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HOUSING MARKET –
CANADA AND UNITED
STATES (PRELIMINARY
JUNE 2022
Paul Young CPA CGA
July 19, 2022
PAUL YOUNG - BIO
• CPA, CGA
• Academia (PF1, FA4, FN2, MU1. and MS2)
• SME – Risk Management
• SME – Close, Consolidate and Reporting
• SME – Public Policy
• SME – Emerging Technology
• SME – Business Process Change
• SME – Financial Solutions
• SME – Macro/Micro Indicators
• SME – Supply Chain Management
• SME – Data, AI, Security, and Platform
• SME – Internal Controls and Auditing
Contact information: Paul_Young_CGA@hotmail.com
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-young-055632b/
SlideShare - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga
AGENDA
• Key Cost of Living Metrics
• Debt
• Budget 2022
• Cost of Housing
• Average House Price Canada and Key Cities
• Commodity Price of Lumber
• Modular Housing / Solutions
• Urban Planning
• Technology / Housing
• Homelessness
• Rent to Own
• Innovation
• What’s next
KEY COST OF LIVING METRICS
DEBT / MONETARY
MNP DEBT
BUDGET 2022
https://twitter.com/HonAhmedHussen/status/15143
14685369176073
TFSA exists
Poor urban planning policies
Why the focus zoning now?
Skill trades shortages
No mention on 3D & cost of raw
materials
Where are REITS?
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungc
ga/housing-continues-to-face-many-
challenges-across-the-globe
HOUSING
RBC - Housing - July
2022.pdf
RBC / AFFORDABILITY
Housing_Affordability
_0622.pdf
STATS
ONTARIO
REAL ESTATE AND MARKETS
Housing Sales -
BNS.pdf
HOUSING/INVESTORS
Real Estate (Housing)
Debt.pdf
HOUSING
Real Estate (Housing)
Debt.pdf
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
RESALE /
HOUSING
Source -
https://economics.bmo.com/en
/publications/detail/58c3d98c-
3969-4150-9447-89cfe959dfcf/
Cdn. Existing Home
Sales (May) — Spring Brakes_BMO.pdf
USA - HOUSING
Source -
https://economics.bmo.com/en/publ
ications/detail/4dd5e732-76c1-4f47-
9b56-add3f34a6cc5/
U.S. Housing Starts
More Cracks in the Foundation.pdf
MEDIAN HOUSE PRICE ANALYSIS
USA
HOUSING
Source - https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics
USA
HOUSING
Source - https://www.nar.realtor/research-and-statistics
forecast-Q1-2022-us-
economic-outlook-01-27-2022.pdf
PRICE OF
LUMBER
• Price of Lumber has been on
the decline. The Price of
Lumber is still up from 2020 -
https://www.nasdaq.com/mark
et-activity/commodities/lbs
MODULAR HOUSING SOLUTIONS
• $85B (USD) global market with CAGR predicted to be about 6% -
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/modular-construction-market-
11812894.html
• Mass production modular housing could help make housing more affordable -
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/how-buildings-made-in-factories-could-have-a-big-role-
in-the-future.html
• Adjusting to smaller homes is no big deal - https://www.straight.com/news/living-in-smaller-
spaces-isnt-hell-that-some-people-make-it-out-to-be
• Municipal by-laws
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2019/11/20/3d-printed-homes-quietly-gain-
traction/?sh=101c0e5c63bd
Blog – Availability and Cost of Housing – Canada and the USA – April 2022
RBC and Hous ing.pdf
Hous ing - BNS -
Canada - Mar ch 2022.pdf
URBAN PLANNING
• The problem from the get-go has been with proper urban planning including rural vs urban strategy! It is time for all levels
government to look at innovator solutions when it comes to building affordable housing
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/urban-and-rural-planning-whats-next
• Vacate property due to COVID19 - https://www.phillyvoice.com/greg-englesbe-real-estate-strategic-conversion-vacant-
commercial-space-affordable-housing-0599945/
• Building codes need to revamp to deal with 3-D housing - https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2019/11/20/3d-printed-
homes-quietly-gain-traction/#74899cc763bd
• Green Belt Protection/Development - https://www2.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/greenbelt-ontario
• https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/10/06/york-region-asks-province-for-process-to-open-up-protected-greenbelt-again.html
• All levels government need to look at proper land management - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/why-do-politicians-
play-games-with-the-environment
• Smart Cities - https://www.mccourier.com/global-smart-city-ict-infrastructure-market-2020-industry-outlook-cisco-verizon-
communications-huawei-ibm-ntt-communications/
TECHNOLOGY AND HOUSING
• AI and at risk for homelessness - https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/artificial-intelligence-london-
1.5684788
• AI and cost control - https://www.enr.com/events/880-ai-how-it-s-transforming-project-management-for-the-
better
• Smart construction - https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/here-s-how-smart-construction-could-
transform-home-building-after-covid-19/
• AI and housing - https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/four-ways-technology-addressing-housing-affordability-
crisis
SOCIAL HOUSING
• Govt buying commercial properties - https://globalnews.ca/news/7348331/federal-liberals-
rapid-housing-funding-motels-hotels/ or https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/media-
newsroom/news-releases/2020/canada-rapidly-create-affordable-housing-support-homeless
• Modular housing units - https://torontostoreys.com/federal-government-1-billion-modular-
housing/
• 20 years ago is when Canada had a social housing plan - https://cwp-csp.ca/2014/01/20-years-
ago-canada-had-a-housing-plan/
• Wait list for Toronto is over 79K - https://dailyhive.com/toronto/toronto-affordable-housing-faq
WORLD’S BUBBLIEST HOUSING MARKETS
Source - https://dailyhive.com/toronto/toronto-affordable-housing-faq
HOMELESSNESS
Blog – What Works for the Homeless Problem
• A 2005 study by Pomeroy looked at costs in four Canadian cities, institutional responses (jails, hospitals, etc.) cost $66,000-$120,000 annually,
emergency shelters cost $13,000-$42,000 annually whereas supportive and transitional housing cost $13,000-$18,000 and affordable housing
without supports was a mere $5,000-$8,000.
• A two-year pilot project called The Canadian Model for Housing and Support for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness in 2012, was designed to
address the needs of the Canadian veterans experiencing homelessness. The program included a Housing First approach and staff/volunteer resources
for each participant. The program revealed promising results of an estimated $536, 000 per year (in terms of cost savings) due to reductions in 911
calls and emergency-shelter drop-ins.
• Medicine Hat achieved functional zero by:
* Rallying around a defined goal to end homelessness. In 2009, Medicine Hat was one of the first Canadian cities to commit to ending homelessness,
a goal that was updated in 2014. They continue to set measurable goals to end homelessness.
• * Strong partnerships. Service providers, shelters and other stakeholders representing a broad cross section of interest and expertise locally (e.g.,
private sector, criminal justice, health care) work together on the Community Council on Homelessness. The community is also supported by all
levels of government and the public-at-large where they’ve fostered a strong belief (and proven!) that ending homelessness is possible.
•
• https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/07/what-works-for-the-homeless-
problem.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
USA AND
HOMELESSNES
S
Source -
https://www.hud.gov/p
ress/press_releases_me
dia_advisories/HUD_N
o_22_022
HUD Releases 2021
Annual Homeless Assessment Report Part 1 HUD.gov _ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).pdf
RENT AFFORDABILITY
Source - https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal/how-canadas-housing-affordability-compares-to-other-countries or
https://rentals.ca/national-rent-report
INNOVATION HOUSING
INNOVATION
3D PRINTING
RENT TO OWN
Source - https://storeys.com/liberal-party-rent-to-own-plan/
Liberals’ $1B
‘Rent-to-Own’ Plan May Sound Nice to Voters, But Most Won’t Benefit From It.pdf
MODULAR
WHAT’S NEXT
• More needs to be done to make housing affordable including reviewing the housing models
• More focus on moving people away from big cities to rural areas -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/urban-and-rural-planning-whats-next-236315321
• Focusing on growing economy including high paying jobs -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/gdp-canada-real-truth-august-2020 and
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/global-economy-current-state-and-whats-next
• All levels of government working together to make housing more affordable -
https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/housing-market-affordability-and-costing-canada-september-
2019
• Municipal building codes adjusting to methods of house building including 3D printing and modular
construction
Housing Market – Canada and the World
TD Prime Rate.pdf CA Housing
july2022.pdf
U.S. Housing Starts
More Cracks in the Foundation.pdf
RBC - Housing - July
2022.pdf
Housing Sales -
BNS.pdf
With rents soaring
across Canada, some people are getting priced out CBC News.pdf
Canada's housing
bubble is a cautionary tale for the US real-estate market - Canadian Real Estate News.pdf
BoC adjusts Canadian
GDP, inflation forecasts amid full-point hike - BNN Bloomberg.pdf
Research and
Statistics.pdf
forecast-q2-2022-us-
economic-outlook-04-27-2022.pdf
Lumber prices firm
up slightly as field inventories stabilize Madison's - Wood Business.pdf
Cement shortages
are putting pressure on Canada's construction industry CBC News.pdf
Many Canadians
willing to relocate, make other sacrifices to afford a home report - National Globalnews.ca.pdf
Debt Losses for
Buyouts Top $1 Billion and Banks Brace for More - BNN Bloomberg.pdf
Will rising interest
rates be the pin that bursts the housing bubble Edward Jones.pdf
Water Shortage is
the Number One Concern for this California Dairy Producer Dairy Herd.pdf
2022-23 Top Ten
Issues Affecting Real Estate® - Counselors of Real Estate.pdf
The growing housing
supply shortage has created a housing affordability crisis Economic Policy Institute.pdf
Canada's Housing
Starts Slowed 3_ in June CMHC.pdf
Primary health care
‘collapsing’ in B.C. rural communities, critics say Canada's National Observer News & Analysis.pdf
Canadian Cities Have
Seen Up To 1 In 8 Newly Built Homes Go To Non-Residents - Better Dwelling.pdf
What is the remedy
against inflation rabble.ca.pdf
Most Affordable
Major Ontario Real Estate Markets.pdf
Summary:
If you want to afford housing in Ontario, then you need to move to communities like Thunder Bay,
Windsor, and Sudbury - https://blog.remax.ca/re-max-the-most-affordable-housing-markets-in-ontario-
real-estate/
Rents have also soared due to supply and property managers renovating units. The renovating units are
then jacked up - https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/rising-rent-housing-market-canada-1.6525075
Housing bubble is a big threat to the Canadian economy - https://canadian-real-estate.news/houses-for-
sale/canadas-housing-bubble-is-a-cautionary-tale-for-the-us-real-estate-market/
GDP has been downgrade - https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/boc-adjusts-canadian-gdp-inflation-
forecasts-amid-full-point-hike-1.1791367
1. Lumber costs - https://www.woodbusiness.ca/lumber-prices-firm-up-slightly-as-field-
inventories-stabilize-madisons/
2. Concreate - https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/cement-concrete-shortage-construction-
canada-von-scheel-1.6522155
3. Housing affordability - https://globalnews.ca/news/9002367/canada-real-estate-remax-
affordability/
4. Bank losses - https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/debt-losses-for-buyouts-top-1-billion-and-banks-
brace-for-more-1.1794142
5. Debt - https://www.edwardjones.ca/ca-en/market-news-insights/stock-market-news/market-
pulse/rising-interest-rates
6. Water - https://www.dairyherd.com/news/business/water-shortage-number-one-concern-
california-dairy-producer

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Affordable Housing, Household Debt, and Homelessness - Canada and the World - June 2022.pptx

  • 1. HOUSING MARKET – CANADA AND UNITED STATES (PRELIMINARY JUNE 2022 Paul Young CPA CGA July 19, 2022
  • 2. PAUL YOUNG - BIO • CPA, CGA • Academia (PF1, FA4, FN2, MU1. and MS2) • SME – Risk Management • SME – Close, Consolidate and Reporting • SME – Public Policy • SME – Emerging Technology • SME – Business Process Change • SME – Financial Solutions • SME – Macro/Micro Indicators • SME – Supply Chain Management • SME – Data, AI, Security, and Platform • SME – Internal Controls and Auditing Contact information: Paul_Young_CGA@hotmail.com LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paul-young-055632b/ SlideShare - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga
  • 3. AGENDA • Key Cost of Living Metrics • Debt • Budget 2022 • Cost of Housing • Average House Price Canada and Key Cities • Commodity Price of Lumber • Modular Housing / Solutions • Urban Planning • Technology / Housing • Homelessness • Rent to Own • Innovation • What’s next
  • 4. KEY COST OF LIVING METRICS
  • 7. BUDGET 2022 https://twitter.com/HonAhmedHussen/status/15143 14685369176073 TFSA exists Poor urban planning policies Why the focus zoning now? Skill trades shortages No mention on 3D & cost of raw materials Where are REITS? https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungc ga/housing-continues-to-face-many- challenges-across-the-globe
  • 8. HOUSING RBC - Housing - July 2022.pdf
  • 10. STATS
  • 12. REAL ESTATE AND MARKETS Housing Sales - BNS.pdf
  • 17. USA - HOUSING Source - https://economics.bmo.com/en/publ ications/detail/4dd5e732-76c1-4f47- 9b56-add3f34a6cc5/ U.S. Housing Starts More Cracks in the Foundation.pdf
  • 18. MEDIAN HOUSE PRICE ANALYSIS
  • 21. PRICE OF LUMBER • Price of Lumber has been on the decline. The Price of Lumber is still up from 2020 - https://www.nasdaq.com/mark et-activity/commodities/lbs
  • 22. MODULAR HOUSING SOLUTIONS • $85B (USD) global market with CAGR predicted to be about 6% - https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/modular-construction-market- 11812894.html • Mass production modular housing could help make housing more affordable - https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/28/how-buildings-made-in-factories-could-have-a-big-role- in-the-future.html • Adjusting to smaller homes is no big deal - https://www.straight.com/news/living-in-smaller- spaces-isnt-hell-that-some-people-make-it-out-to-be • Municipal by-laws • https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2019/11/20/3d-printed-homes-quietly-gain- traction/?sh=101c0e5c63bd Blog – Availability and Cost of Housing – Canada and the USA – April 2022 RBC and Hous ing.pdf Hous ing - BNS - Canada - Mar ch 2022.pdf
  • 23. URBAN PLANNING • The problem from the get-go has been with proper urban planning including rural vs urban strategy! It is time for all levels government to look at innovator solutions when it comes to building affordable housing https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/urban-and-rural-planning-whats-next • Vacate property due to COVID19 - https://www.phillyvoice.com/greg-englesbe-real-estate-strategic-conversion-vacant- commercial-space-affordable-housing-0599945/ • Building codes need to revamp to deal with 3-D housing - https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2019/11/20/3d-printed- homes-quietly-gain-traction/#74899cc763bd • Green Belt Protection/Development - https://www2.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/greenbelt-ontario • https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/10/06/york-region-asks-province-for-process-to-open-up-protected-greenbelt-again.html • All levels government need to look at proper land management - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/why-do-politicians- play-games-with-the-environment • Smart Cities - https://www.mccourier.com/global-smart-city-ict-infrastructure-market-2020-industry-outlook-cisco-verizon- communications-huawei-ibm-ntt-communications/
  • 24. TECHNOLOGY AND HOUSING • AI and at risk for homelessness - https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/artificial-intelligence-london- 1.5684788 • AI and cost control - https://www.enr.com/events/880-ai-how-it-s-transforming-project-management-for-the- better • Smart construction - https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/here-s-how-smart-construction-could- transform-home-building-after-covid-19/ • AI and housing - https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/four-ways-technology-addressing-housing-affordability- crisis
  • 25. SOCIAL HOUSING • Govt buying commercial properties - https://globalnews.ca/news/7348331/federal-liberals- rapid-housing-funding-motels-hotels/ or https://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/media- newsroom/news-releases/2020/canada-rapidly-create-affordable-housing-support-homeless • Modular housing units - https://torontostoreys.com/federal-government-1-billion-modular- housing/ • 20 years ago is when Canada had a social housing plan - https://cwp-csp.ca/2014/01/20-years- ago-canada-had-a-housing-plan/ • Wait list for Toronto is over 79K - https://dailyhive.com/toronto/toronto-affordable-housing-faq
  • 26. WORLD’S BUBBLIEST HOUSING MARKETS Source - https://dailyhive.com/toronto/toronto-affordable-housing-faq
  • 27. HOMELESSNESS Blog – What Works for the Homeless Problem • A 2005 study by Pomeroy looked at costs in four Canadian cities, institutional responses (jails, hospitals, etc.) cost $66,000-$120,000 annually, emergency shelters cost $13,000-$42,000 annually whereas supportive and transitional housing cost $13,000-$18,000 and affordable housing without supports was a mere $5,000-$8,000. • A two-year pilot project called The Canadian Model for Housing and Support for Veterans Experiencing Homelessness in 2012, was designed to address the needs of the Canadian veterans experiencing homelessness. The program included a Housing First approach and staff/volunteer resources for each participant. The program revealed promising results of an estimated $536, 000 per year (in terms of cost savings) due to reductions in 911 calls and emergency-shelter drop-ins. • Medicine Hat achieved functional zero by: * Rallying around a defined goal to end homelessness. In 2009, Medicine Hat was one of the first Canadian cities to commit to ending homelessness, a goal that was updated in 2014. They continue to set measurable goals to end homelessness. • * Strong partnerships. Service providers, shelters and other stakeholders representing a broad cross section of interest and expertise locally (e.g., private sector, criminal justice, health care) work together on the Community Council on Homelessness. The community is also supported by all levels of government and the public-at-large where they’ve fostered a strong belief (and proven!) that ending homelessness is possible. • • https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2021/07/what-works-for-the-homeless- problem.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+blogspot%2Fadvancednano+%28nextbigfuture%29
  • 28. USA AND HOMELESSNES S Source - https://www.hud.gov/p ress/press_releases_me dia_advisories/HUD_N o_22_022 HUD Releases 2021 Annual Homeless Assessment Report Part 1 HUD.gov _ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).pdf
  • 29. RENT AFFORDABILITY Source - https://www.mtlblog.com/montreal/how-canadas-housing-affordability-compares-to-other-countries or https://rentals.ca/national-rent-report
  • 33. RENT TO OWN Source - https://storeys.com/liberal-party-rent-to-own-plan/ Liberals’ $1B ‘Rent-to-Own’ Plan May Sound Nice to Voters, But Most Won’t Benefit From It.pdf
  • 35. WHAT’S NEXT • More needs to be done to make housing affordable including reviewing the housing models • More focus on moving people away from big cities to rural areas - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/urban-and-rural-planning-whats-next-236315321 • Focusing on growing economy including high paying jobs - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/gdp-canada-real-truth-august-2020 and https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/global-economy-current-state-and-whats-next • All levels of government working together to make housing more affordable - https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/housing-market-affordability-and-costing-canada-september- 2019 • Municipal building codes adjusting to methods of house building including 3D printing and modular construction Housing Market – Canada and the World TD Prime Rate.pdf CA Housing july2022.pdf U.S. Housing Starts More Cracks in the Foundation.pdf RBC - Housing - July 2022.pdf Housing Sales - BNS.pdf With rents soaring across Canada, some people are getting priced out CBC News.pdf Canada's housing bubble is a cautionary tale for the US real-estate market - Canadian Real Estate News.pdf BoC adjusts Canadian GDP, inflation forecasts amid full-point hike - BNN Bloomberg.pdf Research and Statistics.pdf forecast-q2-2022-us- economic-outlook-04-27-2022.pdf Lumber prices firm up slightly as field inventories stabilize Madison's - Wood Business.pdf Cement shortages are putting pressure on Canada's construction industry CBC News.pdf Many Canadians willing to relocate, make other sacrifices to afford a home report - National Globalnews.ca.pdf Debt Losses for Buyouts Top $1 Billion and Banks Brace for More - BNN Bloomberg.pdf Will rising interest rates be the pin that bursts the housing bubble Edward Jones.pdf Water Shortage is the Number One Concern for this California Dairy Producer Dairy Herd.pdf 2022-23 Top Ten Issues Affecting Real Estate® - Counselors of Real Estate.pdf The growing housing supply shortage has created a housing affordability crisis Economic Policy Institute.pdf Canada's Housing Starts Slowed 3_ in June CMHC.pdf Primary health care ‘collapsing’ in B.C. rural communities, critics say Canada's National Observer News & Analysis.pdf Canadian Cities Have Seen Up To 1 In 8 Newly Built Homes Go To Non-Residents - Better Dwelling.pdf What is the remedy against inflation rabble.ca.pdf Most Affordable Major Ontario Real Estate Markets.pdf Summary: If you want to afford housing in Ontario, then you need to move to communities like Thunder Bay, Windsor, and Sudbury - https://blog.remax.ca/re-max-the-most-affordable-housing-markets-in-ontario- real-estate/ Rents have also soared due to supply and property managers renovating units. The renovating units are then jacked up - https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/rising-rent-housing-market-canada-1.6525075 Housing bubble is a big threat to the Canadian economy - https://canadian-real-estate.news/houses-for- sale/canadas-housing-bubble-is-a-cautionary-tale-for-the-us-real-estate-market/ GDP has been downgrade - https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/boc-adjusts-canadian-gdp-inflation- forecasts-amid-full-point-hike-1.1791367 1. Lumber costs - https://www.woodbusiness.ca/lumber-prices-firm-up-slightly-as-field- inventories-stabilize-madisons/ 2. Concreate - https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/cement-concrete-shortage-construction- canada-von-scheel-1.6522155 3. Housing affordability - https://globalnews.ca/news/9002367/canada-real-estate-remax- affordability/ 4. Bank losses - https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/debt-losses-for-buyouts-top-1-billion-and-banks- brace-for-more-1.1794142 5. Debt - https://www.edwardjones.ca/ca-en/market-news-insights/stock-market-news/market- pulse/rising-interest-rates 6. Water - https://www.dairyherd.com/news/business/water-shortage-number-one-concern- california-dairy-producer

Editor's Notes

  1. https://mnpdebt.ca/en/resources/mnp-consumer-debt-index
  2. Source - https://en.as.com/latest_news/will-us-home-prices-drop-in-2022-according-to-experts-n/
  3. Source – https://economics.bmo.com/en/publications/detail/c9d90042-d641-422c-a141-e3d20d1745be/ https://economics.bmo.com/en/publications/detail/1f459a77-52d4-4dd7-97a0-386eae49f764/ or https://economics.bmo.com/en/publications/detail/0ab1bc6f-4aec-4273-aca6-342988ac06ec/ or   https://www.slideshare.net/paulyoungcga/what-is-next-for-the-forestry-sector-249057392 or https://economics.bmo.com/en/publications/detail/5f817204-e1ca-476f-bc5c-a679bbaba41e/
  4. Source - https://www.homelesshub.ca/about-homelessness/homelessness-101/cost-analysis-homelessness