 16.17 17.43 15.76 14.95 22.09 19.54 18.00
Lakh Qtls 277.34 294.85 313.44 301.39 303.12 304.04 348.58 352.01 320.41
Lakh tons 165.58 173.00 168.21 167.50 169.46 173.72 167.35 169.58 176.28
Lakh Tons 80.50 79.14 66.53 56.33 60.98 69.79 67.05 68.54
Lakh Tons 35.14 25.78 20.62 20.99 25.32 24.03 25.08 27.79
Thousand 55.54 52.98 45.62 60.28 56.12 58.22 52.76 62.18
Tons
source: Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare

8. Seeds:
 seeds are the first determinant of future plant development.
 The seeds are the key to success in agriculture seeds are fertilized ovule.
 Green revolution was only possible with the production of generally high quality seeds with other
qualities namely high germination, high vigor ,high physical purity and health.
 Indian seeds industry played a very critical role in the growth of Indian agriculture.
 It is estimated that the direct contribution of quality seed alone to the total production is about
15-20% depending upon the crop and it can be further raised up to 45% with efficient
management of the other inputs.
 Indian seeds market size is about RS 9000cr. And world seeds market is about 220000cr .

9. There are four generally recognized classes of
seeds. They are
Breeder seed
Foundation seed
Registered seed
Certified seed

10. Nuclear seed:
This is the hundred percent genetically pure seed with
physical purity and produced by the original
breeder/Institute /State Agriculture University (SAU)
from basic nucleus seed stock. A pedigree certificate is
issued by the producing breeder.

11. Breeder seed
 The progeny of nucleus seed multiplied in large area as per indent of Department
of Agriculture and Cooperation (DOAC), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, under supervision of plant breeder / institute / SAUs and
 monitored by a committee consisting of the representatives of state seed
certification agency, national / state seed corporations, ICAR nominee and
concerned breeder.
 This is also hundred percent physical and genetic pure seed for production of
foundation seed.
 A golden yellow Colour certificate is issued for this category of seed by the
producing breeder.

12. Foundation seed
The progeny of breeder seed produced by recognized
seed producing agencies in public and private sector,
under supervision of seed certification agencies in such a
way that its quality is maintained according to prescribed
field and seed standards.
A white Colour certificate is issued for foundation seed by
seed certification agencies.

13. Registered seed
Registered seed shall be the progeny of foundation
seed that is so handled as to maintain its genetic
identity and purity according to standard specified
for the particular crop being certified.
A purple Colour certificate is issued for this category
of seed.

14. Certified seed
The progeny of foundation seed produced by
registered seed growers under supervision of seed
certification agencies to maintain the seed quality
as per minimum seed certification standards.
A blue Colour certificate is issued by seed
certification agency for this category of seed.

15. Fertilizer:
 Fertilizer are chemical substance supplied to the crops to increase their productivity.
 These are used by the farmers daily to increase the crop yield . The fertilizers contain the
essential nutrients required by the plants, including nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.
 All nutrients fulfil specific function in plants and cannot replace each other. Lack of any single
nutrient will limit crop growth even if all the other nutrient is available. Supply of nutrient is
essential to produce high yield seed quality.
 In India use of fertilizer started in planning process in early fifties. India is the 2nd largest
producer of nitrogenous fertilizer and 3rd in production of phosphate fertilizer.
 Fertilizer consumption in India is 16% of global consumption. Average consumption increase
from 95 kg/ha in 2004-05 to 144.6kg/ha in2010-2011.

16. CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILISERS
1) Straight fertilizers
2) Complex fertilizers
3) Mixed fertilizers

17. 1) Straight fertilizers:
 Straight fertilizers are those which supply only
one primary plant nutrient, namely nitrogen or
phosphorus or potassium.
 Eg. Urea, ammonium sulphate, potassium
chloride and potassium sulphate

18. 2) Complex fertilizers
Complex fertilizers contain two or three primary
plant nutrients of which two primary nutrients are in
chemical combination.
These fertilizers are usually produced in granular
form.
Eg. Ammonium phosphate, nitro phosphates and
ammonium phosphate.

19. 3) Mixed fertilizers
Mixed fertilizers are physical mixtures of straight
fertilizers.
They contain two or three primary plant nutrients.
Mixed fertilizers are made by thoroughly mixing the
ingredients either mechanically or manually.

20. Fertilizers can also be classified based on
physical form:
* Solid Fertilize
* Liquid Fertilizer

21. Types of fertilizers:-
Solid fertilizers
 Powder (single superphosphate),
 Crystals (ammonium sulphate),
 Prills (urea, ammonium phosphate,
superphosphate),
 Granules (Holland granules),
Super granules (urea super
granules) and
Briquettes (urea briquettes).
Liquid fertilizers
Liquid form fertilizers are
applied with irrigation water or
for direct application. Ease of
handling, less labour
requirement and possibility of
mixing with herbicides have
made the liquid fertilizers more
acceptable to farmers.

22. Zone-wise Consumption of Fertilizers: -
(Thousand Tones)
Sr. State Zone 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
1. South Zone 5985.38 6177.58 5788.00 5724.28 6002.83
2. West Zone 8205.58 8382.02 8326.41 8560.03 8735.39
3. North Zone 7634.62 7906.44 7805.55 8087.75 8289.58
4. East Zone 3427.25 4001.47 3653.88 3923.23 4026.01
5. North East Zone 323.29 285.09 275.20 295.62 321.39
6. All India 25575.12 26752.61 25949.15 26590.9 27375.2
Source: Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare

23. Irrigation
water is a critical input for agricultural production and plays an important
role in food security.
Irrigated agriculture represent 20% of the total cultivated land contributed
40% of the total food produced worldwide. Ground water provides 70%of
irrigation water.
There are different method of irrigation that should be taken in use for better
utilization of water.
It includes Drip and Sprinkler irrigation system. Different type of type of
irrigation:

24. TYPES OF IRREGATION
 1.Surface Irrigation: In this
system, no irrigation pump is
involved. Here, water is distributed
across the land by gravity.
 2.Localized Irrigation: In this
system, water is applied to each
plant through a network of pipes
under low pressure.
 3.Sprinkler Irrigation: Water
is distributed from a central location
by overhead high-pressure
sprinklers or from sprinklers from
the moving platform.
4.Drip Irrigation: In this type, drops of
water are delivered near the roots of the
plants. This type of irrigation is rarely used as
it requires more maintenance.
5.Centre Pivot Irrigation: In this,
the water is distributed by a sprinkler system
moving in a circular pattern.
6.Sub Irrigation: water is distributed
through a system of pumping stations gates,
ditches and canals by raising the water table.
7.Manual Irrigation. :This a labour
intensive and time-consuming system of
irrigation. Here, the water is distributed
through watering cans by manual labour

25. The modern method involves two systems:
1.Sprinkler system
 A sprinkler system, as its name
suggests, sprinkles water over the
crop and helps in an even
distribution of water.
 This method is much advisable in
areas facing water scarcity.
 Here a pump is connected to
pipes which generate pressure
and water is sprinkled
2.Drip system
 In the drip system, water supply is
done drop by drop exactly at
roots using a honor pipe.
 This method can also be used in
regions where water availability is
less.

26. Sr. no Name of the state Drip Sprinkler Total
1 Andhra Pradesh 1295658 489560 1785218
2 Arunachal Pradesh 613 0 613
3 Assam 373 2448 2821
4 Bihar 10502 104998 115501
5 Chhattisgarh 24752 291521 316272
6. Goa 1186 1129 2315
7. Gujarat 723222 698692 1421914
8. Haryana 32758 572622 605380
9. Himachal Pradesh 5389 4323 9712
10. J&K 23 57 80
11. Jharkhand 20633 15757 36390
12. Karnataka 658171 863322 1521493
13. Kerala 23610 8683 32293
14. Madhya Pradesh 313887 242733 556620
15. Maharashtra 1199963 505365 1705328
16. Manipur 358 30 388
17. Meghalaya 308 307 615
18. Mizoram 3064 1364 4428
19. Nagaland 444 5005 5449
20. Odisha 24786 97944 122730
21. Punjab 35593 13195 48788
22. Rajasthan 245301 1645431 1890732
23. Sikkim 6044 3042 9086
24. Tamil Nadu 487511 18835 67651
25. Telangana 191722 76251 267973
26. Tripura 444 3215 3659
27. Uttar Pradesh 25583 128530 154113
28. Uttrakhand 7078 5041 12119
29. West Bengal 964 65723 66687
30. Other 15169 30636 45805
Total 5355108 6057818 11412926
State-wise Area covered under Micro Irrigation(hectare) (Source: Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare)

27. Pesticides
 Without crop protection, including pesticides, more
than half of the world’s crops would be lost to insects,
diseases and weeds.
Pesticides are important. They help farmers grow
more food on less land by protecting crops from
pests, diseases and weeds as well as raising
productivity per Hect.

28. Tractor
These are the capital input.
Due to the increased efficiency and productivity tractors
brought, farms became larger because farmers could now
handle more land.
The advent of the tractor also allowed for specialization in
crops and livestock, which shifted the farm economy to a
cash-crop model and reduced the self-sufficiency of the
farm.

29. PART-1 ENDED
THANK YOU SO MUCH

30. PART-2
Land Reforms in India

31. Land Reforms
 Definition – it refers to the institutional and technical change in land . In which
the institutional changes contains land tenure system, size of the land ,
redistribution of land etc. And Technical changes contain mechanization of
agriculture, methods used in agriculture , irrigation etc.
 Land reforms means the redistribution of land from rich to poor , from those
who have excess land to them who have shortage of land.

32. What was the need of land Reform in
India:-
 To understand this firstly we must be know about the land Revenue system/ land
tenure system in British India because that time the major source of the revenue to
British is land revenue.
Land tenure system before Independence
1) Zamindari system 2) Mahalwari System 3) Ryotwari system

33. Zamindari:-
 In 1793 an act “Permanent Settlement Act” passed by Lord Cornwallis under which Zamindari system
introduced.
 This act firstly introduced in Bengal ,Bihar, Orissa and Varnasi.
Zamindar:
 They are intermediary Agency between State and cultivator. They are also the owner of lands.
 Zamindars have also full rights to collect the rent from the cultivators.
 In this system the share of govt. in total revenue collected by Zamindars was kept at 10/11th and balance
going to Zamindars
 Zamindars forced peasants to offers various gifts & Nazrana.
 According to bhavani sen (Evolution of agrarian relations in India) approx. 25% of the produce was taken away by the intermediaries in the form of rent.
 In this system Zamindars are owner and actual cultivator are tenants.

34. Tenants:
 T
o The person who cultivate on other person’s land and pay for this.
Type of tenants
 Occupancy Tenants:-
• They have permanent and heritable rights on land which they cultivate
• They pay rent until Zamindar didn’t take his land return
Occupancy Tenants Tenants-at-will Sub- Tenant

35. o Tenants-at-will:-
• No security of tenure on land
• evicted any time
• and the landlord can increase rent any time.
o Sub- tenants:-
They work on the land given on the rent by the occupancy tenant.
Problems:-
• The exploitation of farmers through high Revenue.
• Barrie on the development of Agricultural land
• landlords only focused on the Revenue, not on the development.
• It causes poverty.
• In 1949-50 out of income of rs 4800 cr. From agriculture, Share of intermediaries was rs 1200 cr.

36. Mahalwari system:
 This system was firstly introduced in 1822 by Holt Mackenzie. And reformed in 1833 by William
Bentinck.
 This revenue system is for North-west India and was firstly introduced in Agra, Oudh, and P
.B., etc.
 Under this system whole land divided into Mahals:
 Which consist one or more villages, and whole Mahal treated as one unit for the payment of land
revenue.
 Headmen or villages are committees is responsible for the pay revenue to the government.
 In this system ownership right of land is given to Peasants.
Problems
 At any time company can be called More Revenue from farmers.

37. Ryotwari system:
 Introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Read in 1820
 This is a revenue system for South India, firstly introduced in tamilnadu
 Ryot: Person who cultivate the land.
 Ryot directly pays land revenue to the state.
 Ryot had full right regarding sale, transfer and leasing of land.
 Settlement under this system was done on a temporary basis.
 In M.P such settlements done after every 20 years, in Bombay after every 30 years
and in madras and united provinces after every 40 years
 Revenue rates are 50% for the dry land and 60% for irrigated land.
Problems:
 Dominated by money landers because they provide land.
 Money lander exploited by cultivators.

38. Demerits of Land Revenue Systembefore Independence:
 Presence of intermediates between state and cultivators.
 Due to the tendency system of cultivators not focused on the development of the land.
 Revenue rates are too high.
 Due to the division of the land, new and scientific techniques are not much effective.
 Unequal distribution of land.
 Poverty due to low productivity
The objective of land reforms:
 Remove the impediments to create production.
 Raise social welfare by eliminating all kinds of exploitation and social injustice.
 For a high standard of living.
 Provide security to farmers.
 Assure equality and opportunity to all sections of rural peoples.

39. Main Land Reforms India After independence:
Land reforms
Distributive
measures:-
1. Abolition of
intermediaries
Tenancy measures:
1.Regulation of rent
2. Security of tenure
3. Ownership rights
4.Ceilings of
landholdings.
5.Compensation
for improvement
Reorganizational measures:
1. Redistribution of land.
2. consolidation of land
holdings
3.cooperative forming.
Other
measures:
1.Up-to-date
records.
2. Bhodan
movement

40. 1. Abolition of intermediaries /Zamindari
 During 1947, 57% of the land was under the Zamindari system.
 After the independence to abolish the Zamindari system several acts Pass in
1950 and the land reforms committee under the chairmanship of Kumarappa
formed in 1949.
 New act firstly passed in 1950 in Bihar and then in U.P in 1952.
 until the end of the 1st five-year plan (1952-56) 173 million acres of land were
acquired from the Zamindari system.
 Tenants who cultivate the same land for more than 6 years were given the right
to prepare the land and fair prices.
 Zamindar was given compensation for the land acquired from them.
 Some official documents claimed that intermediaries were completely
abolished by the end of 1st five year plan

41. Tenancy Reforms
 Approx. 40% land were under Tenancy in 1980,
 5cr 10L peoples don’t have ownership rights.
 They work on the landlord's land.
Threekindsof Tenants:
 Occupy Tenancy b) Non-occupy Tenancy c)Sub-Tenancy
Following TenancyReformstakesby Govt.
1. Regulation of rent:
 According to H.D Malviya ( land reforms in India) in India the rate of rent varied
b/t 34 to 75 % . In P.B these rates were near 80 % .
 in the 1st five-year plan the rent should we fixed at 1/5th of the total produce in
all states accept A.P, H.R, P.B, J&K.
 In P.B fair rent is fixed at one-third of total production.
 In Tamilnadu it is fixed 40% of gross produce of irrigated land 25% of dry land.
And 25% in Bihar

42. 2) Securityof Tenure:-
To secure the welfare of Tenure some major steps were taken by the Government:
 It has been estimated that about 82% of tenants in the country in 1961 were insecure.
 Tenants were not evicted at any time and illegally from that land which they cultivated.
 The landlord evicted Tenants only if they want to cultivate the land.
 If landlords want to take back their land there must be minimum land which they have to
give to them.
 But laws related to securities of tenure were not implemented fully in some states like: H.R,
P.B, A.P .etc.
3) OwnershipRights:-
 To provide the owner ship rights to the cultivators some states have passed legislation to
confer rights of ownership rights to the cultivators
 In west Bengal “operation barga” launched and under this scheme 14 lakh share-coppers
have been recorded.
 In Kerala 24 lakh tenants conferment of ownership rights
 Until the end of 6th plan 12.42 million tenants have acquired ownership rights over 6.32
million hectare of land

43. 4. Compensation onland holdings:-
 If Tenants leave any land and do improvement work on land then they must be
compensated for this.
5. Ceiling on land holdings:
Ceiling:- it shows the maximum limit of cultivated land that an individual or family can
holds.
 If any family holds land more than ceiling level then that land will be taken back by
Government and give compensation to them.
 1st five year plans focus ceiling on the future acquisition of land. This shows the
maximum limit of land that families can increase the size of their land in the future by
purchasing new land.
 The Second Plan recommended that ceiling should be fixed at about three family
holdings.
 Under this new definition, the family included husband, wife and 3 children were
included -example: If ceiling limit is 21 and family have 2 children then they can own
63 Hectare land.
 The conference on the chief minister’s was called in July 1972.
• During this conference new policy on land ceiling was involved:-
• Lower limit of ceiling fixed to 18 acres of wet land and 54 acers of unirrigated land

44. The ceiling of land holdings in India:-
State Fixed land ownership
(hectare)
State Fixed land ownership
(hectare)
Andhra Pradesh 4.05 to 21.85 Madhya Pradesh 7.28 to 21. 85
Bihar 6.07 to 18.21 Maharashtra 7.28 to 21.85
Gujrat 4.05 to 21.85 Orissa 4.05 to 18.21
Haryana 7.25 to 21.85 Punjab 7.00 to 20.50
Himachal Pradesh 4.05 to 28.33 Rajasthan 7.28 to 70.82
Jammu & Kashmir 3.60 to 9.20 Tamilnadu 4.86 to 24.28
Karnataka 4.05 to 21.85 Uttar Pradesh 7.28 to 28.33
Kerala 4.86 to 6.07 West Bengal 5.00 to 7.00
Source- Agricultural statistics, ministry of agricultural, 2002

45. Agricultural holdings in India
Number of operational holdings and area operated by size classes
Sr. no Category of holding
No. of holdings
( millions)
Total area operated
(Million Hectare)
Area size of holding
(Hectare)
2000-01 2010-11 2000-01 2010-11 2000-01 2010-11
1 Marginal (Less than 1 Hect.) 75.41
(62.9)
92.83
(67.1)
29.81
(18.7)
35.91
(22.5)
0.40 0.39
2 Small (1.0 to 2.0 Hect.) 22.69
(18.9)
24.78
(17.9)
32.14
(20.2)
35.24
(22.1)
1.42 1.42
3 Semi-Medium (2.0 to 4.0 Hect.) 14.02
(11.7)
13.90
(10.0)
38.19
(24.0)
37.70
(23.6)
2.70 2.71
4 Medium (4.0 to 10 Hect.) 6.58
(5.5)
5.87
(4.2)
38.22
(24.0)
33.83
(21.2)
5.81 5.76
5 Large (10 Hect. And
above)
1.23
(1.0)
0.97
(0.7)
21.07
(13.2)
16.91
(10.6)
17.12 17.38
TOTAL 119.93 138.35 159.44 159.99 1.33 1.15
SOURCE- Govt. Of India, Agricultural statistics at a glance, 2016 (Delhi, 2017), table 15.1. p. 394.

46. Exceptions fromthe ceiling on land holdings:
A. Orchards
B. Tea, Coffee, and Rubber plantations
C. Cattle breeding farms, Dairy farms, wool roasting farms, etc.
D. Sugarcane farms etc.
E. Land under temple etc.
Redistribution Measures:
These measures are related to the size of land.
A) Consolidation of land:
 In India, farmers have the small-2 pieces of land at different places.
Because of this, they are not able to use modern techniques in
agriculture.
 Consolidation means Govt. Will allocate the same land to farmers in
one place.
 As on march 31, 2002 total cultivated area is 142 million hectare on
which consolidation had taken place only in 66.10 million hectares
 And 15 states passed the law related to the consolidation.

47. Methods of consolidation:
Methods

Voluntaryconsolidation:-
 firstly implement in Punjab in 1921.
 Under this peoples are voluntary ready for consolidation
Partialcompulsion:-
 firstly in M.P in 1923 and then in Punjab in 1936.
 Under this if the majority of people in village are ready for consolidation than other
must be do consolidation.
Voluntary consolidation
Compulsory consolidation:
Partial compulsion Complete compulsion

48. Complete compulsion:
• This act passed in 1947.
• Under this govt. Forced people for consolidation.
• Consolidation in P.B, H.R, and then in u.p will be completed.
B. Cooperative forming:-
• cooperative farming needed in India because As we see in the table that 85% of
holdings in India are below 2 Hect. And 44.6 % of total operated are a is under them
and it is profitable for them.
• It is the type of farming in which farmers have full ownership of land. But all people
will work on that land and the profit will be divided between each other.
• Agricultural inputs are purchased by the society in bulk. Therefore, in can be made
available to the members at a cheaper rate.
• Now big implements and machineries used in cultivation
• Currently, there are 9800 cooperative societies in which there are 3.25 lack members
and they have 5.7 lakh hectare land.

49. Other Measures:
1. BhoodanMovement:
• This movement is introduced by Acharya Vinoba Bhava in Telangana in 1951.
• Bhave was influenced by mahatma Gandhi's “Sarvodaya” movement and Gram Swaraj.
• According to him, the land is the gift of nature and everyone has the equal right.
• He appreciates landlords for giving there land to the farmers.
2. National Land Records Modernization Programme ‘NLRNA’:
 This Programme starts in 2008
 Under this Programme until the end of the 12th five-year plan all land will be
computerized.
 For the online process of land this program is started in all districts of the
country.
 In A.P, BIHAR, H.R, K.R, M.P, M.H, O.D, R.J, T.N, & U.P to the landlords.
 In the 12th Plan “National Authority for Computerization of land record “and
“State Authority for Computerization of land Record” will be established.
 12th five year plan also purposed that land that emerged as surplus should be
distributed to groups of Disadvantaged and women (D&W) farmers

50. Causes of the slow progress of landreforms &
1. Uncoordinated.
2. Lack of political will
3. Differences in the laws regarding land reforms
4. Incomplete land records
5. Ignorance among farmers
6. Defective laws regarding land reforms
7. Litigation
8. Lack of effective implementation
9. Lack of finance
10.Consolidation is not possible B/C quality of soil varies land-to land.
11.Farmers is generally attached to his land emotionally and sentimentally

51. Suggestions for the success of land reforms
1.Efficient administration
2.Simplify legal provisions
3.Up-to-Land records
4.Land Reforms laws
5.Facility of finance
6.Efficient implementation of land reforms
7.Publicity of law
8.Speedy distribution of surplus land
9.Village societies

52. Reference
1. Indian economy by V.K Puri and S.K. Mishra (Himalaya publishing house) p.243-256.
2. Agricultural Economics by S.S reddy, P
.R. ram (et all) p.615-622.
3. Indian economy by T.R jain, Mukesh trehan (VK global publications) p.188-200.
4. https://www.clearias.com/land-reforms-in-india/
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoodan_movement
6. https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/land-revenue-systems-in-british-india

53. THANK YOU SO MUCH