4. Lighting
• Allow work/reading
after dark
• Mimic Sun’s
Radiation (Black
Body Radiator)
– Tsun=5778 K
• Sensitivity of human
eye
– Day Light
– Low Light
Low Light
5. Lighting
• Color Temp.
• Candles 1,850 K
• Gas Mantle Lamp Th, Ce oxide emissions
• Incandescent Light Bulb 2,700–3,300 K
• Fluorescent Lighting 3,500-5,500 K
• Halogen Light Bulb 2800° K to 3400°K
• LED (light emitting diode)
• Phosphor-based -LED
15. White LED
• Mix Three Primary
Colors to get white
• UV-LED with
Phosphors
0 1 10
3
2 10
3
3 10
3
0
1
2
3
Wavelength (nm)
Solar
Irradiance
(W/m2/nm)
Sun Light
16. Critical Developments
• Incandescent Lamp
– Low Temp Glass
– Metal Seals through
Glass
– Vacuum Tube
– Inert Gas Filling
– Long Lasting Filament
• Halogen Lamp
– Quartz glass
– Metal Seals through
Quartz
– Halogen gases
– High Pressure filling
– Long Lasting Filament
– Alloying Tungsten
• Allowing extrusion
• Allowing winding
18. Technology Protection Strategies
• License Technology
• Trade Secret
– Coke mixture
• Protection via Market Barriers
• Patent
– 20 yr monopoly
– technology is public information
– Patent Types
– Composition patent
– Mfg. Process patent
– Application (Use) patent
19. Steps to develop the Halogen Bulb
• Concept Stage
– Opportunity assessment
• Technological challenges - lifetime
• Market size – same as incandescent bulb - $75 B/y world wide
• Competition analysis
» Light efficiency Lifetime Market Penetration
– Incandescent 15 lm/W, 1-2 kh 80%
– Fluorescent 100 lm/W, 10 kh 20%
– Fit into Incandescent fixtures – screw in bulbs
• Value chain analysis
– Company – Cost to manufacture
– Customer – Price/Convenience/Energy Use
• What the customer wants. - Voice of the Market
– >2kh lifetime (30%), no cost premium (20%), fits various fixtures
(10%), various color temperatures (10%), Energy Efficiency (30%)
– Weighting factors from market research
28. Stage Gate Development
• Gate Reviews at 3 month intervals
– Business Opportunity Assessment
• Market size (15 million units/yr, 6.9% growth/y)
• Product Pricing
– Technical Feasibility Assessment
• Competition – Fluorescent Bulbs – Superior Concept
• Probability of Technical Success
• IP Assessment
– Manufacturing Capability Assessment
• Cost of new manufacturing capability
– Product Life-cycle Assessment
– Health, Safety and Regulatory Issues?
– Recommendations
29. Product Innovation Equation
• Innovation = insight + ideas + impact
• Companies are increasingly making innovation
part of their culture and corporate strategy.
• Ideas need SUN behavior
– Suspend judgment, Understand the idea, Nurture it
30. After a production process is
running
• Program of quality control and constant
product improvement
• Six Sigma
• ISO-9000
31. Cost of Defects
• Six-Sigma
– No. of defects per million
• 3.4/million (6 sigma)
• 1,350/million (3 sigma)
• 308,770/million (1 sigma)
• Costs
– Single product
– Assembled product
• Failure per part
• Total Failure of Assembly
– Importance of Failure
» Shampoo
» Car
» Spaceship
• Costs
– Lost production
• cost to produce
• Rework cost
– Lost Sale
• Ship back cost
• Loss of Customer
– Failure in Service
• Damage to property
• Personal Injury
• Lost of Life