3. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Caused by:
ī¯ Acute deficiency of Ca
īŽ Results in:
ī¯ Paralysis
ī¯ Circulatory collapse
ī¯ Coma
ī¯ Death
īŽ 6% incidence rate in dairy cattle
īŽ Occurs within 24 hrs of calving
4. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Incidence increases with milk production and age
īŽ Some susceptibility differences between dairy
breeds
īŽ Sub clinical hypocalcemia rates can affect 50% of
dairy cows
ī¯ Leads to:
īŽ Decreased DMI
īŽ Ketosis
īŽ RPâs
īŽ DAâs
īŽ Decreased reproductive efficiency
īŽ Decreased milk production in that lactation
5. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Rare in beef cattle
īŽ Goats â similar incidence rate to dairy
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Initiation of lactation causes severe outflow of Ca
ī¯ Ca interacts with other minerals in the blood
īŽ Incidence may be influenced by levels of:
ī¯ Mg, K, P, estrogen levels,
ī¯ Acid-base balance
īŽ Can either help cow adjust and mobilize Ca, or can inhibit
parathyroid glands and renal synthesis of Vit D which
restricts blood Ca levels
6. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Feeding high Ca diets prior to parturition
īŽ Cow doesnât adapt to mobilizing own Ca reserves
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Stage I
īŽ Hypertensive, weakness, anorexic, hypersensitive
ī¯ Stage II
īŽ Flaccid paralysis, lying on sternum, depression, small
muscle tremors, low body temp, cold extremities, muffled
heart beat, bloat, dilated pupils
ī¯ Stage III
īŽ Lying on side, comatose
7. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ Stage I
īŽ Oral or IV Ca salts
ī¯ Oral gels can absorb into the blood in ~15 min
ī¯ Oral treatment allows for higher Ca dosage
ī¯ May help prevent relapse
ī¯ Stages II & III
īŽ Must treat w/ IV Ca
ī¯ Administer slowly over period of 10 min
ī¯ May require subsequent treatments
ī¯ Should respond w/in 30 min of treatment and be
standing
8. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Good nutritional management practices in the
preparturient period
ī¯ Acidification of the diet
ī¯ Ketosis
īŽ Occurs in gestating or lactating cattle
īŽ Most frequently happens in first 6 wks after
calving
īŽ Very often affects first-calf heifers, or older cows
9. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Excessive amounts of ketone bodies found in
urine, blood, milk
īŽ Also called:
ī¯ Acetonemia, hypoglycemia
īŽ Similar to pregnancy disease in ewes
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Nutritional origin characterized by low blood sugar
ī¯ Occurs when intake or the nutrition provided doesnât
meet requirements of the animal
īŽ Animal mobilizes its own fat reserves
10. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Can be handled for brief periods, but excessive time spent
mobilizing own fat reserves results in ketosis
ī¯ Can use a Keto Stick to test urine for ketone bodies
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Rapid weight loss
ī¯ Loss of appetite
ī¯ Acetone smell on the breath
ī¯ Nervousness
11. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Avoid excessively fat cows at calving
ī¯ Increase concentrate levels gradually after calving
ī¯ Avoid abrupt forage changes
ī¯ Feed high quality hay
ī¯ Maintain proper CP, min/vit levels
ī¯ Focus on cow comfort
īŽ Temp
īŽ Clean, fresh bedding
īŽ Good ventilation
12. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Feed 4 oz. propylene glycol
ī¯ Introduce higher grain content in ration before
parturition
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ .5 â 1lb propylene glycol or sodium propionate daily
for 5-10d
īŽ Provide as a drench if the animal isnât eating
ī¯ IV glucose solution can also help
ī¯ Sheep & goats â give 3-4 oz daily prior to parturition
ī¯ Do not exceed 8 oz glycol in a treatment â increases
the severity and cow mimics symptoms of milk fever
13. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Grass Tetany
īŽ Occurs in cattle & sheep grazing on lush pastures
īŽ Hypomagnesia (low blood Mg), sometimes
accompanied by hypocalcemia
īŽ High levels of N and K combine to inhibit Mg
absorption
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Common in pastures early in the spring (within first 2-
3 weeks of grazing)
14. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Can occur later in season under specific weather
conditions
ī¯ Also happens when cows overgraze one field, then
move to a new lush field
ī¯ Small grain pastures increase incidence
ī¯ Many stressors can trigger grass tetany
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Acute cases
īŽ Caused by rapid drop in blood Mg levels
īŽ Sudden deaths
īŽ Drastic behavioral changes
15. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Run blindly, staggering, convulsions
ī¯ Less acute cases
īŽ Incoordination
īŽ Loss of appetite
īŽ Muscle spasms
īŽ Extreme salivation
īŽ 6-10 hrs from first symptoms to death, if left untreated
ī¯ Little chance of recovery if not treated before the
comatose state
16. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Supplement Mg daily through high-risk period
īŽ Crash feeding Mg after disease onset doesnât help
īŽ Start feeding 30d prior to help build up blood Mg levels
īŽ Cows â 20 to 30g Mg/d
īŽ Calves & ewes 4-8g
īŽ High levels of K, P, Ca decrease Mg efficiency, so increase
feeding rate to account for decreased absorption
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ Call vet immediately
īŽ Success is limited after 8-12 hrs
17. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ 200cc of Epsom Salts (Mg Sulfate) SQ injection
īŽ 50cc/site
īŽ Increases blood Mg levels in 15 min
ī¯ IV Mg/Ca solution must be administered slowly to
prevent heart failure
ī¯ Oral administration to sick animals not effective
because of increased time of absorption into the blood
ī¯ Water treatment
īŽ Only for animals not down
īŽ Will decrease water consumption
18. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Remove from problem causing pasture
īŽ Supplement 30g Mg for 7-14d
ī¯ Grass tetany cases will likely repeat
ī¯ White Muscle Disease
īŽ Can occur in calves, lambs, foals, pigs
īŽ More common in areas where Se content in low
in the soil
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Se deficiency - <.02 ppm Se intake/d
19. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Acute form
īŽ Sudden death
ī¯ Sub clinical form
īŽ May only be seen by apparent unthriftyness
ī¯ Lambs most often affected during first month
ī¯ Stiffness, resistance to standing
ī¯ No fever or loss of appetite
ī¯ Calves affected from birth to 4 months
ī¯ Foals â stiffness, resistance to nursing, lack of
movement
20. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Pigs â 1-4 months of age
īŽ Stiffness, muscle dysfunction
ī¯ Post-mortem examination
īŽ Pale, white streaks in skeletal muscle tissue
īŽ Found in same muscles on both sides of the body
īŽ Can also occur on the heart muscle
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Feed dams rations with adequate amounts of
Se & Vit E
ī¯ Supplement at rate of .3 ppm
21. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
ī¯ Injections can help boost Se levels prior to parturition
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ IM injection of sodium selenite/vit E
ī¯ Must be given by a vet
ī¯ 30d withdrawal
ī¯ Hypoglycemia in Newborn Pigs
īŽ Called baby pig disease, or 3 day pig disease
īŽ Low blood sugar levels
22. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Pigâs inability to manufacture and use glucose in their
body the first few days, or abnormality in the
colostrum
ī¯ Agalactia
ī¯ Dysgalactia
ī¯ Weak pigs pushed back from nursing
ī¯ Inability or refusal to nurse due to mouth injury
ī¯ Exposure to cold, damp environment increases
glucose draw
23. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Lack of coordination
ī¯ Shivering
ī¯ Weakness
ī¯ Hair stands on end
ī¯ Inactivity
ī¯ Convulsions
ī¯ Subnormal temp, slowed heartbeat
ī¯ Death in pigs untreated w/in 24-36 hrs
24. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Eliminate sows that are prone to MMA
ī¯ Proper nutrition for the sow prior to farrowing
ī¯ Warm, dry, draft-free environment
ī¯ Donât damage mouth when clipping needle teeth
ī¯ Sows w/ low milk production
īŽ Move pigs to another sow
īŽ Milk replacer
īŽ IM injections of glucose every 4-6 hrs
25. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ Supplemental feeding
ī¯ Improve environment
ī¯ Glucose injections
ī¯ Parakeratosis in Swine
īŽ Elephant hide appearance in feeder pigs
īŽ Cause
ī¯ Zn deficiency coupled w/ excess Ca supplementation
26. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Clinical Signs
ī¯ Usually occurs in confinement during fall and winter
ī¯ Pigs between 7 and 20 wks of age most susceptible
ī¯ Skin becomes dry and crusty
ī¯ Crust thickens and spread up underline, sides, around
jowl, and ears
ī¯ Crust will form rather symmetrically
ī¯ Differs from mange due to little itching, rubbing,
scratching
27. Unit 14: Metabolic & Deficiency
Diseases
īŽ Prevention
ī¯ Proper feeding rates of Ca, Zn, and fat
īŽ Treatment
ī¯ Reduce Ca content in ration
ī¯ Increase Zn level