dental materials journal club

1. Effect of chemical surface treatment of titanium
on its bond with dental ceramics
PARCHANSKA-KOWALIK ET AL THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY,2018.
DELLA S INDRAN
II MDS

2. LIST OF CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• AIM
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION
• RELATED ARTICLES
• REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• Titanium is extensively used for dental implants and prostheses
because of its good biocompatibility.
• inflammation of the surrounding tissue,
• fibrosis, or bone atrophy
• lack of toxic or allergenic actions.
• high strength and corrosion resistance
• 2 times lighter than Co-Cr and 4 times lighter than gold

4. FACTORS AFFECTING TITANIUM PORCELaIN BOND
Formation of
oxide layer on
titanium
Adherence
of oxide
layer to
titanium
Adherence
of oxide
layer to
porcelain

5. • During processing, titanium oxidizes rapidly, with thick oxide layers
that are loosely bonded to the substrate preventing proper bonding
to the ceramic veneer.
• Oxide layer is reduced with airborne particle abrasion to enhance
bonding with dental ceramics - a procedure that microcuts the
surface, leading to surface irregularities and increased roughness.
• Airborne-particle abrasion - increases the mechanical retention of
ceramics
• improves the wettability
• surface free energy of the titanium
• removes impurities from the metal surface
• enhances the corrosion resistance of the alloy.

6. • The consequence of airborne-particle abrasion is that particles of the
abrasive material are embedded into as much as 30% of the metal
surface.

7. Purpose
• Purpose of this study was to determine whether removing abrasive
particles from titanium surfaces affects bond strength.
• MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Titanium disks (Tritan CpTi 1;Dentaurum) with a diameter of 21 mm
and a thickness of 5 mm.
• Disks were ground with SiC abrasive paper with grit sizes of 220, 400,
600, and 800 under water cooling.

8. • specimens were airborne particle abraded at an angle of 45 degrees
with 110µm Al2O3 particles under 0.4 Mpa pressure and at a distance
of 10 mm.
• After the treatment, the specimens were washed ultrasonically in
distilled water for 10 minutes, dried with compressed air to remove
the impurities and loosely anchored abrasive particles

9. GROUPS
• 9 GROUPS
• 22 SPECIMENS IN EACH GROUP
• 1 group –control group (group 0)
• 8 groups- etching in ultrasonic device

10. • The following criteria were used to determine the best etching
reagents:
• etching time until all the particles were removed (no more than 10
minutes)
• preservation of the corrosion resistance at least at the same level as
after airborne-particle abrasion
• The roughness parameter values should also be similar to those of
specimens after airborne-particle abrasion.
• Rz = difference between tallest peak and deepest values
• Ra = avg surface roughness
• Rq = root mean square of surface roughness

11. • Feldspathic ceramic (Super Porcelain Ti-22; Noritake) cylinders were
added to the center of the specimen.
• The specimens of each group 2 groups (with(1100 c Thermal cycler)
or without thermocycling).
• Shear strength testing (Zwick/Roell Z005), the specimens were
loaded at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min until failure of the
titanium-ceramic bond;
• Bond strength: Rt=F/S,
Rt is the shear force [Pa],
F is the force acting on the specimen [N],
S the surface area of the specimen [m2 ].

12. RESULTS
The specimens from the HCl_H2SO4, H2SO4, HCl, and NaOH groups
contained embedded Al2O3 particles after 1 hour of etching and
were not investigated further.

13. • The ceramics were well distributed inside all the cavities and rough points
of the titanium surface.
• No voids were observed on the metal-ceramic boundary, which could
weaken the strength of the bond.
• The bonds were uniform and did not exhibit visible defects or
discontinuities - ceramic material was fired correctly.

14. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The strength test showed that etching the specimens affected the
strength of the titanium-ceramic bond

15. • There was a statically significant value difference between control and
etched groups.

16. • The fracture ran along the border between the ceramic material and
the titanium.
• The bond between the titanium and dental ceramics was weak after
being etched.

17. In the control specimen, the fracture ran both across the titanium
and ceramics.

18. • The fractures after thermo-cycling were similar.
• Etched specimens -along the titanium-ceramic boundary.
• Control specimen- across the titanium and ceramics.
DISCUSSION
• Removing the embedded particles reduced the bond strength.
• When subjected to thermal fatigue, additional weakening of this bond
occurred.

19. conclusion
• Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. Reagents that removed embedded Al2O3 particles from the titanium
surface were
2. Chemically treating titanium to remove the embedded Al2O3
particles after airborne-particle abrasion lowered the strength of the
titanium-ceramic bond.
3. Thermal fatigue weakened the strength of the titanium-ceramic
bond, regardless of surface preparation.
 30% HNO3 + 3%HF,
 HNO3 + HF + glycerin in the ratio of 1:2:3,
 4%HF in H2O2, and
 4% HF in H2O.

20. Related articles

21. Effect of surface treatments on titanium alloy bonding to lithium disilicate glass-ceramic
Zheng C et al. J Prosth dent. 2016
• Purpose
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of
different surface treatments and cementation procedure combinations
of titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium alloy (Ti6Al4V) disks on the bond
strength of lithium disilicate glass-ceramics.

22. Materials and methods
• 100 (CAD-CAM) Ti6Al4V disks (4×6.6 mm) were used.
• Without surface treatment, were used as controls.
• 10 Groups with 10 specimens each.

23. • Two cementation procedures were used.
• Silane (Bis-Silane) reacted for 30 seconds, air-dried for 5 seconds.
• A thin layer of primer (Z-prime Plus) applied on the surface of the
Ti6Al4V disks and then air dried for 5 seconds.
• A thin layer of dual-polymerizing resin cement (Duo-Link Universal)
applied to bonding surface, and excess cement was gently removed with
a microbrush.
• To standardize the cementation procedure, the cemented specimens
were photopolymerized for 20 seconds under 50 N force.

24. • Universal primer (Monobond Plus) applied on the surface of lithium
disilicate glass-ceramic and the Ti6Al4V disks, allowed to react for 60
seconds, and then air-dried.
• A thin layer of autopolymerizing resin cement ( Ivoclar Vivadent AG)
applied to the bonding surfaces, and the excess cement removed
with a microbrush.
• To standardize the cementation procedure, the cemented specimens
were autopolymerized under 50 N for 10 mts.

25. • All test specimens were thermal cycled in an automated thermal
cycling machine (Proto-tech) with water temperatures between 5 and
55 degree C for 5000 cycles and a 15-second dwell time.
• Shear bond strength universal testing machine (model 5500R;
Intron Corp) with a customized fixture at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/
min.
• Optical stereomicroscopy done to determine the mode of failure.
• Bond strength values were statistically analyzed with ANOVA and
Tukey HSD.

26. RESULT
The mean ±SD bond strength values ranged from 13.1 ±6.9 MPa (group
S95F30B) to 53.0 ±9.7 MPa (group SB).

27. • Test revealed that airborne-particle abrasion alone or 9.5% HF
etching for 30 seconds only without airborne-particle abrasion
surface treatment significantly improved the shear bond strength .

28. • The stereomicroscope images showed lighter reflection with a
smoother surface in the surface-treated group S95F30B(D).

29. • The SEM image of the surface morphology in group (Fig. 3D)
revealed micropores and protruded particles.
• Figure (3C, E) show uniform microporous surface morphology.

30. The modes of failure were mainly a combination of adhesive and
cohesive failures.

31. DISCUSSION
• Airborne-particle abrasion alone in both cementation procedures
gave better bond strength than a combined surface treatment or
etching for 30 seconds with 5% HF alone.
• However, an improvement was noted when the 9.5% HF etching for
30 seconds was applied, giving similar results to airborne-particle
abrasion alone.

32. CONCLUSION
Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions
were made:
• Significantly higher shear bond strengths were achieved when the
different Ti6Al4V surface treatments were not applied in combination
with one another.
• Either airborne-particle abrasion or etching with 9.5% hydrofluoric
acid for 30 seconds gave the highest bond strengths.
• Weaker acid concentration or increased etching time did not improve
results.

33. Airborne-particle abrasion parameters on the quality of titanium-ceramic bonds
Gole, biowski et al J Prosthet Dent 2015
• Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine how the particle size of the
abrasive material and pressure affected treated surfaces and the
strength of titanium-ceramic bonds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• 138 titanium disks (Tritan CpTi grade 1) (21 mm x 5 mm) were used.
• 9 groups with 12 specimens in each group.

34. • Specimens undergone airborne-particle abrasion Al2O3 with a
particle size of 50, 110, and 250 mm and under pressures of 0.2, 0.4,
and 0.6 MPa.
• Titanium disks were cleaned with steam under pressure, washed in
deionized water.
• Ceramic material (Super Porcelain Ti-22; Noritake) was fused onto the
specimens.
• Layers of ceramic material were fused in the following sequence:
bonding , opaquer, dentin 1, dentin 2, enamel.

35. • Shear strength (Zwick/Roell Z005) was tested
• Bond strength : Rt = F/S,
where Rt is the shear force [Pa],
F the force acting on the specimen [N],
S the surface area of the specimen [m2 ].

36. RESULTS

37. The results of the roughness measurement reveal an increase
in Ra with an increase in the size of Al2O3 particles

38. DISCUSSION
• The size of Al2O3 particles and the pressure applied in airborne-
particle abrasion affected the strength of titanium-ceramic bonds.
• The lowest strength of all of the pressure groups was recorded for
specimens that were airborne-particle-abraded with 50-mm particles.

39. CONCLUSION
• The strength of a titanium-ceramic bond depended both on the size
of Al2O3 particles and on the pressure used for airborne-particle
abrasion.
• The highest strength of a titanium-ceramic bond was achieved for an
Al2O3 particle size of 110 mm and a pressure of 0.4 Mpa, angulated
at 45 degrees.

40. Effect of surface treatment on bond strength of low-fusing porcelain to
commercially pure titanium
Al Hussaini I, Al Wazzan KA. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2005.
purpose
To investigate the effect of bonding agent and surface treatment using
airborne-particle abrasion and hydrochloric acid on the bond strength
between a low-fusing porcelain and commercially pure cast titanium

41. MATERIALS AND METHOD
60 SPECIMENS OF TITANIUM
(25 x 3 x .5 mm)
CONTROL ( no
treatment)
N=20
Airborne abrasion
(250 mm alu oxide at
2-3 bar air pressure)
N=20
HCL Treated(10%
solution for 30 mts)
N=20
10 specimens bonded with Norikate( lowfusing porcelain)
10 specimens without bonding agent

42. The bond strength testing was performed with a 3- point
bending test on a servo-hydraulic universal testing machine
B.S= F / S.

43. RESULTS
Combination of airborne-particle abrasion surface treatment and
bonding agent provide the greatest effect on the titanium-ceramic
bond.

44. DISCUSSION
• The use of surface airborne-particle abrasion and bonding agent
enhanced the titanium-ceramic bond.
• Titanium surface treatment with HCl produced no effect on the
titanium-ceramic bond.

45. CONCLUSION
• Surface treatment using airborne-particle abrasion significantly
enhanced the bond between the titanium to low-fusing porcelain.
• The use of a bonding agent significantly improved the titanium-
porcelain bond strength.
• The combination of airborne-particle abrasion and bonding agent
produced the most significant improvement in the titanium-ceramic
bond.
• Titanium surface treatment with hydrochloric acid, with or without
bonding agent, produced no effect on the titanium-ceramic bond, as
compared to the control specimens.

46. The effects of laser etching on shear bond strength at the titanium
ceramic interface
Kim JT, Cho SA. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2009.
• Purpose.
To compare the effect of laser etching as a titanium surface treatment
with 3 other surface treatments (machining, airborne-particle abrasion,
and acid etching), evaluating their ability to enhance the bond strength
between a titanium substrate and porcelain.

47. MATERIALS AND METHODS
TITANIUM DISC (20 mm x5.7 mm )
64 specimens
Control gp (MS)
N=16
(APAS)airborne abraided
with alumina 250
microm
N=16
acid etched with 10% HCl
(AES)
N=16
laser etched
(LES) Nd/YAG)
N=16

48. • Low-fusing porcelain (Triceram) was applied (4-mm thickness) to the
treated titanium surfaces and fired.
Universal testing machine (Model 4202; Instron Corp,
Norwood, Mass)

49. RESULTS

50. DISCUSSIONS
• Laser etching enhanced the titanium bond strength more than
machining and acid etching, but not more than airborne-particle
abrading.
CONCLUSION
• The laser-etching surface treatment showed a significant difference
in improving bond strength to a low fusing porcelain, as compared to
acid-etching and machining surface treatment methods.
• The laser-etched surfaces demonstrated no significant difference in
bond strength compared to air borne particle-abrasion surfaces.

51. Effect of sandblasting on fracture load of titanium ceramic crowns
Moldi AI et al. The Journal of the Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2015.
• Purpose:
It is difficult to achieve a reliable bond between the titanium and
veneering porcelain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond
strength between titanium ceramic crowns.

52. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• A total of 20 wax patterns were fabricated with inlay wax of prepared
premolar teeth.

53. • Invested with alumina and magnesia-based investment (Rematitan
Plus)
• Twenty titanium copings with thickness of 0.3mm were made from
Cp-Ti Grade II ,using titanium casting machine.
• 10 titanium copings were airborne-particle abraded with 250 μm
Al2 O3 particles for 20 s.
• The remaining 10 titanium copings were not Sand blasted.

54. Ultra-low-fusing porcelain (VITA Titanium Ceramic; VITA Zahnfabrick,
Bad Sacking, Germany) was used to fabricate the titanium ceramic
crowns
• A universal testing machine used to determine bond strength(STS-248
63)

55. result
• Fracture load was twice more for sandblasted group.

56. discussion
• Aluminum oxide surface treated had a significantly higher fracture
load than the titanium ceramic crowns that had been not
airborne-particle abraded with Al2 O3 particles.
• Conclusion
• Mechanical bonding plays a crucial role in titanium ceramic bonding.
• Sandblast pretreatment of titanium is simple and easy method to
increase effective surface area and improving the wetting ability of
porcelain before bonding porcelain.

57. Effect of surface roughness and thermal cycling on bond strength of C.P. titanium
and Ti–6Al–4V alloy to ceramic
Mohsen CA. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2012
Purpose:
Studying the effect of surface roughness and thermal cycling on
titanium–ceramic bonding.

58. Materials and methods
114 samples
(25.0 mmx 3.0 mmx 0.5 mm))
Ti alloy Ti–6Al–4V
57 specimens
C.P. Ti (grade 2)
57) specimens
• CONTROL GP
• AIRBORNE ABRASION
• SILICA COATED
(19 =N)

59. Airborne-particle abrasion:
250 mm aluminum oxide particles at 2–3 bars air pressure from a
distance of 10 mm for 30 s.
Silica coating:
Mixture of 50 mm Al2O3 and 50 mm silica particles (Rolloblast 50 mm)
at 2.8-bar pressure from a distance of 10 mm for 20 s.
Ceramic application
Ceramics2in1 (Biodenta) low fusing dental porcelain was fired on to
centre of specimens.

60. Testing procedures
• Surface roughness
The surface roughness (Ra) was measured in microns using a
mechanical profiler
• Bond strength
The bond strength testing was performed with a 3-point bending test
on universal testing machine (LLOYD Instruments, UK).

61. results

63. discussion
• The roughness of the surface can be connected to the enhancement
of the bond strength of the metal ceramic system, which significantly
achieve good bonding.

64. conclusion
• Silica coating recorded higher surface roughness than airborne-
particle abrasion.
• C.P. Ti gave higher value of surface roughness than the Ti– 6Al–4V
alloy.
• Ti–6Al–4V recorded higher bond strength to ceramic than C.P. Ti.

65. Summary
• Treating titanium surface is important for proper bonding to ceramics.
• Airborne particle abrasion provides better bonding followed by laser
etching.
• Chemically treating titanium to remove the embedded Al2O3
particles after airborne-particle abrasion lowered the strength of the
titanium-ceramic bond.

66. References
• Zhang, H.; Guo, T.W.; Song, Z.X.; Wang, X.J.; Xu, K.W. The effect of ZrSiN diffusion
barrier on the bonding strength of titanium porcelain. Surface and Coatings
Technology 2007, 201,5637–5640.
• Monika Parchanska-Kowalik;Emilia Wołowiec-Korecka; journal of prosthetic
dentistry;2018
• Gołebiowski M, Wołowiec E, Klimek L. Airborne-particle abrasion parameters on
the quality of titanium-ceramic bonds. J Prosthet Dent 2015;113:453-9.)
• Al Hussaini I, Al Wazzan KA. Effect of surface treatment on bond strength of low-
fusing porcelain to commercially pure titanium. The Journal of prosthetic
dentistry. 2005 Oct 1;94(4):350-6

67. • Tamac, et al.: The bond strength between porcelain and titanium;2018;
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice
• Galo R, Frizzas DG, Rodrigues RC, Ribeiro R, de Mattos MD. Shear bond strength
of dental ceramics to cast commercially pure titanium. Braz J Oral Sci
2010;9:362-5
• Guo L, Liu X, Gao J, Yang J, Guo T, Zhu Y. Effect of surface modifications on the
bonding strength of titaniumeporcelain. Mater Manuf Process 2010;25:710-7.

68. thankyou