1 2Module 5 Theories Intellectual C.docx

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Module 5 Theories
Intellectual Communication Theories Examples
Theory #1: Communication Accommodation Theory

1. Dealing with work
Joy was a new employee at A-Plus Company. While
understanding about her new work environment, she came to
know that her senior is passionate about painting. During a
face-to-face meeting in her senior’s office, she glorified a
painting in the office that had been done by the senior. This
pleased the officer creating an impression on him.
2. Dealing with family
Ashley has to accommodate her younger sister by trying to
match her vocabulary to the younger ones. She talks using
gestures and words that the young one can easily understand.
She pronounces certain words in a similar manner to the young
one to enhance understanding. She talks slowly to enable the
young one grasp what she is saying (Yogya, 2016).
3. Dealing with the media
Betty is a news presenter. She works for a certain TV station in
the United States. She has gone to Britain to cover news for
certain events that were taking place there. She sometimes uses
British terms when reporting the day’s events. For instance, she
uses terms like center instead center and labor instead labor.
Theory # 2: Face-Negotiation Theory
Cliff will be working for a new Korean company that will have
expanded its market in the United States. He has been working
for five years in an American company that followed
individualistic culture. However, he has to learn to follow
collectivist culture to please her bosses who value such
cultures. He must learn to protect himself as well as protect
fellow employees. This will help him save his face as well as
the faces of others while experiencing conflicts.
Jack comes from the western culture. He believes that
maintaining eye contact while communicating implies respect.
He keenly looks at his father advice him on how to excel in his
academics. He maintains eye contact to show interest and
respect to what his father is saying.

Jimmy has gone on a business trip to Japan. He will be
interviewing several prominent people to include their
information in the company’s newsletter. He is aware that
maintaining too much eye contact among the Japanese is
considered disrespectful (Uono & Hietanen, 2015). He plans not
to directly gaze at his interviewees but show some interest by
looking at them in the eyes once in awhile. He must try to avoid
troubles with them by directly gazing at them that could make
him be considered disrespectful stirring conflicts.
Theory #3: Speech Codes Theory
Intercultural communication conflicts exist at a certain
university. The challenge occurs between faculty members and
administration members who recently joined the institution.
Faculty members believe in communication that is guided by a
code of “collegiality.” They value talking when resolving
problems to show respect and trust. However, new members of
the administration value putting their problems and solutions in
written form. They believe this provides maximum protection to
people’s rights. This distinctive speech codes results to
intercultural communication conflict (Chornet & Parr, 2017).
It is common for Jack to appreciate any good deed that his elder
brother Tony does for him. Tony bought Jack a new shirt and
pair of shoes that cost him quite a lot. He was rewarding his
younger brother for great improvement in his performance in
school. He was doing so to keep him motivated to perform even
better in his academics. Jack was happy and told Jimmy “thank
you.” However, Jimmy’s response seemed quite rude as he
asked him “Is that the best you can do?” Jack considered it an
inappropriate response for expressing his gratitude.
Understanding communication through cultures is significantly
important. News reporters have to ensure they do not violate
cultural norms and expectation when reporting. Stephanie a

foreigner is new employee at a local TV station in the foreign
country. She is currently undergoing training to enhance her
understanding of cultural communication. She needs to learn
appropriate cultural norms and expectations in her new
community to avoid violating cultural norms and expectations
causing conflicts (Chornet & Parr, 2017).
References
Uono & Hietanen, S. U. (2015). Eye Contact Perception in the
West and East: A Cross-Cultural Study. PLOS ONE ,
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118094.
Yogya, R. M. (2016 йил April). A First Look at Communication
Theory 8th Edition. From ebook: http://rosalia.mercubuana-
yogya.ac.id/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/ebooksclub.org__A_First_Look_at_Co
mmunication_Theory___8th_Edition_.pdf
Chornet & Parr, D. C. (2017). Speech Codes Theory Applied to
Problematic Situations in Intercultural Communication. Journal
of Intercultural Communication , 43.

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Module 4 Theories
Influence
Communication Theories Examples
Theory #1 – Systems Theory
Jacque the administrator at Precious Academy communicated to
parents whose children had passed the interview on a scheduled
meeting to be held at the school. He told those who went to
collect admission form that the meeting was to be held on the
November 16, 2018 at 8.00 a.m. He later sent text messages to
those whose children passed the interview but were not able to
collect the admission forms that the meeting was scheduled for
November 16, 2018 at 9.00 a.m.
Parents who arrived by 8.00 a.m. had to wait an hour long to
allow those who knew the meeting was at 9.00 a.m. to arrive.
The School Principal who was to address the meeting was ready
at the venue by 8.00 a.m. She was shocked at the low turnout of
parents. She later confirmed that more parents were to come
since they knew the meeting was at 9.00 a.m. She had to

apologize to all parents at the meeting for the
miscommunication.
Mr. Kerry is the head of the family and works for a bank. He
left for a 3-day seminar for team building. On the day he was
leaving for the seminar, he told their nanny Mary to inform his
wife that he had left since she was not picking his calls. He told
Mary to tell Mrs. Kerry to take the children for a picnic that
Sunday as he had promised them. Mary forgot all about the
picnic. She forgot to inform Mrs. Kerry that the children were
to go for a picnic on Sunday. Kate and Kim woke up on that
Sunday morning excited, as they knew they were to go for a
picnic. They feared their mother and could not approach her to
confirm at what time they were leaving for the picnic. Time
passed by and evening came. They children who looked excited
in the morning were now gloomy. Nobody bothered to know
what had gone wrong.
On Monday evening, the children came home to find their father
having arrived from the seminar. They were not excited to see
him. They greeted him and went to their room. Mr. Kerry was
not pleased with his children’s behavior. Days later, he
confronted his wife of his children’s changed behavior. Since
Mrs. Kerry knew she had not wronged them in any way, she
confronted Mary. Mary felt offended since she was not aware
that she was the cause of the problem.
Social networking has become part of life in the current world.
Social media sites like Facebook and Whatsup app are the most
commonly used for social interaction today. Businesses use
them for marketing their products and communicating to clients
(Mangal, 2013). Wal-Mart uses its social media sites like
Twitter and Facebook to market its brand and communicate with
its customers. These sites are sources of rich user information
regarding products and services provided by the company.
Theory #2 – Social Judgment Theory

The new school rules implemented this year have seen some
teachers and subordinate staff lack motivation. Jenny feels that
these new rules are unreasonable (Yogya, 2016). She does not
see the point of sending a child home for not clearing fees
within the first month of the term. She argues that some parents
struggle to pay fees and should be allowed to clear fees within
the first two months of the term as before. She argues that such
student’s academic performance will be affected for missing
school.
Children tend to have extremely positive attitude towards things
they like. Ashley loves pets. She likes to play and sit next to her
lovely kitten Christine. She feeds it with almost everything she
eats. When she is upset and crying, her mother always looks for
Christine. Once Ashley sees it, her faces glows and you can see
her smile again.
During election period, the media houses will send varied
information regarding the candidates aspiring for different
positions. Biasness is common during such times with most
media houses praising candidates they support. I rarely
comment on the information provided from these media houses.
I neither object nor accept what is said during election period. I
see the arguments given such as why a particular candidate
deserves the seat as neither acceptable nor objectionable
(Yogya, 2016). Only my vote counts during election.
Theory #3 – The Elaboration Likelihood Model
During the annual meeting all employees attend a meeting to
sum up the company’s activities for the entire year. All
employees were eager for this meeting since the company’s
performance had improved significantly and their employer had
promised a pay increment if the company’s performance was
great. Their employer had a well designed speech since he was
not ready to make the pay increment until the performance
remained steady for at least six months. He persuaded his

audience through the central route processing. This kept his
employees focused on what he was saying. There were very
minimal distractions such as leaving the hall to pick calls as
they were all focused on listening (Geddes, 2016).
Emmy my younger sister seemed not to be performing well in
school. Her grades were getting lower at the end of every team.
Since she got to her teens, she seemed not to be concentrating
on her studies like before. My parents had complained of her
grades from time to time but it was not bearing fruit. I decide to
take her to her favorite joint and have a word with her. We left
on Sunday afternoon to her favorite mall in town. I asked her to
order whatever she felt like eating. It is during this time that I
got the opportunity to talk to her about her performance. I did it
in a friendly manner that made her change her attitude towards
her academics. I approached her with high level of elaboration
(Geddes, 2016).
Organizations use the media to advertise and market their
services and products. Visiting their websites and social media
sites can change one’s attitudes towards purchase of products or
services. The positive ratings and remarks on LG electronics
such as the refrigerator and TV made me purchase a TV. The
remarks made me visit the company’s websites immediately to
find the TV I wanted. I adjusted my attitude because of the
many remarks and positive ratings I saw (Yogya, 2016).
References
Geddes, J. (2016). Elaboration Likelihood Model Theory –
Using ELM to Get inside the User’s
Mind. Retrieved from Interaction Design Foundation:
https://www.interaction-
design.org/literature/article/elaboration-likelihood-model-
theory-using-elm-to-get-inside-the-user-s-mind

Mangal, V. (2013). Systems Theory and Social Networking:
Investigation of Systems Theory
principles in Web 2.0 Social Network Systems. International
Journal of Business and Commerce, 3(1): 117-135.
Yogya, R. M. (2016, April). A First Look at Communication
Theory 8th Edition. Retrieved from
ebook: http://rosalia.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/ebooksclub.org__A_First_Look_at_Co
mmunication_Theory___8th_Edition_.pdf
RELATION MAINTENANCE 1
Module Three Theories
RELATION MAINTENANCE
Social information theory
This type of concept is also referred to as SIP. It’s an
interpersonal communication dealing with work, family and
media studies theories which were developed by Joseph

Walther. This theory explains interpersonal communication with
no non verbal cues and how people improve and retain relation
in a computer oriented environment. The concept argues that
online interpersonal relation may demonstrate similar relational
dimensions and qualities as face to face relationships. Online
association may facilitate interaction that would not have taken
place face to face due to barriers such as geographical and
intergroup anxiety. Computer mediated communication might be
fine for task-related purposes such as information processing,
news dissemination, and long-distance conferencing. But as a
place to bond with others, cyberspace seemed to be a relational
wasteland stark and barren. Scholars who studied new electronic
media had already offered a variety of theories to explain the
inherent differences between CMC and face-to-face
communication. I’ll mention three.
Dealing with work
The theory of social information process boosts relationship
among different co-workers. At working place workers can
share their experience through online communication.
Dealing with family
When dealing with a family we can talk of Social presence
theory, this suggests that text-based messages deprive CMC
users of the sense that other warm bodies are jointly involved in
the interaction. To the extent that we no longer feel that anyone
is there, our communication becomes more impersonal,
individualistic, and task-oriented. Also, the theory of social
information mediated says that there is a link between exposure
to violence and children problems hence concluding that, the
concept develops social relationship.
Dealing with media
This theory purports that CMC bandwidth is too narrow to
convey rich relational messages. It claims that CMC users have
no clue as to their relative status, and norms for interaction
aren’t clear, so people tend to become more self-absorbed and
less inhibited. The result is increased flaming hostile language
that zings its target and creates a toxic climate for relational

growth on the Internet.
Relational Dialetic
Under this theory, people need both privacy and intimacy in
their social relationships; they experience a tension between
disclosure and withdrawal. This theory explains that
communication series arise between two parties when they want
to maintain relationships. It bases on tensions and struggles in
relationship, whereby the tensions could be couples and society
and within rational partners (Leslie, 2006).
Dealing with work
In this case I will relational dialectic concept by giving an
example. Suppose Joe and Mariana are in affair and Mariana is
working at Joe’s company, the two lovers believes that for
betterment of the relationship, they have to stay together.
Though they also understand the need to have their person and
space since they have a career to look after. Therefore, this of
having own space and closeness is dialectic.
Dealing with family
The concept of rational dialectic applies when couples want to
stay together to maintain their relationship but there some
unavoidable circumstances that can’t allow them to stay
together.
Dealing with media
This concept is very crucial in media relationship since the
communication enables coups to solve their conflict and
continue with their relationship. Therefore, the relational
dialectic is depicted when two coups solve their issues via
media.
Communication privacy management theory
This is a systematic research theory designed to develop an
evidence-based understanding of the way people make decisions
about revealing and concealing private information. The theory
suggests that individuals maintain and coordinate privacy with
various communication partners depending on the perceived
benefits and costs of information disclosure. It was first
developed by Sandra Petronio in 1991.

Petronio uses a metaphor of boundary to explain the privacy
management process. He says that Privacy boundaries draw
divisions between private information and public information.
This theory argues that when people disclose secrete
information, they rely on a rule-based management system to
control the level of accessibility. An individual's privacy
boundary governs his or her self-disclosures. Once a disclosure
is made, the negotiation of privacy rules between the two
parties is required. A distressing sense of "boundary turbulence"
can arise when clashing expectations for privacy management
are identified. Having the mental image of protective
boundaries is central to understanding the core principles of
Petronio's CPM:
(1) People believe they own and have a right to control their
private information.
(2) People control their private information through the use of
personal privacy rules.
(3) When others are told or given access to a person's private
information, they become co-owners of that information.
(4) Co-owners of private information need to negotiate mutually
agreeable privacy rules about telling others.
(5) When co-owners of private information don't effectively
negotiate and follow mutually held privacy rules,
Dealing with family
Originally this theory was known as communication boundary
management with sources in the intellectual tradition of social
penetration theory, early research focused on studies that dealt
with privacy issues in romantic relationships boundary
management and disclosure between marital couples and
managing privacy when children disclose information about
sexual abuse.
Dealing with work
This theory is very crucial at working place. Giving an example
of health care system, this theory is mostly employed to keep
the privacy of patients. Any information concerning job place
is confidential and should not be disclosed. Information should

not be disclosed any no reason.
Dealing with media
This theory is very important for instance someone don’t want
to disclose their information while communicating over the
media. This helps people to draw a difference public and private
information.
References
Leslie A. Baxter. (2006). “Relational Dialectics Theory:
Multivocal Dialogues of Family Communication,” in Engaging
Theories in Family Communication: Multiple Perspectives,
Dawn O. Braithwaite and Leslie A. Baxter (eds.), Sage,
Thousand Oaks, CA,, pp. 130–145.
Joseph B. Walther, 1992 “Interpersonal Effects in Computer-
Mediated Interaction: A Relational Perspective,”
Communication Research, Vol. 19, pp. 52–90.
Sandra Petronio.(1991).“Communication Boundary
Management: A Theoretical Model of Managing Disclosure of
Private Information Between Married Couples,” Communication
Theory, Vol. 1, 1991, pp. 311–335.

Module 2 Theories
Relational Development
Interpersonal Communication Theories Constructivism of Jesse
Delia
According to constructivism theory by Jesse Delia, employees
will have differences in ability to communicate skillfully at
work. The theory works on the differences between
interpersonally effective employees, rather than, just becoming
more assertive. Using the Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ),
employers can measure the cognitive complexity of their
employee’s interpersonal perception to identify the best
personality to work with. The constructivism theory can also be
used to form effective teams by identifying employees who can
fit in together well.
At the family set-up, the constructivism theory can be appliedto
distinguishing subtle behaviour and personality differences
among family members. A couple can use the RCQ to
understand the difference in their personalities and ways they
can work to understand each other better (Hubbard & Gasiorek,
2017). Parents and can also use the constructivism theory to
identify and understand the individual differences of their
children. Understanding a child’s cognitive complexity can help
in appreciating and supporting their differences.
In society, there are people who see others in a general

perspective and there are those capable of distinguishing subtle
differences among individuals. The constructivism theory can
be used to identify differences among individuals in society.
Just like in individuals, the theory can also be used to
understand group personality differences (Hubbard & Gasiorek,
2017). There are societal decisions that people can make better
decisions while having a better understanding of the individuals
or groups involved especially their personalities.
Social Penetration Theory of Taylor and Altman
In organizations or at workplaces, employees go through
different levels of relationship development. The social
penetration theory can be used to monitor and control the
relationship development between employees. The theory can
also be used to measure the relationship development between
different business partnerships based on the assumption the
development is systematic and predictable (Hargie, 2016).
Organizations can also use the social penetration theory to
identify the quality of relationships among different
stakeholders to prevent exploitation and promote mutual
benefits.
Couples go through different levels of relationship development
in their entire life. The social penetration theory can be used to
guide partners in their different interpersonal relationship
development stages. Parents and guardians also experience
different levels of interpersonal relationship with their children
(Hargie, 2016). The social penetration theory can be used to
identify, shape, and support the skills of revealing their
attitudes and personalities to others. The theory can be used to
understand different levels of relationship development in all
levels of a family setup.
In the societal level, interpersonal communication between
individuals grows with relationship development. The social
penetration theory can be used to analyze the level of
interpersonal communication between individuals in society.
The level of interpersonal communication between different
groups or people in the society indicates the quality of

relationships between them. This theory can be used to identify
social groups with poor relationship development because this
can lead to conflict.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory of Charles Berger
At the workplace, all employees have their first day of work or
interaction with other employees. The uncertainty reduction
theory (URT) can be used to identify ways of reducing
uncertainty or increase predictability of employees. Employers
may need some information about their employees prior to their
first interaction to help create a better understanding of them
(Knobloch, 2015). The URTtheory can also be used by
organizations to reduce uncertainty levels with suppliers and
other stakeholders by increasing their predictability which helps
in relationship development.
Prior to the development of a relationship between couples,
there are uncertainties as each person tries to create an
understanding of the other. Uncertainty can be reduced in the
first interaction if there is anticipation for future interaction,
deviance, or incentive value (Hubbard & Gasiorek, 2017).
However, with the lack of those three conditions, the URT can
be used to increase predictability of partners in the first
encounters by reducing uncertainties that may hinder
relationship development.
In the society, relationship development between individuals
and different groups needs a clear understanding of each other.
The URT can be used to reduce uncertainty among different
groups seeking to interact for good relationship development.
The URT theory can also be used to improve predictability
levels of different sections in the society to offer a better
relationship development.
References
Hargie, O. (2016). Uncertainty Reduction Theory. In O. Hargie,
Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and
practice. (pp. 125-137). Routledge.
Hubbard, E., & Gasiorek, J. (2017). Perspectives on

perspective-taking in communication research. Review of
Communication, 17(2), 87-105.
Knobloch, L. K. (2015). Uncertainty reduction theory. The
International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication, 1-
9.
ASSIGNMENT 2
Module 1 Theories
Interpersonal Communication
Running Head: ASSIGNMENT1
Interpersonal Communication
Theory # 1: Symbolic Interactionism theory
This theory is based on the belief that the self - concept,
thoughts and the outer community is created based on the
communication that happens. So, Symbolic interactionism can
be defined as the use of language on an ongoing basis along
with the gestures which become the reason for anticipation and
reactions. This is not just about talking, it includes all the

verbal as well as non – verbal responses from the listener
shaping expectation of the speaker and how he reacts (LaRossa
& Reitzes, 2009). The basic assumption is about the actions of
human towards other things which are associated with the
meanings that are assigned to certain things and people.
In work settings, the interactions are commonly affected
by the symbolic interactionism. However, the actions of other
people instantly show the reaction which compels the person to
change his perspective. The understanding of people at work is
quite different because there is a formal relationship maintained
and people are related to the obligatory relationships as they
depend on the working of one another. So, symbolic
interactionism has more impact on the change in behavior.
The symbolic interactionism is comparatively less
prominent in the family settings. As people are closely related
they understand the way of one another accordingly adjust.
Making an agreement is much easier because there are various
other factors involved including the consideration of age and
relations. This thing comes in between, and people interact
mostly based on the symbols that are shown by clarification of
values. Also, the time spent with family is more as compared to
the other social circles so it also plays a significant role in
shaping the thinking patterns and language.
The media dealing is also different in symbolic
interactions as the person is more comfortable with the friends.
The comfort level is high which makes a person ignore multiple
aspects. There is no binding agreement between the two parties
which gives a free will to communication and very less
requirement to change the nature of interaction based on the
symbols.
Theory # 2: Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory
(CMM)
This is a communication theory which consists of multiple

tools which can help with the understanding of interactions.
There are various critical moments in the conversation that are
affected due to this and the ways of talking are introduced for
the creation of a cooperative social environment (Bentley et al.,
2012). There are various models, concepts and descriptions
involved here to explain multiple factors of communication.
In a work setting, there are various meanings attached to certain
types of communication. Also, the types of communication vary
depending on the medium. Multiple involved mediums include
memos, emails, face to face and meetings communication. On
the basis of all these things, the interpretation of meanings also
differs. If something comes in written communication, this
means that it is of a serious nature.
Among the family interactions, there is a repetitive pattern
created because of the management of meaning. There are
various unwanted repetitive patterns which are called strange
loops in the communication of family. With the routine
communication, there are certain meanings attached to the
communication which takes place on regular basis. Then,
whenever the repetition in that communication occurs, the
person understands it immediately because of the meanings
attached to it.
Similarly, in media and friends, the meanings attached to
communication are of a loose nature. The communication
commonly takes place in the form of dialogues where there is a
certain issue under discussion. In such a scenario, there are
structured communications which have meanings associated
with certain groups only. The people who are in conversation
construct certain meaning to their social realities which help in
shaping the world outside of them.
Theory # 3: Expectancy Violations Theory
There are certain expectations of a person during
communicating with any certain entity when such expectations

are violated this goes against the conduct of communication.
There is a hypothetical boundary created outside the intimate
space of the person where any kind of breach can lead to fights
(Em, 2011). Everyone has their own personal space and
proximity which they do not want to give to any other person,
whenever the violation of such space occurs, this is known to be
the expectancy violation theory.
In work settings, personal space is the most important things.
There is a formal relationship prevailing among the coworkers
and they have to maintain better relationships which being in
their personal space and not violating the expectations of others
for making the operations go smoothly. The predictions of
people about what will happen in the work place are the
expectations which they want others to fulfil related to work.
In a family setting, this is completely different as the
relationships are more closely tied so people expect that the
other person will perform according to their desire. The level of
trust among the relations is more making them expect more.
In media, the relations with everyone is different. Based on the
nature of closeness, these expectations are shaped. However,
these are sensitive relations where the violation of expectations
can also lead to threatening the relationships.
Reference
Bentley, K., Blong, L., Forsythe, L., Hutcheson, J.,
Leinaweaver, J., Marrs, P., ... & Peterson, J. (2012). The
reflective, facilitative, and interpretive practice of the
coordinated management of meaning: Making lives and making
meaning. Lexington Books.
Em, G. (2011). A first look at communication theory. NY: New
York: McGraw Hill, 194-204.
LaRossa, R., & Reitzes, D. C. (2009). Symbolic interactionism

and family studies. In Sourcebook of family theories and
methods (pp. 135-166). Springer, Boston, MA.

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