Coating and Painting Wordbook.

1 Coating & Painting Reference Material
A
Abrasive Cleanliness Test (3-128)
Also known as Vial Test conducted as per ASTM D4940. Itis an indirect
requirement of SSPCAB3 conducted by allowing abrasiveinside a plastic
container of 2/3 full of for 30 minutes. Content is observed to know if oil film is
present which will indicate oil contamination of abrasive.
Abrasive Type
There are four basic types of abrasives namely: (a) Expandable (mineral/slag)
Abrasives, AB1 (b) Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasives, AB2 (c) Newly
Manufactured or Re-manufactured Steel Abrasives, AB3.
Abrasive Sizing (3-128).
Method of determining abrasivesizes using either the abrasivediameter or
according to the sieve number. Round abrasive(likesteel shot) are sized based
on the diameter of the steel shot. Example, an S330 shotis 0.33mmin
diameter. However, angular grits are sized according to sieve number. Sieves
are identified according to the number of openings in the mesh per linear inch
of screen. A Tyler No. 20 has 20 openings per linear inch of screen. Thus, a No.
12 abrasiveis larger than a No. 40 abrasive. Itis an indirect requirement of
SSPC AB3.
AbrasiveSizedetermine the depth and shapeof the profile. Large abrasivesize
gives deep profile; small abrasivesizegives shallow profile.
Active Cathodic Protection (1-9).
Also known as Impress current. Itis a substrateprotection systemapplied
wherethe potential for corrosion can be great like the offshoreplatforms and
buried pipelines. This is achieved by impressing currentto the structurewhile
also using a dissimilar metal to act as anode (passiveCathodic Protection). The
impressed currentsystemprevents the spontaneous reaction that would
normally take place in a natural cathodic protection.

Additional Cathodic Protection (1-8).
This refers to the application of active or passivecathodic protection to a
coating system.
Additives (6-6)
Substances formulated into the coating systemas a partof the pigment that
finally becomes partof the DFT. They adjustthe consistency, flow-out, surface
wetting, color, ultraviolet light (or solar radiation fromsunlight), resistanceand
flexibility, or to preventsettling in the can (suspended agent).
Adhesion (5-67).
Strength of a coating or the bond of a layer to one another and to the
substrate. . The strength of the adhesion bond is referred to as cohesive
strength. Adhesion is also a term that describes the nature of break that
occurred on the coating systemduring adhesion test. The adhesion test
procedureon a coated surfaceis described by ASTM D3359.
AdhesionTest (5-131)
Standard Test proceduredescribed by ASTM D4541, ASTMD7234, ASTM
D3359 and ASTMD6677 to determine the degree of delamination that will
occur in the formof break between coating layers and/or distinct break
between the substrateand the firstlayer (adhesion) and /or a split within a
coating layer (cohesion)
Airless Spray (5-29)
One of the methods of coating application. Airless spray is by far the most
common method for the application of industrial and marine coatings. Ithas
high production level becauseit does not employ compressed air to atomize
the coating thereby enabling efficient transfer compared to conventional
spray. Also, airborneemission is low and cleanliness of compressed air is not
critical. Operating pressure: 3000-600psi; distanceof spray tip fromsurface:
12’; pump system: reciprocating pump.

Air Wash Separator (P2-6)
A separator that removes any dust contaminants fromrecycled abrasive
before it is fed into the wheel.
AluminumFlakes (1-7)
Formulation in a barrier, protective coating system, which create a laminar
pigment in the coating film. Another of such is Micaceous Iron Oxide(MIO).
Ambient Conditions (3-53)
Condition which includes the surfacetemperature, dew point temperature,
relative humidity and air temperature. These conditions must be measured
and recorded before and after surfacepreparation and at 4hours intervals
thereafter. But if condition starts declining, then check should be more
frequent. To ensurethat moisture did not formon the surfaceof the substrate
before coating application, the surfacetemperature must be at least 3o
Cabove
warmer than the dew point temperature.
Anchor Pattern (3-79)
Also known as SurfaceProfile. This is the maximum peak to valley depth that is
generated by abrasives impacting the surfaceat high speed and by the impact
created by certain power tool. The three recognized industrial standards for
measuring surfaceprofile are: ASTMD4417, “TheMethod for Field
Measurement of SurfaceProfile of Blast Cleaned Steel,”(it has methods A,B &
C), NACE RP0287, “Field Measurementof SurfaceProfile of AbrasiveBlast
Cleaned Steel Surfaceusing Replica Tape,” (same as ASTM D4717 method C),
and ASTMD7127 “Standard TestMethod for Measurement of Surface
Roughness of AbrasiveBlast Cleaned Metal Surfaceusing PortableStylus
Instrument.”
Angular Abrasives (3-126)
Abrasives with sharp-edged surfaces. They may be steel grits or expandable
media. They are sized according to their sieve numbers.
Anode (1-3).

Negative Terminal of a battery or a corrosion cell. The anode corrodes;
cathode is protected.
Anti-foulant (P5b-4).
Paints containing toxic substances known as biocides which kills the spores or
larvae of the foulants (animal, plants and micro-organisms) or retards their
development when they approach or land on the painted surface.
AreaReading (5-50).
Three spot readings on a specified point on the coating surface. A spotreading
is a five gage (individual) readings.
Assessing Coating FilmHardness (5-64)
Standard test methods of assessing the film hardness of coating systems as
described in ASTMD3363 for FilmHardness by Pencil Test, ASTM D2583 for
Barcol Hardness testand ASTM D2240 for Durometer HardnessTest.
AutomatedAbrasive Blast Cleaning (3-120)
Also known as centrifugal abrasiveblast cleaning. Machine accomplishes
surfacecleaning by throwing or hurling abrasiveat the surfaceto be prepared
using high speed centrifugal wheel.

B
Barcol Hardness Test (5-65)
Also known as Impression Hardness. An instrumentused to determine the
gouge hardness of a coating systemby positioning and pressing down firmly on
the impressor handleover the area to be tested while observing the dial
indicator for a recorded peak reading. Itis restricted to thick film coating
system. The procedureis described by ASTM D2583.
Binder (6-4)
Also known as Resin. Itis the non-volatile component of the coating
formulation; Part of the WFT and DFTthat cohesively bonds the pigmentation
together and adhesively bonds the coating layers. Itis the glue of the coating
layer. The following are the functions of binders:
1. Give adhesion to the substrate
2. Provideresistanceto abrasion
3. Providechemical resistance
4. Providecohesivestrength
5. Resist passageof water
6. Change fromliquid to solid
Bits (P10-1)
A term use to describe the presence of particles of gel, flocculated material or
foreign matter in a coating or projecting fromthe surfaceof film.
Bittiness (P10-1)SeeBits.
Black Light (3-123)
A shortor long wavelength ultra-violet light which will detect the presence of
oil by reflecting a brightyellow/green fluorescenceof the surfacecontaining oil
contamination.
Blast Nozzle (3-123)

The opening through which compressed air (with abrasives) is exhausted on
the steel surface. There are two types of nozzle:
(a) the straightnozzleand
(b)the venturenozzle.
Their size is measured with the nozzleorifice gage at an increment of
1/16inch. 1/16 inch represents the inner diameter of the nozzle. For
example, a blast nozzleNo. 7 has an inner diameter of 7/16inch or 11mm.
Blistering (W5-11).
Coating defect caused when coating is applied over uncured layer. The top
layer dries while the underlying layer is still wet. This is common in alkyd
coating.
Blotter Test (3-122).
A standard test method described by ASTMD4285 “TestMethod for indicating
Oil or Water in Compress Air”. A test for moisture in the compressed air
performed by placing a clean white absorbentcloth or a white blotter paper to
a rigid frame and exhausting a compressed air on it at a distanceof at least
18inches for 2 minutes (dwell time). For large volumes of air, blotter paper and
cloth may be replaced with rigid Plexiglas. After the test is completed, the
cloth, blotter paper or Plexiglas is examined visually for oil. This is an indirect
requirement of the SSPCsurfacecleanliness standards for abrasivecleanliness
and coating application methods that utilizes compressed air.
Base Metal Reading (BMR) (5-47)
The effect of abrasiveblast-cleaned steel on the coating thickness gage
measurement. The averageof ten readings taken with a type 2 coating
thickness gage over a prepared surfaceforms the BMR reading. This reading
must be taken and deducted fromeach measurement made over a coated
surface, regardless which coating is involved.
Boxing (5-47)
Mixing or blending method where half of the material is dumped into a clean
container while dumping the material back and forth, fromcontainer to
container until material is blended. This procedureis prohibited when mixing

inorganic zinc-rich primers, moisturecure urethane or other coating material
that react with moisture.
C
Cathode (1-3) The positive terminal of a battery or a corrosion cell.
Cathodic Protection(1-8)
Same as SacrificialProtection. Itis creating protection for a steel substrateby
using a coating layer that contains a metal that will act as the anode in the
corrosion process, thereby protecting the metal substrate(or cathode).
Sacrificial coatings are generally used as primers. Metalizing is also sacrificial in
protection, likewise galvanizing.
Centrifugal Blast Cleaning (3-121)
See Automated abrasiveBlastCleaning.
Checkpoints:
These are the various points of a work activity that should be inspected by the
Inspector withoutnecessarily stopping the activity. There are two basic
checkpoints in coating inspection namely:
(a) SurfacePreparation Checkpoints
(b) Coating Application Checkpoints
Coating ApplicationCheckpoints:
These are the various points during the surfacepreparation activity that
should be inspected by the Inspector withoutnecessarily stopping the
activity. They include:
(a) Verify correctmaterials
(b) Verify shelf life
(c) Measure ambient conditions and surfacetemperature
(d) Inspectmixing procedures
(e) MeasureWFT/DFT
(f) Measure individual layer thickness

(g) Assess inter-coatcleanliness
(h) Verify re-coat times and temperature
(i) Assess cure
(j) Conduct/ Detecting holiday and pinhole
(k) Measure adhesion
(l) Measurehardness.
Surface Preparation Checkpoints:
The following are the SurfacePreparation checkpoints:
(a) Pre-surfacePreparation Inspection
(b) Verify ambient condition
(c) Conduct compressiveair cleanliness test
(d) Conductabrasivecleanliness test
(e) Conduct nozzlepressure/orificesize
(f) Assess surfacecleanliness
(g) Verify Profile depth
(h) Verify surfaceis ready for primer
Chemical Contamination (3-14).
They are water-solublecontaminants (salts) on the steel surfacewhich
includes chlorides, ferrous ions, sulphates and nitrates, etc.
Chemical Stripping (3-14).
Caustic based (ph 14)thatattack the resin componentof coatings, destroying
their backbones and causing the coating systemto disband from the
underlying substrate. Neutralization of surfaceafter striper has been removed
is required for proper coating performance.
Chlor Test Scat Kit (3-24).
Same as latex Sleeve. The kit consists of 5 latex sleeves and five bottles of Chlor
ExtractTM
.

Coalescence (6-9)
Curing mechanismwhere coating curefirst by the evaporation of solvent
known as the primary solvent-water-after which thesecondary solventleft
behind (e.g. propylene glycol) will aid the fussing together of the completely
formed polymer to forma solid film. This curing mechanism is observed in
waterborneacrylic coatings. The temperature of the coating will not fall below
50o
F during the curing process to enable completion the secondary solvent
operation.
Coating Defects (W5-11)
Features which introduces somespecific irregularity in an otherwise uniform
surfaces which can impair the suitability of that coating for its intended
purpose. The following are common defects in coating systems: Sagging,
OrangePeel, Dry Spray, Crating, Fish eye, wrinkling, Blistering, Pinhole,
Pinpoint rusting and Mud-cracking.
Coating FilmHardness (5-64)
Alternative set of criteria for assessing thelevel of cure of a coating system
(see Assessing Coating Film Hardness)
Coating Performance Evaluation (6-28)
An evaluation or verification of a coating systemperformancebased on
Laboratory testing and/or field exposure. These evaluations can be: (a) Facility
Specific, (b) Industry Specific (c) Coating Type Specific or (d) Multiple
PerformanceEvaluation.
Coating System-Specific Performance Evaluation (6-28)
An evaluation of a coating systemwhich tend to address specific service
environmentor upsets conditions unique to the given plant. Many facilities
establish their own. Coating/Lining systemperformancetesting program,

which often includes actual plant sizeexposure of candidate systemapplied to
test panels.
Coating Technical File, CTF (13-3)
Document prepared to record all of the shipyards and owners coating work,
with detailed documentation of the criteria for coating selection, job
specification, inspection, maintenance and repair for the ship. Itis kept on
board the ship and maintenance (updated) throughoutthe life of the ship.
Code
A body of laws, as of a nation, city, etc., arranged systematically for easy
reference.
Cohesion (5-67)
The ability of each coating layer to hold itself together. The strength of the
cohesivebond is referred to as cohesivestrength. Cohesion is also a term that
describes the nature of break that occurred on the coating systemduring
adhesion test. The test procedureon a coated surfaceis described by ASTM
D3359.
Conductivity of Blank (3-48)
The conductivity of the water used to collect the surfaceextract during water
soluble salt test.
Conductivity Test (3-17)
Test carried out to known if a water soluble salt is present. The standard
procedureis described in ISO 8502-09.
ConfinedSpace (9-11)
A space with large enough configuration to allow employee enter and perform
work but has limited or restricted entry and exit means and is not designed for
continuous occupancy.
Containment System(7-19)

Systemused on structures to preventthe debris generated during surface
preparation fromcontaminating the air, soil, water surrounding, theproject
site- to protect public health and welfare.
Convertible Paints (P4-2)
Paint which cures by chemical reaction with the curing agent and therefore
have complex polymer which when they have cured will not dissolveto its
solventif reapplied. They are also known as non-reversiblepaints. These paints
cure by oxidation and polymerization mechanism.
Corrosion (1-1)
The deterioration of metallic surfaces such as carbon steel. Itis an
electrochemical reaction that requires the presence of the following four
elements to composea corrosion cell: Anode, Cathode, Metallic Pathway and
an Electrolyte.
CorrosionCell (1-2)
Systemmade up of the Anode, Cathode, Metallic Pathway and Electrolyte.
Conventional Air Spray (5-31)
Also known “air atomizer”. Itis one of the coating application methods that
utilizes compressed air to transportthe paint froma pressurized potto the
gun, to atomise the coating into a fine spray, then propelthe atomized coating
to the surface. The ratio of air to paint is quit high (say 600:1). Compressed air
is critical and transfer efficiency is relatively low. Itis relevant in the industry
because of its ability to control both the amountof paint hat exits the spray
gun tips and the shapeof the spray pattern. Operating pressure: 50-75psi;
distance of spray tip: 6”-8”.
Crating (W5-11)
Coating defect caused by excessive atomization i.e using excessiveair to
atomize paint. Itmay look like pinpoint rustbut the difference is that crating
does not haveflash rust.

Critical MinimumVolume (5-21)
The volume of material that must be blended so that the chemical curing
reaction between the components can occur.
Cross-Cut (5-21)
Also known as Type B Adhesion Test. This is a standard proceduredescribed in
ASTM D3359 Adhesion Testby Tape (Field Test Method)
Adhesion test is carried out on a coating surfacecut through to the substrate,
making eleven (11) cross-cutof 1mmspacing between cuts, corresponding to
10X10 grids or 100sq (for coating thickness up to 2mills)
Or
6 cross-cutof 2mmspacing between cuts corresponding to 25sq
or
5X5 grids (for coating thickness from2-5mils).
For coatings thickness above5mils, 6 cross-cuts is madeat a spacing of 5mm.
The X-cut method may also be used in this case.
The rating is from5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, 0B, corresponding to a condition of 0%,
5%, 35%, 65% removalto greater than 65% removalrespectively.
Cryogenic Blast Cleaning (3-79)
The use of dry ice pellets in blastcleaning. It is a non traditional method of
surfacepreparation.
Curing Mechanism(6-8)
The method in which a coating converts fromliquid state to solid state. There
are five basic mechanism of cure: solvent evaporation, coalescence, oxidation,
polymerization and moisturecure. A special curing worth mentioning is the
Heat and UV mechanism.

D
Damp Surface (P5-4)
A condition where the surfacetemperature is below the dew point
temperature but there is no detectable water.
Dead ManHandle (3-37)
A safety device in blasting activity that automatically stops the flow of air
pressureand abrasivein the event that the operator loses control of the blast
nozzle.
Degreasing (P2-10)
Removal of surfacecontaminants such as grease and oil by the use of a
suitable solvent such as xylene, usually applied by cloth.
Dehumidification (3-74)
Removal of moisture in the air in a contained work place, thereby reducing the
chance of condensing moisture. The following methods can be used:
compression, refrigeration or Desiccation.
DepressedTemperature (2)
The difference between the Dry Bulb Temperature and the Wet Bulb
temperature.

Desiccants (3-76)
Solids that adsorbs moisturein a contained workplacewhich may be arranged
either in granular beds or in fixed desiccants structures and contained within
machines through which air streams is passed. Examples of desiccants used are
silica gel and lithium chloride.
Dew Point Temperature (3-56)
The temperature at which moisture that is in the air will condense on a
surface. Surfacetemperaturemust be greater than the dew point temperature
by at least 3o
C surfacepreparation/ coating activities to begin or continue.
When the Surfacetemperature is warmer than the dew point temperature,
moisturewill not be able to formon a surface.
DFT Gage (5-46)
Device used in the determining the thickness of a coating system. They are
categorized by SSPCand ASTMas Type 1 (or magnetic Pull-off) gage and Type 2
(or Electronic) gage. Their use and calibration is described in SSPCPA2
standard.
Dispersion (P3-7)
A systemwherethere is no solubility but the one component (which could be
liquid or solid) is surrounded by a liquid. There are two types of dispersion:
suspension and emulsion.
Discontinuity
Any interruption of the normal pattern of metal; examples are porosity,
incomplete fusion and slag inclusions. Any rejectable discontinuity is a defect.
Documentationof Mixing Procedure (5-20)
At least, eight factors mustbe documented. They include:
1. The manufacturer and productname/number; color and generic type of
coating material blended.
2. The batch number of the components.
3. The number of kits mixed and the size of each kit.

4. The mix ratio
5. The induction time (if required)
6. Date and time of mixing
7. Method used to agitate the individual components and the blended
components
8. The coating layers (primer, intermediate, finish, etc.)
Other factors to record are:
9. Whether or not the coating material was strained
10. Actual coating temperature
11. Does project specification requirepot agitation and whatmethod is
specified
Documentationof Coating and Thinning Procedure (5-28)
The following four procedures areto be documented when mixing thinner to
coating:
1. The manufacturer of the thinner/reducer and the thinner/reducer name
and/or number;
2. The batch number of thinner;
3. The amount of thinner added (based on percentage or volume) and
4. The date and time the thinner was added to the coating
Documentationof Tape and Knife AdhesionProcedure (5-69)
As described in ASTM D3359 and ASTMD6677 respectively, thefollowing
procedures mustbe documented:
Documentation of Tensile Pull-off Adhesion Test Procedure(5-69)
1. The manufacturer, model and serial number of the testing equipment,
2. The area on the structurewheretesting was performed.
3. Thickness of the coating in the area the structurewhere testing
performed.
4. The preparation of pull stub employed for the testing preparation of
stub contact surfaceprior to attachment.

5. Preparation of the coating surfaceprior to attachment
6. The type of adhesion used to attach the stub
7. The diameter of the pull stub employed for the testing
8. The curetime of the adhesiveused
9. The ambient condition (air temp. & %RH) during the process
10.The pull-off strength (in Kpa, Mpa or Psi)
11. The location of break (adhesion, cohesion or glue, and the approximate
percentage of each)
The detached pull stub should be identified and stored for future reference
as necessary.
Driers (P3-6)
Compounds of metal such as octoates of cobalt, Zirconium or manganese. They
are added to oil based paints such as oleo resinous paint and alkyd paint that
cure by oxidation, to accelerate their drying process and allow even thorough
drying of films.
Dry Spray (W5-11)
Coating defects caused by spraying during windy condition. Therefore, paints
dries before getting to the surfaceof the substrate, resulting to a dusty coating
surface.
Dry Stripping (5-29)
A layer of coating applied to surfaces thatare relatively hard to achieve a build
on. Coating layers will only be applied when the full coat of primer or
intermediate coat is applied. The stripping coating is to dry for full recoat
interval but not completely cure beforethe top coat is applied.
Dry StripCoat:
A layer of coating applied to surfaces that are relatively hard to achieve a normal film
build on. Dry Strip is coating done after full coating of primer or intermediate
and allowed to cure for full recoat time but not completely cured.
Dry-To-Touch(5-63)

Similar to set-to-touch. The film is considered dry-to-touch if it does not rub up
when rubbed with finger pressureor does not adhereto the finger.
Dual Purpose of Surface Cleaning (3-3)
The dual purposeof surfacecleaning is to clean and to roughen the surface
according to the requirement of the specification.
Dull Putty Knife (3-83)
An inspection tool used to assess whether the remaining material (e.g coating,
mill scale, etc.) on a surfacecan be lifted.
Durometer Hardness Test (5-67)
A standard test method used to determine the gouge hardness of a coating
systemas described in the ASTM D2240. Thedurometer equipment is held
vertically with the pressurefootmaintaining parallel to the coated surface. The
reading is obtained after 1 or 2 seconds over the film coating system. The
procedureis described by ASTMD2240.
Dust Free (5-62)
Curing point wherecotton fibers can be removed fromthe film by blowing on
the film.
Dwell Time
The duration of exposureof a surfaceto cleaning such as abrasivedry cleaning.
The longer the dwell time, the cleaner the surface. Nozzledistance also
contribute surfacecleanliness.

E
Electric Arc Spray Metalizing (7-7).
Metalizing by feeding two wires with an opposing electrical chargebetween
375 and 400 amps. into a spray gun. They make contact arc and melt.
Compressed air finally atomizes the molten metal wireand blows it into the
surface. Itis more productivethan flame spray.
Electrolyte (1-3)
A liquid that contains ions or charged particles, e.g., salt. It is one of the four
constituents of an electrochemical cell.
Emulsion (P3-7)
A systemwheredroplets of one liquid known as droplet phase are dispersed
in a second liquid known as the continuous phase. The dispersed phaseis
completely surrounded by continuous phasebutnot dissolved by it. An

example is the household emulsion paint having PVC/PVA co-polymer as
dispersed phasewith water as continuous phase.
ExecutionSpecification(10-9)
One of the three basic components of a specification which contains the scope
of work to be performed and the procedureto be employed by the contractor
to achieve the scope.
Expandable Abrasive (3-124)
Abrasivethat are typically used once and then discarded due to its high
breakdown rate. They fall into two categories: minerals and slag.
Extender (6-7)
Substances which may be included into the pigment formulation to improve
film build, increase the solid content of the coating and/or provide added
barrier protection e.g. clay, silica, mica, etc.
F
Facility Specific Performance Evaluation (6-28)
An evaluation of a coating systemperformance which tend to address specific
serviceenvironment or upset conditions unique to the given plant. Many
facilities establish their own coating/lining systemperformancetesting
program, which often include actual plant site exposureof candidate system
applied to test panels.
Factors Accelerating Corrosion
The following factors accelerates corrosion.
1. Temperature,
2. Osmotic (hydroscopic) blistering, a
3. Aerobic conditions (presenceof oxygen),
4. Presenceof some bacteria on the surfacesuch as the SRB’s (Sulphur
Reducing Bacteria),

5. MEM’s (Metal Eating Microbes),
6. Acids and alkalis,
7. Bi-metallic corrosion.
Factors Affecting Surface Cleanliness:
The two factors affecting surfacecleanliness are: (a) Dwell Time (b) Distanceof
Nozzlefrom Surface.
Factors Affecting DepthandShape of Profile:
Two factors that affects/determines the depth and shapeof a profile are: (a)
AbrasiveType(b) AbrasiveSize.
Feathering (3-79)
Also known as Tempering. Itimplies the roughening of an intact coating to
providea smooth transition of newly applied coating using sand paper or
power tool. The area of sound coating adjacent to the repaired area is
feathered to provide smooth transition for the touch-up and overcoat
material, and prevent lifting of the existing coating along the edge of the spot
repaired.
Fineness of GrindGage (P7b-1)
Same as Hegman Grind Gage. Itassesses thedegree of fineness of dispersion
of paint.
FinishCoat (6-7)
Also known as Top Coat. It is the firstline of defense in a corrosion protection
system. Itmustbe aesthetically pleasing, able to maintain color gloss level for
long period of time. Itmust be compatible with underlying layer and must be
resistantto the serviceenvironment.
FishEye (W5-11)
Coating defect caused by the presenceof oil or other organic contaminants
that can caused the paint not to adhere to the surface, rather they create voids
underneath which eventually opens up like pinpoint.

Flame Spray Metalizing (7-8)
Metalizing by using an oxygen-acetylene flame to spool-driven wire(as it exist
the spray gun). Oncethe wire is melted, compressed air atomizes the molten
metal wire and blows it onto the surface. Themethod is very labor intensive
but economical for metalizing small areas for repair/rebuild of metal
components subjectto cavitation erosion.
FlashPoint (P7d-1)
The lowest temperature at which solventvapor fromthe productunder test in
a closed cup gives rise to an air/vapor mixture capable of being ignited by an
external sourceof ignition.
FlashRust (3-101)
Tiny spots of rustobserved on a prepared surfacesome moment after surface
cleaning as a result of exposure or contact with ambient condition. Itis also
known as Rust Back. Flash rustis classified as Light, Medium and Heavy flash
rust.
Flat SheenLevel (6-6)
The result of formulating excess pigment into a coating.
Foot Candle (3-77)
The amount of light emitted by a candle 12 inches away (and perpendicular to)
fromthe light source. The minimum foot candle for coat application is 20 foot
candle while recommended foot candle for coat application is 50 foot candle.
The minimum footcandle for surfacepreparation is 20 foot candle while
recommended foot candle for surfacepreparation is 50footcandle. The
minimum foot candle for inspection is 50 foot candle while the recommended
foot candle for inspection is 200 footcandle. These readings should be obtained
at least for five (5) measurements to ensurethat the lightening is uniform
across the entire area. To convertfoot candle to lux candle, multiply by 10.76
factor.
Functions of Binder (Resin)

7. Give adhesion to the substrate
8. Provideresistanceto abrasion
9. Providechemical resistance
10.Providecohesivestrength
11.Resist passageof water
12.Change fromliquid to solid
G
Gage Reading (7-50)
Individualreadings of coating thickness without any specified point to be
measured on the coated surface.
Galvanizing Systems (7-12)
This is when the liquid applied coating is applied on a galvanized surface. The
coating provides the primary protection while the galvanized is the “last line of
defense” againstcorrosion of the underlying steel. The most common liquid-
applied coating for application to properly galvanized surfaceincludes epoxy
primers (with polyurethane finish coat for exterior service) and two-coat
water-borneacrylic system.
Galvanizing (1-8)

A formof cathodic protection accomplished by dipping steel parts in a molten
zinc bath by electro-deposition or by tumbling. Galvanizing coating comprise
nearly of 100% zinc. It provides superior protection to metalizing. Methods of
application of galvanizing are:
(a) Hot Dip @ 850o
F
(b) Electro-deposition
(c) Tumbling.
General Risk (9-4)
Risk that does not only affect the inspector but other workers and perhaps the
general public. Examples are: explosion, hazardous atmosphere, etc.
General Specification (10-8)
One out of the three basic components of a specification which describes the
project, the type of structure(s) involved, the scopeof the work required, the
serviceenvironment of the installed coating/lining systemand the desired
outcome. Itstates all the definitions used throughoutthe specification and all
references in the coating specification.
Gouge Hardness (5-64)
Hardness of a coating using Pencil hardness testto identify the hardest pencil
lead that will not makea gougeon the coating. These pencils are designated
6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H.
Itcan also be discovered using the Durometer or Barcol hardness devices.
Grinding-through (P10-1)
The showing through of the substratedue to the inadequate hidig power of
the coating material.
Grinding (3-9)

The use of mechanical method, especially hand tool to remove hardened,
rough surfaces or edges to enable effective adhesion
H
HALS: Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer. An additive incorporated into
polyurethanethat make it retain gloss under sunlight.
Hand Tool Cleaning (3-79)
Substratecleaning done by using wire brushes, scrapes and other tools that do
not depend on electric or pneumatic power to operate. They are only intended
to remove loosely adhering corrosion product, old paint and flaking mill scale.

They are not intended to produceProfile or Anchor Pattern on steel. They are
frequently used for touch-up during maintenance painting activities.
Hegman Grinding Gage (P7b-1)
Same a “Fineness of Grind Gage”.
HEPA Filter (3-80)
Vacuumsystemthat can collect fine, air-borneparticle that are generated at
the point of generated at the point of generation during surfacepreparation
activities. Itis usually attached by horseline to a power tool.
HEPA (3-80)
High Efficiency Particulate Air. A term used to define fine, airborneparticulate
air which could be generated during surfacepreparation activities.
HATE (5-149)
Hydraulic Adhesion Testing Equipment. Equipment used to test the pull-off
strength (perpendicular tensile strength) of a coating system.
Hiding Power (6-4)
The ability of the pigment to hide the underlying surfaceof the substrate. Lack
of hiding power by the pigment result to “Grinning Through”.
HighVoltage Holiday Detector (5-71)
Also known as Spark Tester. A device used in detecting tiny voids or pinholes in
the layers to the substratefor coating greater than 508 microns (20 mils). It
also detects discontinuity described as skip or misses (holiday) in the
coating/lining system. They are used on non-conductivecoatings applied over
conductive substrateor non-conductivecoating applied over concrete.
Hardness Test (5-64)
Hardness of coating or lining film is sometimes an alternative to assessing level
of cure. Methods of assessing hardnessincludes: (a) BarcolHardness Test(b)
Durometer Hardness Test(c) Pencil Hardness Test.

Hold Point Inspection (2-3)
Activities performed after which work has to be halted, inspected, rework
performed if necessary and accepted by the QC and QA, before the contractor
can move on to the next step of the painting process. They include:
(a) Pre-cleaning,
(b) Surfacepreparation,
(c) Primer application,
(d) Intermediate coat application,
(e) Top coat application and
(f) Curing.
Holiday Detection (5-71)
Detection of voids or pinholes after the final coat has been applied but within
the recoat period, in case repair of coating film is required. Itmay also be
conducted beforethe application of the final coat.
In this case, the inter-coat cleanliness of the surfacemustbe verified before
the application of the final coat. Also, a wetting agent in water should not be
used with the holiday detector as the coating surfacecan become
contaminated and may resultin inter-coat adhesion problem. Pinhole
detection should not be done on a coating systemalready in use. Holiday
detection is conducted on non-conductivecoatings applied over metallic
conductors or concrete.
Holiday detection should not be conduction conductivecoatings such as zinc
primers, MIO, AluminumCoatings.
As a general rule, the voltage setting is 100 times the thickness of the coating.
Also see NACE RP-02-74 standard for voltageregulation. Itstate thus: √X x
1250 +/-20%. Wherex = thickness in mils.
Holiday Detector (5-71)
Device used in detecting tiny voids (pinholes) in the coating /lining. They detect
voids penetrating down through all the layers to the substrateand also detect
discontinuity described as “skips” or “misses” in the coating/lining system.
There are two types of holiday detectors:
(a) Low Voltage or “wetted sponge” detectors for nonconductivecoating
thickness less than 20mills and

(b) High Voltage Detector also known as “spark tester” for nonconductive
coatings above 20mills.
Holidays(5-70)
Discontinuity skips or misses in the coating or lining system. They are simple
areas that are missed by the coating applicator either due to the configuration
of the structureor due to negligence of the application while applying coating
or lining system.
Hydrolysis (6-10)
The reaction of a coating with moisture.
Hydroscopic Blistering (3-7)
Also known as osmotic blistering. A process whereby water soluble contaminants
trapped beneath a newly-installed coating system begins to draw water through the
coating film. This may continue until the concentration of salt on both sides are in
equilibrium. Osmotic blistering causes under-film corrosion and premature coating
failure.
Hypodermic Needle (3-97)
A gage used in measuring the nozzle pressure. Theneedle is inserted at a 45o
C
angle in the direction of air and abrasiveflow as closeas feasible to the blast
nozzle.
I
Impress current (1-10)
Same as cathodic protection.
InductionTime (5-5)
Time span within which the individual components of a coating systemwill co-
react or “simmer” after mixing but before application. Itis a part of the pot life.
Induction time is observed in some multiple components in some multiple
component coating.
Industry-Specific Coating Performance Evaluation (6-28)

An evaluation of a coating systemperformancebased on testing that
represents (as close as possible) the service environmentof that industry.
Inhibitive Protection (1-8)
Protection of steel substratefromcorrosion reaction into the coating system.
Examples of inhibitive are Borates, Chromates, Phosphates, etc;
Inhibitors (6-6)
Substances which may be added to the pigment to “inhibit” the corrosion
process. E.g., zinc powder to a primer will galvanically protect the underlying
carbon steel.
Inorganic Zinc-RichPrimer (P5-3)
Zinc-rich primers with methyl or ethyl silicate as its binder. They may be single
or multiple componentand cure by a reaction with air-bornemoisture, hence
should not be mixed by boxing or excessive agitation. They release ethyl
alcohol on curing and cures dry quick but may not cure for hours or even days
if humidity is too low within the prevailing environment. Thus, cure is only
verified by measuring MEK Resistance of the ethyl silicate to zinc-rich primer
by solvent rub. This cureassessmentis described in ASTMD4752. Moisture
curing polyurethane release carbon-dioxideon curing.
In-Process Inspection (2-1)
Same as Quality Control.
Inspection Plan (2-9)
A format that helps the inspector in identifying the inspection checkpoints and the
associated acceptance criteria.
Inspection Hold Points:
See Hold Point Inspection.
Inspection Check Points:
See Check Point Inspection.

Intermediate Coat (6-17)
Also known as mid-coat. It is the layer after the primer. It is incorporated into a
coating system for the purpose of barrier protection. It has characteristic high build
quality and must be compatible with both the primer and topcoat.
Internal Mix Process (5-34)
A process whereby the plural component spay is able to mix individual coating
together in its mixer or manifold and pumped to the spray gun. This is applicable to
coating materials with a relatively short pot life or coating material that do not have
viscosity thereby reducing solvent in them (e.g, 100% solid material)
Iron Oxide (1-5)
A porous layer which is loosely held to the surface during the corrosion of iron. It is
the product of reaction between iron and the atmospheric oxygen.
J
Jeep Testing:
Same as Holiday Test in Pipeline Industry.

L
Lacquer Drying (P4-1)
Curing method also known as solvent evaporation. The process will leave a film of
non-volatile solids on complete cure. No permanent chemical change takes place in
the coating system. Therefore, they are referred to as Non-convertible or Reversible
Paints.
Lamellar material (6-6) Plate-like, flat-laying coating film which causes any moisture
that penetrates the coating film to take a considerable longer pathway to the
substrate. Examples are the Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO), Aluminium Pigment.

Lamellar Pigment (1-7)
Plate-like layer formed by Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) or Aluminium flakes in
coating formulation for barrier protection.
Lamination (3-10) A steel defect that occurs during the rolling process in the steel
mill. It is also known as Silver. Lamination must be removed when discovered,
especially after abrasive blast cleaning, using a grinding machine.
Latex Cell (3-26)
An adhesive latex membrane used in collecting samples from surfaces of a
substrate. It may come as Bresle PatchTM.
Latex Sleeve (3-24)
Latex used for collecting sample from the surface of a substrate to test for chloride,
ferrous ion and/or conductivity.
Legal Risk (9-5) Risk arising from failure or neglect on the part of an individual or
company to provide services to the standard customary to the industry.
Long Oil Paint (P3-2)
Curing process where the atoms link up with other atoms to form chains atoms
consisting of thousands of atoms in a chain. This curing process is non-convertible
or reversible.
Low Voltage Holiday Detector (5-7)
Also known as wetted sponged Holiday detector. They are used to detect tiny voids
(pinholes) in the coating or lining that penetrates down to all the layers of the
substrate when the coating thickness is less than 508 microns (20mils). It also
detects discontinuity described as “skips” or “misses” (holiday) in the coating/lining
system. Low voltage holiday detectors are used on non-conductive coating applied
over conductive substrate or non-conductive coating over concrete.
Lux Candle (3-78)
The amount of light emitted by a candle, one meter (1m) away (and perpendicular to)
from the source of light. The minimum lux candle for surface preparation and coating
application is 215 while the recommended lux candle is 538. The minimum for
inspection is 538, while the recommended lux candle is 2153. These readings
should be obtained at least for five (5) measurements to ensurethat the
lightening is uniform across theentire area. To covertlux candle to foot candle,
divide by 10.76 factor.

M
Magnehelic Gage (7-20)
An instrument that detects and displays the pressure difference between the inside
and outside of the containment.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (9-7)
Documentation that provides safety-related information for materials and their
ingredients. It accompany a product whenever they are stored or used. It informs the
workers about the health hazard of a material component and provides safeguards
for handling and actions in the event of an emergency.
May (10-3)
A word used in specification to indicate an acceptable alternative.

Material (Product) Receipt Inspection and Storage Condition Inspection
Records:
The following should be recorded during product inspection:
(a) Manufacturers Name
(b) Product Name
(c) Color
(d) Shelf Life
(e) Type and Quality of Thinner received
(f) Batch number
(g) Quality Nmber
Measurement Line (7-8)
Coating thickness measurement procedure in Thermal Spray Coating (TSC). It is
employed for flat surfaces. A minimum of five individual gage readings are taken in
line at 2.5cm (1inch) intervals. The technique measures the “peak to valley” of the
TSC. Line measurement is obtained every 10-20m2(100-200ft2)
Measurement Spot (7-8)
Coating thickness measurement procedure in thermal Spray Coating (TSC).
Measurement line is employed for complex geometrics and geometry transitions. A
minimum of five individual gage readings are taken in a spot, with an area of
approximately 10cm2 (1.6 inches2). Spot measurement is obtained every 10cm2 to
20cm2 (100ft2-200ft2) of TSC.
MEK ( )
See Methyl Ethyl Ketone.
Metallic Pathway (1-3)
The physical connection between the anode and cathode.
Metallizing (7-6)
Also known as Thermal Spray Coating (TSC). System of applying metallic coatings
on a prepared surface of steel or concrete using an application device fed with metal
wire or metal powder which melts and is blown to the surface of the structure in
atomized form using compressed air.
The three basic forms of metalizing are:
(a) Flame
(b) Electric Arc Spray, and
(c) Plasma Arc Spray
The metals most commonly used in metalizing includes zinc, aluminium, 85% zinc
and 15% aluminum alloy. Metalizing is an unforgiving coating and requires surface
preparation to SSPC SP5/NACE 1 (for marine and immersion services) along with a

minimum of 2.5mil angular profile. Other requirements are removal of grease, oil,
dust or debris; compressive cleanliness test; flexibility test and tensile adhesion test
Meter Candle (3-78)
Same as Lux Candle
Methods of Coating Application (5-28)
There are at least six methods of coating application.
1. Brushes, Rollers and Daubers
2. Airless Spray
3. Conventional spray
4. High Volume Low Pressure Spray (HVLP)
5. Air-assisted Airless Spray
6. Plural Component Spray
Methods of Substrate Layer Protection (1-7)
There are three different ways of providing protection for the substrate layer:
1. Barrier Protection
2. Sacrificial Protection, and
3. Inhibitive Protection
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)
An organic solvent. It is used in assessing the curing of coating that cure by
polymerization, e.g. Zinc-rich primers (organic or inorganic). Assessment is done by
performing a certain amount of “double rub” (say 50). A forward and backwards rub
using the solvent on a clean rag is referred to as one double rub. Number of rub is
converted to rating scale. The rating is compared to manufacturers PDS or the
project specification. This is a standard procedure described by ASTM D5402 (for
organic zinc-rich primer) and ASTM D4752.
Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) (1-7)
Formulation in a barrier protecting coating system which creates a laminar pigment
in the coating film. Another of such is Aluminum flakes. MIO coating thickness is
measured by PIG because it is ferromagnetic and therefore non-destructive gage
which relies on non-magnetic coating cannot be used.
Mid-Coat (6-17)
Same as intermediate coat.
MIG (3-7)
Metal Tungsten Arc (e.g. arc welding)

Mill Scale (1-19)
Blue/black oxide layer on hot-rolled steel.
Mineral Abrasive (3-124)
Naturally occurring abrasive which includes silica sand, garnet and staurolite.
MIO (5-7)
See micaceous Iron Oxide.
Misses (5-71)
Also known as skips. Discontinuity in the coating/lining system.
Moisture Cure (6-10)
Curing mechanism where coating must react with minimum amount of moisture in
order to cure. The process is known as Hydrolysis. The result is very resilient coating
layer similar to that achieved by polymerization. Moisture curing coatings should not
be mixed by boxing or excessive agitation.
Moisture Curing Polyurethane( )
Moisture Cracking (W5-11)
Coating defect observed especially in zinc-rich primers due to excessively thickness.
Mylar (3-137)
An incompressible layer in a replica tape for measuring surface profile. The
thickness is 50cm. This thickness is deducted from the profile obtained by the tape.
N
NDFT (13-16)
See Nominal Dry Film Thickness.
Needle Scalar (3-81)
A power tool that can both clean and roughen. They are useful for cleaning areas
with tight configuration. They are slow for cleaning large areas.
Ninety-Ten (90/10) Rule (13-16)
This rule states that the thickness of applied coating on a dedicated seawater ballast
tank in all types of ships and double-sided spaces, 90% of all thickness
measurement shall be no less than the NDFT (320microns), and none of the
remaining 10% shall be below 90% of the NDFT (288microns)

Nominal Dry Film Thickness (NDFT) (13-6)
A recommendation by IMO, under PSPC, that an NDFT of 320microns with 90/10
rule for epoxies be achieved for Dedicated Sea water Ballast Tanks in ALL Types of
Ships and Double-side spaces of Bulk Carriers.
Non-Convertible Paints (P4-1)
Paints whose curing does not involve any chemical reaction. Their binder is a linear
or branched polymer which is fully formed and will not undergo any further reaction
(polymerization) after application. These paints dissolve when their solvent is
reapplied on them. They are also reversible paints. They cure basically by
evaporation and coalescence mechanism.
O
Optically Active Additive:
Additives added to certain coating to enable the use of black light during pinhole
detection. Optically Active Additive makes pinhole appear as black spots in black
light; high coating areas appears as brighter luminosity under black light; hot work
damage appears as bright glow in black light; bright speckled spot indicates organic
dust or grits or cotton fibre.

Organic Contamination (3-11)
Contamination on a substrate surface caused by the presence of organic
compounds such as grease, oil, lubricants, cutting compounds, etc. They are
removable by MEK, Xylene or proprietary cleaners sold by coating manufacturers.
They can also be cleaned using steam (with or without cleaning compounds) or
pressure washing with a cleaning compound or detergent capable of dissolving the
contaminant.
Organic Zinc-Rich Primers (P5-3) Zinc-Rich Primers with epoxy, urethane, vinyl,
etc, as binder. They may be single component or multiple component and cure by a
reaction with airborne moisture. They release alcohol on curing. Moisture curing
Polyurethane releases CO2 on curing.
Osmotic Blistering (3-4)
See Hydroscopic blistering.
Oxidation (6-9)
Curing mechanism where drying oils in coating react with oxygen (air) to form a film.
Oxidation curing process continues to the rest of life of the coating so long as coating
is exposed to oxygen. Thus coatings curing by thus mechanism gets brittle when
aged as their resin continues to oxidize after the coating is fully cured. These
coatings are also sensitive to excessive film-build and may wrinkle or crack. An
example of such coating is alkyd paints.

P
Pack Rust (3-13)
Rust that often occur between mating surfaces (crevices)
Partial Kit Mixing (5-18)
When multi-component coating is mixed in partial and not in full kit probably because
the painting work to be done may not require the total amount resulting in mixing a
total kit. This practice should be prohibited as any mathematical error could cause
premature failure. If partial mixing must be done, it should be determined if the

coating is mixed by weight or by volume so that a scale or a graduated container can
be used respectively in the measurement of individual components.
Partial Cathodic Protection (1-9)
Substrate protection accomplished by attaching a dissimilar metal directly to a metal
substrate to act as a sacrificial anode. An example is when zinc or aluminum is
added to the hull of a ship. The zinc or aluminum (anode)will corrode instead of steel
body of the hull, thereby protecting the ship hull.
Passivation
Treatment of steel in phosphoric or chromic acid to form a layer of rust-inhibitive salt
which also aid adhesion and provides resistance to cathodic disbondment.
Patching (3-10)
Same as substrate replacement.
Patina (1-6)
The characteristics green colour that forms as copper weathers.
Pencil Hardness Test (5-64)
Test for coating system hardness as described by ASTM D3363. It measures the
scratch and gouge hardness of the coating system. The method often use light film
thickness systems. Pencil of various hardness from very soft (6B) to very strong (6H)
(i.e These pencils are designated 6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H)
are sharpened, selected and held at 45oangle to the coated surface. The edge of the
blunted lead is pushed into the coating film. The hardest pencil that could not make a
scratch gives the scratch hardness. The hardest pencil that could not make a gouge
on the surface give the gouge hardness.
Peppery (P10-1)
Term that denotes the presence of bits that are small and uniformly distributed.
Personal Risk (9-4)
Risk particular to the individual. Examples are entering a hazardous environment,
falling from height, breathing toxic gas, etc.
Pickling (3-158)
A chemical cleaning process widely used on pipes and steel plates prior to hot dip
galvanization. Pipes or steel plate is immersed in a bath of hot acid such as 10%
sulphuric acid at 65-70oC. The acid dissolves a thin oxide layer at the interface with
the steel causing oil, grease, lubricant, rust and mill scale to be removed. Other
acids like phosphoric acid and chromic acids are used to retard corrosion and
promote adhesion on steel.

PIG (P7H-2)
Paint inspection gage. It is an instrument that uses the destructive method to access
DFT.
Pigment (6-4)
A non-volatile component of the coating (i.e the solid component of a coating
material) it consists of material that gives the coating it hiding power, provides
corrosion protection (e.g. inhibitors) barrier protection (e.g. MIO, leafing aluminum,
barium, phosphorus), galvanic protection (e.g. zinc powder in the primer). Extenders
may also incorporated into the pigment for film build (e.g mica, clay, etc.)
Pinhole (5-70)
Tiny void created by excessive surface profile, poor wetting or atomization or by the
presence of oil on the surface. They penetrate down through all of th layer s to the
coating or lining system on the surface during application, or out-gassing
(displacement) of air without subsequent flowing out the coating.
Pinhole Inspection:
Identification of tiny voids that penetrated down through all the coating layers using
Holiday Detectors and Black Light.
Plasticizers (P3-6)
Reduces the brittleness of the dried film by allowing the molecules of the paint to
move more easily thereby making it flexible and easy to apply.. Example of
plasticizers are non-drying oil e.g. castor oil, coconut oil. Some alkyds are used to
plasticize chlorinated rubbers.
Polymer Molecule (P3-1)
A molecule composed of many smaller parts, contributed by similar smaller parts,
contributed by similar or dissimilar molecule which are joined together to hundreds or
thousands of atoms.
Polymerization (6-9)
Curing mechanism in multi-component paints. Curing starts only when the
components are blended together in the right proportion thereby triggering chemical
reaction between the polymer of the components. This generates a very resilient
coating layer when cured. Such coating also have pot life e.g. epoxies, aliphatic,
polyster, polyurethane coatings, etc.
Pot life(5-5)
Time span within which the individual components of a coating system will co-react
or “simmer” after mixing but before application. It is also known as sweat-in time or

stand-in time. It is a part of the pot life .induction time observed in some multiple
component coating.
Powder Coating (7-9)
Application of finely pulverized plastics over prepared steel substrate and causing
them to fuse together using heat. Methods of Powder Application are:
(a) Fluidized bed
(b) Hot Flocking
(c) Electrostatic Spray and
(d) Thermal Spray.
Powders used as plastics could be thermosets or thermoplastics.
Power Tool Cleaning (3-79)
Surface cleaning performed by using grinders, pneumatic chisels, needle scalar,
rotopen tools and other tools that require an electric or pneumatic power source to
operate. They can remove both loosely and tightly adhering corrosion products,
paints and mill scale from steel surfaces. They can produce profile up to 1mil.
Pre-job Conference (2-7)
A meeting held prior to start-up of project and attended by representatives of the
contractors, coating supplies, owner’s representation.
Primary Solvent (6-7)
Solvent formulation into coating and reduce the viscosity of the resin, pigment and
additive, so that the coating can be properly atomized through a spray or applied by
brush gun or applied by brush or roller.
Primer (6-16)
The first protective coating layer to the substrate using barrier, inhibitive, galvanic
protection or a combination of these methods. The primer must be compatible with
the next layer applied on it.
Process Control Procedure (2-10)
Same as Project Specific Work Plan. It covers all the individual phase of a project
including both production and inspection. It is a compilation of the individual
description of the process that make up the specific and includes acceptance and
rejection criteria .it also reference the authority required for approval of non-
conformities.
Product Data Sheet (PDS) (5-4)
An essential instruction manual from a coating manufacturer that contains
information recommendation about the performance and certain formulation of the
coating. These information includes: product name, generic type of paint (e.g. epoxy,
polyurethane, etc), when and where the paint can and cannot be used, other

compatible coating, theoretical coverage or speed rate of the coating, recommended
level(s) of surface preparation and recommended DFT, the VOC content of the
coating, amount of thinner to be added, adhesion characteristics, accelerated
weathering (corrosion resistance, recommended method(s) of application, mixing
and thinning instruction, pot life of the coating, sweat-in time, etc.
Product Specification (10-9)
One of the three basic component of a specification which lists all the specific
products to be used on the product.
Project Specific Standards (3-6)
A representative of the actual initial condition, the actual abrasive or tool employed,
he surface profile depth and other jobsite conditions. The minimum acceptance
condition can be assessed using the SSPC Visual Guide.
Psychrometer (2-52)
Instrument used to obtain surface temperature, dew point temperature, relative
humidity and air temperature in conjunction with the US weather Bureau
Psychrometer Table and Surface Temperature Thermometer.
Q
Quality Assurance (2-1)
A process to verify that the quality of work performed is actually what was reported
by quality control-ensuring that they meet the owner’s specification.
Quality Control (2-1)
Performing necessary observation, testing and documentation that verifies that the
work performed meets or exceeds some minimum standards as required by the
Project Specification. It is also known as In-process Inspection.

Quanta Chloride Titration Strip (3-32)
A calibration strip that measures the quantity of chloride in a sample solution by
darkening of chloride along its yellow indicator to a relative extent when dipped into a
sample solution of chloride. The value as read on the strip in quanta unit is converted
to ppm by interpreting these values on the chart provided on the QuantabTitrator
Strip bottle.
R
Recoat Interval (5-30)
The space of time between when a coating layer is applied (e.g. primer ) to when the
next layer should be applied (e.g. 12-16 hrs)
Recyclable Abrasive (3-126)
Abrasive that can be used over and over because they have very low break-down
rate. They include steel grit, steel and aluminum oxide.
Refrigerator (3-75)

Cooling of air in a contained workplace below its dew point temperature to avoid
condensation. It is used only when the ambient condition is approximately 29oC and
high relative humidity.
Regulated Thinner (5-25)
Thinner that when added to the coating material will lead to the increase of the VOC
content.
Replica Tape (3-136)
A tape used in surface profile measurement by maintaining the impression made on
it by the profile on a prepared surface. The depth of the profile or the impression is
measured using a spring loaded micrometer. Its use is described in ASTM D4717
method C and NACE RO0287.
Resin (6-4)
Same as Binder.
Risk (9-4)
The probability that an undesirable event will occur with its inherent consequence.
There are three types of risk: General risk, Personal Risk and Legal risk.
Ropiness (P10-2)
The formation of pronounced brush mark that flow out because of that poor leveling
properties of the coating material.
Rotary-Impact Power Tool (3-81)
A power tool that can clean and roughen. They are more productive than needle
scalars.
Rust Back (3-101)
Same as Flash Rust.
S
Sacrificial Protection (1-80)
Creating protection of a steel using a layer that contains a metal that contains a
metal that will act as that anode in the corrosion process, thereby protecting the
metal substrate (or cathode). Sacrificial coating are generally used as primers, e.g.
Zinc-rich Primers, metalizing, likewise galvanizing.
Sagging (5-27)
Coating defect caused by excessive thinning or excessive wet film thickness. This
results in a downwards movement of a wet film between application and
setting,causing an uneven coating with thick lower edge.

Scat Kit (3-18)
Surface contamination analysis test Kit
Scratch Hardness
The hardest pencil that will not scratch the coating during pencil hardness test.
These pencils are designated 6B,5B,4B,3B,2B,B,0,HB,F,H,2H,3H,4H,5H,6H,
Seedy (P10-1)
Term that denotes the presence of bits that have developed in a coating material
during storage.
Set-To-Touch (5-62)
Curing point where the coating film is tacky but does not attach to the finger or
transfer to the glass.
Shall (10-3)
A word used in specification to indicate a requirement.
Shell Life (5-5)
The period of time that the coating can be used form the date of manufacture.
Short Oil Paints (P3-2)
Paint that contains more oil than resin as binder, producing brittle, fast drying paint
film used for decorative purposes.
Should (10-3)
A word used in specification to indicate a strong recommendation or preference.
Silicosis (P2-2)
Health hazard caused by the use of sand containing free silica in dry blasting
operation.
Silver (3-10) same as lamination.
Skin Over (5-27)
Coating defect caused when the surface coating dries before the solvent in the
coating have an opportunity to flow together and knit into a continuous film.
Skip (5-71)
Same as misses.

Slag Abrasive (3-124)
By-product of other industries which are processed into abrasive. They includes
copper, coal and nickel slag.
Slip Coefficient (7-4)
A certain resistance to slip by which a primer is selected during an engineering
design of structures containing load bearing members, e.g. beams for building,
bridges, etc. Traditionally, zinc-rich primers were used on slip critical connections.
Class A slip rating is minimum 0.33 coefficients. Class B = 0.5 slip coefficient
Solute
Solids that dissolves in the solvent
Solution
The end product of dissolving a solute in a solvent.
Solvent Cleaning (3-11)
An SSPC cleaning standard of cleaning that requires the removal of all visible
grease, oil, lubricants, cutting compounds and other non-visible contaminants from
the surface by cleaning with solvent, vapor, alkaline emulsion or steam. The
standard is referred to as SSPC SP1. It is an indirect requirement to nearly all of
SSPC surface cleanliness standards.
Solvent Evaporation (6-8)
The curing mechanism for coatings whose resin, pigment and additives are
suspended in a solvent system. When solvent evaporation from the applied film into
air the resin, pigment and additive remain on the surface. It is also called the non-
convertible or paint because the paint are easily dissolved when their solvent
reapplied to the dried coating.
Solvent Rub (5-63)
Methods in assessing the solvent resistance of organic coatings, e.g. Zinc-rich
primers, using a solvent. It can evaluate cure on any coating which cures by
polymerization or by moisture curing. It involves saturating a cloth with Methyl Ethyl
Ketone (MEK) solvent and conducting a series of “double rub” until a specified
number of rub is achieved (25 “double rubs” for organic zinc solvent). The number of
“double rubs“ is converted to rating scale and compared to manufacturers PDS or
project specification. The procedure is described by ASTM D5402.
Solvent System (6-7)
The volatile component of a coating. It is referred to as a solvent system because a
coating formulation usually consists of more than one solvent. The solvent system is

part of the WFT but not part of the DFT. Solvent is divided into two categories:
primary and secondary solvents.
Solvent (3-12)
Organic compound that can be used to dissolve organic contaminants. They
includes Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) , Xylene, Chromated Solvents (i.e. Methyl
chloride). Their primary responsibility is to reduce the viscosity of resin, pigment and
additives. There are two types of solvent: primary and secondary solvent. The
primary solvent reduces the viscosity of the coating, while the secondary solvent
ensures the knitting together and flow-out of coating. Solvents are part of the WFT
and not DFT. They are also part of the Volatile Organic Component, VOC.
Note: Chlorinated solvents should never be used to prepare stainless steel. They
can cause deterioration. Also, special training and proper PPE is require when using
it. However, when using alkaline cleaner, ensure the substrate surfaces are
thoroughly cleaned and tested for residual alkalinity. Else, coating may adversely
react with the surface, causing failure.
Spark Tested (5-71)
Same as High Voltage Holiday Detectors.
Specific Ion Detection (3-17)
Test carried out on a steel surface to know the type and quality of water-soluble salts
that is on the surface.
Specification
Total outline of the procedure, standards, scope, definition, work environment and
requirement pertaining to a particular project. Coating specification contains three
basic components: General, Product and Executive specification.
Specifying Coating:
Coating are specified as thus:
(a) Trade Name
(b) Trade Name/ Equal
(c) Qualified Product List
(d) Formulation
Spot Reading (5-50)
Five gage readings at specified points on the coated surface taken within 1.5” of
radius .
Spray Tip (5-30)

The opening orifice or outlet, through which coating material exits, atomizes and is
transferred in a fan shape to prepare surface. Most tips are identified using a 3-digit
number; first number is doubled to obtain the size of the fan at 30cm (12inch) from
the surface. The remaining two digits indicate the orifice size of the spray tip.
Example, a tip with sizing 521 implies that the orifice size is 0.5cm (0.021 inches)
and the fan width is 25cm (10inch) when the spray tip is maintained at 30cm
(12inches) from the surface.
SSPC AB1 (3-125)
SSPC Abrasive Specification No.1 (AB1), “Mineral and Slag Abrasives” defines the
requirement for selecting and evaluating mineral and slag abrasive used for blast
cleaning. Mineral and Slag are otherwise known as the Expandable abrasives. The
following tests are conducted on expandable abrasives to verify their conformance to
AB1
(a) specific gravity,
(b) weight change on ignition,
(c) moisture content,
(d) crystalline silica content,
(e) particle size distribution (sieve analysis)*,
(f) hardness,
(g) water soluble contaminants*,
(h) oil content*,
(i) surface profile yield*.
These are indirect requirements of SSPC abrasive blast cleanliness standards when
an expandable abrasive is used.
An * indicates that the inspector can also perform this test in the field to verify that
the lot of abrasive delivered to the site meets the requirement of SSPC AB1.
SSPC AB2 (3-127)
SSPC Abrasive Specification No.2. A Standard specification on “Cleanliness of
Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasive). It specifies the cleanliness of used or recycled
abrasive (not new abrasive). It governs steel and other “recyclable” abrasive. The
following test must be conducted to verify the conformance of recycled abrasive to
AB 2:
(a) non-abrasive residue*,
(a) lead content,
(c) water soluble contaminants*
(d) oil content.
the lot of abrasive meets the requirement of SSPC AB2
SSPC AB3 (3-126)
SSPC Abrasive Specification No.3 (AB3). . A Standard specification on “Cleanliness
of Ferrous Metallic Abrasive. It contains list of tests that the abrasive manufacturer

must conduct and report on prior to publishing that the abrasive meets the standard.
The following tests must be conducted: Class (Class 1 is steel abrasive and Class 2
is iron abrasive),
(a) Abrasive size*
(b) Specific gravity,
(c) Chemical composition
(d) Hardness,
(e) Durability,
(f) Cleanliness*,
(g) Conductivity*.
the lot of abrasive meets the requirement of SSPC AB3.
SSPC AB2 (3-128)
SSPC Abrasive Specification No. 4. A standard that defines the performance
requirement for “Recyclable Encapsulated Abrasive Media” consisting of steel grit,or
aluminum oxide in a compressible open-cell matrix (i.e., “sponge”). It requires
specialized equipment and is used when dust control is a priority.
Stand-In Time (5-5)
Same as induction time. The time require to allow individual component in some
multiple component coating to co-react or “simmer” after mixing, but before
application. It is also known as “sweat-in” time.
Standards
Something published for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or
judging capacity, quality, content, quality, value, etc.
Steel Grit (3-126)
Angular shaped abrasive made of steel. Their sizes are measured according to their
sieve number. Thus, the larger the sieve number, the smaller the grit size.
Steel Shot (3-126)
Round-shaped abrasive made of steel. Their sizes are measured according to their
diameter. Therefore, the larger the diameter, the larger their sizes. Their diameter
can also be measured using the micrometer gage.
Straight Bore Nozzle (3-123)
A type of blast nozzle. They are less productive than the venture but will give desire
degree of cleanliness and surface profile depth.
Stratified Rust (3-14)
Rust that often occur on the surface of the steel.

Strip Coating/Stripping (5-30)
The application of a single or multi-layer of a coating to a surface that is relatively
difficult to achieve a normal film build on. It can be applied using brushes or spray.
They are mostly applied to edges, corners, bolt/nut assembly, coat rivets, weld
seams, bolt, holes, weld seams and other appurtenances prior to application prior to
application of full coat since the service environment is that of continuous immersion.
Strip coating could be Dry or Wet Strip Coating.
Substrate Replacement (3-10)
The removal of an old structure that have extensive corrosion. Affected area is cut
off using torch cutting while installation of replacement steel is done by welding or
simply by welding a new section of steel over the deficient sections (patching)
Surface preparation (3-2)
The act of cleaning and roughening of the surface to improve mechanical adhesion
of the coating system to the substrate. The cleaning and roughening form then dual
purpose cleaning.
Surface Preparation Methods
1. Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning
2. Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning
3. Hand and Power Tool Cleaning
4. Flame Cleaning
5. Pickling
6. Vapour Degreasing
7. Weathering
Surface Profile Comparator (3-131)
A collection of a 5X power illuminated magnifier and one comparator disc containing
anchor pattern.its use is described in ASTM D4717 method A. Prepared steel
surface is virtually compared to the segment of the disc to select the profile that
match prepare surface which could be a project specific standard. The selected
segment has on it marks that indicates the abrasive used, the surface profile depth
(in mils) and the yea disc was made. E.g., 3.0 G/S,SH will mean Shot Abrasive; S
will mean sand abrasive.
Surface Profile (3-129)
Same as Anchor Pattern.
Surface Profile Depth Gage (3-134)
Instrument for measuring the surface profile depth of abrasive blast cleaned surfaces
described in the method B of ASTM 4717.

Surface Swabbing (3-20)
A sample collection method with low extraction efficiency by which you can test PH,
Chloride and/or ferrous ion.
Suspension (P3-7)
A sample where solid particles (e.g. solvent), each particle or groups of particles
being surrounded by the liquid.
Sweat-In Time (5-5)
Same as “Induction Time”

T
Tactile Assessment ( 1-9;3-9)
An inspection method for identifying sharp edge prior to surface preparation and
coating installation. It involve rubbing of a finger along an edge to assess surface
roughness or level of preparation.
Proper documentation will go along with this assessment to indicate that edge/corner
preparation was satisfactory.
Technical Data Sheet (5-4)
Same as the Product Data Sheet.
Tempering (3-79)
Same as feathering.
Test Patches
Various coating systems on different levels of surface preparation made on existing
structure before over-coating so as to understand the compatibility of the existing
coating with the applied coating system. Common defects should be looked out for
while adhesion and hardness tests are conducted on test patch.
Thermal Spray Coating (TSC) (7-6)
Same as Metalizing .
Thermometer (3-69)
Instrument for measuring the temperature of surfaces. It may be:
1. Dial type surface temperature thermometer: for obtaining the surface
temperature of a surface by placing the thermometer directly on top of the
surface. E.g. Paint thermometer.

2. Thermocouple Digital Surface Thermometer: for obtaining the temperature of
a surface by placing the probe to the surface. E.g. thermocouple-type
thermometer with immersion probe.
3. Non-contact Infra-red Thermometer: for obtaining the surface temperature by
pointing the thermometer infra-red laser to the target surface 1 foot away and
pulling the trigger. It should not be used on roughened or blasted surfaces.
Reading on such surface may be erroneous.
Thermoplastics (7-9)
Material (especially in powder coating) which melt, flow and form a film with no
change in chemical composition. E.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl
chloride and thermoplastic polysters.
Thermosets (7-9)
Materials (especially in powder coating) which melt, flow and cross-link during
curing. E.g. epoxy, acrylic, polyurethane and hybrids. Examples are Epoxy, Acrylic,
Polyurethane and Hybrids. The most common thermoset is the Fusion-Bonded
Epoxy (FBE).
Thixotropic Agents (P3-6)
Materials that keeps the solids in dispersion. E.g., Bentone and Waxes.
TIG (3-7)
Gas Tungsten Arc (e.g. argon welding)
Tolerance of Coating Thickness Measurement (5-52)
System of coating thickness measurement applied when SSPC PA2 is specified.
The standard indicates the tolerance of coating thickness measurement thus: the
average of the three individual measurement (the spot measurement) must be 80%
of the minimum thickness and 120% of the maximum thickness. Thus, a specified
range of 4-6mil will have a tolerance limit of 3.2-7.2 mils.
Tooke Gage (5-54)
Instrument for measuring the coating thickness consisting of a plastic or aluminum
gage body and battery compartment; a 50 power illuminated microscope with a scale
etched onto the lens; a focus adjustment for the microscope and three tungsten
carbide precision cutting tip. It is, perhaps, the most accurate field method of
measuring coating thickness by making a grove through the coating layer as
separate by their color contrast. It is a destructive method of DFT measurement.
Top Coat (6-7)
See Finish Coat.

Touch-Up Kit (5-22)
Also known as cartridges. They are designed to patch or repair damaged coating,
without having to mix a long kit. A plunger pushes the components through a built-in
static mixer, which bends the components in a 1:1 ratio. Blended component exits
the static mixer and is applied to the damaged area using a brush.
Tri Society Guide (7-6)
Specification (developed by SSPC, NACE and AWS) for the application of thermal
spray coated (metalizing) of Aluminum, Zinc and their alloys and composites for the
corrosion protection of steel.

U
Under-film Corrosion (3-14)
An effect of osmotic blistering where corrosion of a coated substrate commences
from beneath the coating surface.

V
Vacuum Blast Cleaning (3-122)
Machine that accomplish surface cleaning by throwing or hurling abrasive at the
surface to be prepared using a high speed centrifugal wheels.
Vane Anemometer (7-20)
Instrument that can measure the air flow inside the containment.
Vehicle (6-4)
The liquid component of a coating formulation. It carries the pigment and binds it into
the coating film. It consists of the resin or binder, solvent and any additive that may
be included in the formulation. (Other raw material could be present which provide
additional or different performance characteristics.
Venturi Blast Nozzle (3-12)
A type of blast nozzle shaped to increase the velocity of the abrasive so that it exit
the nozzle. It is more productive than the straight bore nozzle. Shorter venturi nozzle
are less production.
Vial Test (3-128)
Same as Abrasive Cleanliness Test. A clear glass cup is filled one-third full with the
abrasive, then two-third part is filled with clean water. Shake the abrasive/water
sample vigorously. Allow the abrasive to settle for 30 minutes. Observe the top
surface of the water for an oil film and the entire liquid portion for coor and turbidity
(cloudiness). If abrasive contains oil, it cannot be used. Conductivity test could also
be conducted on the sample as described in ASTM D4940, if required by the project
specification. If the project specification references AB1, AB2, AB3 or AB4 the
tolerable threshold for conductivity is 1000 microsiemen.
Viscosity Cup (5-26)
Cups used in measuring the viscosity of a coating. It measures the adjustment made
to coating by the addition of thinner. With the aid of a stop watch attached to the
stainless cup of known diameter, the time taken for the coating filling the cup to drain
through the orifice is measured. The number of seconds it took the coating to flow
out is compared to the coating to flow out is compared to the targeted time, thereby
comparing its change in viscosity.
Viscosity (P13-1)
A measurement of a fluid resistance to flow. It is measured using a viscometer.

Volatile Organic Content (VOC) (5-25)
The part of the coating material that will evaporate on curing. It is not part of solid
content and is made up of the solvent system and the thinner.

W
Water Break Test (3-13)
Method of detecting the presence of oil by atomizing clean water on the surface
using a spray atomizer. If the water form ”lenses” that remained for 25 seconds or so
before flowing together, the surface free from oil. However, if the water form droplets
(forms a “water break”) within 25 seconds, it is likely that the surface contains
grease, oil or water contaminant that is not water soluble.
Water Jetting (3-142)
A method of surface cleaning by jetting water on a surface under even tightly-
adhering coating system from the underlying surface. It is designated SSPC WJ and
previously known as SSPC SP12. It cannot create anchor pattern. The categories of
water jetting cleaning according to their pressures are:
1. Low Pressure Water Cleaning (LPWC) (5,000psi)
2. High Pressure Water Cleaning (HPWC) (5,000-10,000psi)
3. High Pressure Water Jetting (HPWJ) (10,000-30,000psi)
4. Ultra-High Pressure Water Jetting (30,000psi)
Water Soluble Contaminants (Salts) (3-14)
Same as Chemical Contaminants.
Weathered Steel (1-6)
An alloy that is able to protect its surface from atmospheric corrosion by producing
iron oxide as a protective layer. They are not recommended for salt-water
environment, continuous submergence in water or severe industrial exposure.
Weld Spatter (3-7)
A protrusion from the surface of a steel from welding operation, usually on steel
sections or pipe section that were welded together using Stick, Flux Core, Gas Metal
Arc (MIG) or Gas Tungsten Arc (TIG) welding. Weld spatter is to be removed as it
occur or prior to coating application. Weld spatter under a coating layer may create
surface tension between the protrusion and the coating, causing the coating to draw
thin on the spatter. Weld spatter may also remove itself from the steel, creating void
in the coating system and a pathway for corrosion of the underlying steel.
Wet Film Thickness Comb (5-44)
Also known as Wet Film Thickness Gage. A device with four measuring face sand
numbered tooth used in measuring the wet film thickness of a coating system. The
number on each tooth corresponds to the wet film thickness in microns. They could
be made of steel, Aluminum or plastic.

Wet Stripping (5-20)
A layer of coating applied to surfaces that are relatively hard to achieve a normal film
build on. The coating layer will only be allowed to get tacky, releasing most of the
solvent within 5-20 minutes before the full coat is applied.
Wetted Sponge Holiday Detector (5-7)
Same as the Low Voltage Holiday Detector.
WFT (5-37)
Wet Film Thickness. The thickness of a freshly applied coating measurement with
the WFT comb gage. It is made up of the volatile and non-volatile component of the
paint.
Wheels (3-81)
Same as non-woven fiber wheels.
Work Plan (2-10)
Same as Process Control Procedure.
Working Mix (P2-2)
The efficient abrasive medium containing a controlled mix of large and small
particles.
Wrinkling (W5-11)
Coating defect caused when coating is applied over uncured layer. This occurs in
alkyd coating. The top layer dry while underlying layer is still wet.
Y
Y-CUT (5-131)
Also known as Type A Adhesion Test. The procedure is described by ASTM D3359.
Adhesion test is carried out in a selected coated surface cut through to the substrate
making an intersection at about 30o-45owhile each of the x-intersection is spaced at
1inch apart top and bottom. The adhesion is rated from 5A to 0A indicating a
condition of “no peeling or removal” to a condition of “removal of coating beyond the
area of X”. The X-Cut is used for casting systems above 5mils in thickness.

x
X-Cut (5-131)
Also known as Type A adhesion Test. Two 1.5 inch long cut is made to intersect
each other long cut is made to intersect each other at 30owhile cutting through the
coating system down to the substrate using a new razor blade in a utility knife. The
legs at the top and bottom of the X should be appropriately 1inch apart.
z
Zinc-Rich Primers (5-24)
Coating system with zinc as its pigment. This may be single or multiple component
coating. Zinc in primer performs cathodic protection purpose. Many single
component, moisture-curing zinc-rich primer contains anti-settling agent and
therefore do not require pot agitation during spray-out to avoid moisture entrainment
into the coating, causing it to gel. Zinc-rich primer could be organic or inorganic zinc-
rich primer. Coating curing in zinc-rich primer is assessed using MEK through a
given number of “double rubs”

APPLICABLE CODES
Abrasives
SSPC AB1
Mineral and SLAG ABRASIVE “ it defines the requirement for selecting and
evaluating mineral slag abrasive used for blast cleaning. It is an indirect requirement
of SSPC abrasive blast cleaning standard when expendable abrasive is used
SSPC AB2
Cleanliness of recycled ferrous metallic abrasive” ti defines the cleanliness
requirement for recycled blast cleaning abrasive. It is an indirect requirement of
SSPC abrasive blast cleaning standard.
SSPC AB3
Newly Manufactured or Re-manufactured Steel Abrasive” it defines the requirement
for steel abrasive used for blast cleaning. It is an indirect requirement of the SSPC
abrasive blast cleaning
SSPC AB4
Recycled Encapsulated Abrasive Media” it define performance requirement for
recyclable encapsulated abrasive media consisting of steel grit ar aluminum oxide in
a compressed open-cell matrix (i.e sponge) it is evoked when dust control is a
priority.
Abrasive Cleanliness
ASTM D4940
Standard Test method for Condumetric analysis of water soluble ionic contamination
of Blasting Abrasives
Adhesion
ASTM D3359
Adhesion Test by Tape (Field Test Method)

ASTM D6677
Knife Adhesion Test (Field Test Method)
ISO 4624
Pull-off adhesion test
Blister Test
ISO 4628
Blister Assessment
ASTM D714
Blister Assessment
CompressedAir Cleanliness
ASTM D4285
Test Method for indicating Oil or Water in Compress Air.
Curing
ASTM D1640 (5-43)
Standard test Method for Drying, Curing and Film Formation of Organic Coating at
Room Temperature.
ASTM D4752
Test Method for Measuring MEK Resistance of ethyl silicate (inorganic) Zinc Rich
Primer by Solvent Rub. Standard is similar to ASTM D5402. Only that it is specified
to inorganic zinc-rich primer
ASTM D5402 (5-62)
Assessment the solvent resistance of organic Coating using solvent rubs, this is
used to verify or evaluate the cure of any coating of any coating used to verify or
evaluate the cure of any coating which cures by polymerization or by moisture cure.
Solvent used is MEK
DFT
ASTM D7091-05
Standard practice for Non-destructive measurement of DFT of non-magnetic coating
applied to non-ferrous metals.

ASTM D 6132
Standard Test for non-destructive measurement of DFT of applied organic coating
over concrete using an ultrasonic gage.
Film thickness
ASTM D4014
Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by Notch Gages
ASTM D4138
Test Method for Measurement of DFT of Protective coating System by Destructive
means using PIG or Took Gage.
ASTM D4414 (5-43)
Test method for Field measurement of Wet Film Thickness by notch Gage.
ASTM D6132
Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of DFT of Applied Organic
Coating over Concrete using an ultrasonic Gage
ASTM D7091-05
Standard Practice for Nondestructive measurement of DFT of non-magnetic Coating
applied to ferrous metal and Non-magnetic, non destructive coating applied to non-
ferrous metals. Cannot distinguish individual coatings
Holiday Test
ASTM D4787
Standard Practice for Continuity verification of liquid or sheet Lining Applied to
Concrete Substrate
RP0188 Standard recommended practice- Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing
ASTM D5162
Practice for discontinuity (holiday) Testing of non-conductive protective coating on
metallic substrate.
Pull-Off Test
ASTM D4541

Pull-off strength of coating using portable adhesion.
ASTM D7234
Pull-off strength of coating on concrete using portable adhesion Tester
Soluble Salt ContaminantTest
ISO 8502
Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paint and Related Products -
Test for the Assessment of Surface Cleanliness
ISO 8502-05
Measurement of chloride on steel prepared for painting-Ion Detection Tube Method
ISO 8502-06
Bressle Method Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis
ISO 8502-09
Field method for conductometric determination of water soluble salts
ISO 8502-10
Field method for the Titrimetric determination of water soluble chloride
SSPC Guide
SSPC GUIDE 12 SSPC GUIDE 12 (3-77)
Guide for illumination of industrial painting projects. Dec=scribe the minimum and
recommended lightening requirement under foot candle or Lux candle
SSPC GUIDE 15
Field method for retrieval and analysis of soluble salts on substrates.
This describes the methods for sampling and analysis of soluble contaminants
Surface Profile
ASTM D4417A
Same as ISO 8503-1/2. Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast
Cleaning using Surface Profile comparator
ASTM D4417 B
Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast Cleaning using a Surface Profile
Depth Micrometer

ASTM D4417 C
Measurement of Surface Profile after Abrasive Blast using a Replica Tape in
conjunction with a Spring-loaded Micrometer
ISO 8501-1/2 (3-30)
Standard for test Method for Measurement of Surface Profile (roughness) of
Abrasive Blast Cleaned Metal using Surface Comparator. Same as ASTM 4417
method A.
NACE RP0287
Test Method for Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast Cleaned
Steel
Surface Preparation
ISO 8501-1
Code for Surface Preparation standard. Similar to SSPC VIS
ISO 8502
Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paint and Related Products -
Test for the Assessment of Surface Cleanliness
ISO St 2
Thorough Hand and Power Tool Cleaning.
ISO St3
Very thorough Hand and Power Tool Cleaning.
E337
Environmental Conditions
ASTM D4212
Viscosity Cup measure
SSPC PA1
Standard Specification for Painting Of Steel Shop, Field and Maintenance Painting of
Steel.
SSPC PA2
Measurement of Dry Coating Thickness with Magnetic Gages.

DEHUMIDIFICATION
SSPC Technical |Report TR3/NACE 6A192 “dehumidification and Temperature
Control during Surface Preparation, Application and Curing for Coatings/Linings of
Steel Tanks, Vessels and Other Enclosed Spaces”

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