This document provides an overview of dental anatomy, including definitions of key terms like crown, root, enamel, and dentin. It describes the primary and permanent dentitions in humans, noting there are 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth. The primary dentition consists of 10 teeth per jaw and 5 per quadrant, while the permanent dentition has 16 teeth per jaw and 8 per quadrant. Anterior teeth are defined as central and lateral incisors and canines, while posterior primary teeth are the first and second molars and permanent posterior teeth are premolars and molars.

1. Dental Anatomy
Review Lab

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Jaws
• Quadrants
• Dentition
A. Crown
B. Roots
C. Surfaces
D. Line angle
E. Point angle
F. Thirds
G. Contact area
H. Crest of curvature
I. Cervical line
• Geometrical outline
• Tooth Numbering system
• Eruption Chart
• Anatomical Landmarks.

3. Introduction
• Dental Anatomy: is the study of
• development,
• morphology,
• function, and
• identity of each of the teeth in the human
dentitions,
• as well as
• the way in which the teeth relate in
• shape,
• form,
• structure,
• color,
• function to the other teeth in the same dental
arch and to the teeth in the opposing arch.
•
‫دراسة‬ ‫بأنه‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫عرف‬ُ‫ي‬
•
‫نمو‬
•
‫شكل‬
•
‫وظيفة‬
•
.‫اإلنسان‬ ‫أسنان‬ ‫من‬ ‫سن‬ ‫كل‬ (‫)إسم‬ ‫هوية‬
•
‫وكذلك‬
•
‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫بها‬ ‫ترتبط‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الطريقة‬
•
‫الشكل‬
•
‫الهيئة‬
•
‫التركيب‬
•
‫اللون‬
•
‫ولألسنان‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫في‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫لألسنان‬ ‫والوظيفة‬
.‫املعاكس‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫في‬
‫تعريفية‬ ‫مقدمة‬

4. Jaws
• The term Mandibular refers to
• the Lower jaw, or Mandible.
• The term Maxillary refers to
• the Upper jaw, or Maxilla.
•
•
‫يشير‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
.‫السفلي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األسفل‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫إلى‬
•
‫يشير‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
.‫العلوي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫األعلى‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫إلى‬
‫الفكني‬

5. Jaw Quadrants
• The term Median Line (Midline) refers
to
• Line pass vertically
• divide Jaws to Right and Left side.
• The term Horizantal Line refers to
• Line pass horizontally
• divide Jaws to Upper and Lower
(Maxillary and Mandibular).
•
‫يشير‬ (‫)الوسطي‬ ‫الوسيط‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
‫جهة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفكني‬ ‫لينصف‬ ً‫ا‬‫عمودي‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫اليسار‬ ‫وجهة‬ ‫اليمني‬
•
‫يشير‬ ‫العرضي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
‫الفك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفكني‬ ‫لينصف‬ ً‫ا‬‫أفقي‬ ‫يمر‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫السفلي‬ ‫والفك‬ ‫العلوي‬
‫الفكني‬ ‫أرباع‬

6. Dentition Types
• The term Primary (Deciduous) dentition refers
to
• First set of teeth seen in the mouth.
• The term Permanent (Succedaneous) dentition
refers to
• Second set of teeth seen in the mouth
• (after shedding of primary teeth).
•
‫يشير‬ (‫)اللبنية‬ ‫األولية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
‫في‬ ‫تظهر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫من‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫املجموعة‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫الفم‬
•
‫يشير‬ (‫)البديلة‬ ‫الدائمية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫مصطلح‬
•
‫في‬ ‫تظهر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫املجموعة‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫األولية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫سقوط‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الفم‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫أنواع‬

7. Dentition name
• The Name of Primary (Deciduous) dentition from midline is
• 1- Central Incisor.
• 2- Lateral Incisor.
• 3- Canine.
• 4- First Molar.
• 5- Second Molar.
• The Name of Permanent (Succedaneous) dentition from
midline is
• 1- Central Incisor.
• 2- Lateral Incisor.
• 3- Canine.
• 4- First Premolar.
• 5- Second Premolar.
• 6- First Molar.
• 7- Second Molar.
• 8- Third Molar.
•
:‫هي‬ ‫الوسطي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫من‬ ‫اللبنية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫أسماء‬
.‫املركزي‬ ‫القاطع‬ -١
.‫الجانبي‬ ‫القاطع‬-٢
‫الناب‬ -٣
.‫األول‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٤
.‫الثاني‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٥
•
.‫الوسطي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدائمية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫أسماء‬
.‫املركزي‬ ‫القاطع‬ -١
.‫الجانبي‬ ‫القاطع‬-٢
‫الناب‬ -٣
‫األول‬ ‫الضاحك‬ -٤
.‫الثاني‬ ‫الضاحك‬ -٥
.‫األول‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٦
.‫الثاني‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٧
.‫الثالث‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٨
‫األسنان‬ ‫أسماء‬

8. Dentition number
• The number of Primary (Deciduous) dentition is:
20 teeth in a mouth.
10 teeth in a jaw
5 teeth in a quadrant.
• The number of Permanent (Succedaneous)
dentition is:
32 teeth in a mouth.
16 teeth in a jaw
8 teeth in a quadrant.
:‫هو‬ ‫اللبنية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫عدد‬
.‫الفم‬ ‫في‬ ‫سن‬ ٢٠
.‫الفك‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسنان‬ ١٠
.‫الواحد‬ ‫الربع‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسنان‬ ٥
:‫هو‬ ‫الدائمية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫عدد‬
.‫الفم‬ ‫في‬ ‫سن‬ ٣٢
.‫الفك‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسنان‬ ١٦
.‫الواحد‬ ‫الربع‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسنان‬ ٨
‫األسنان‬ ‫أرقام‬

9. Dentition
• Anterior teeth are :
( in primary and permanent teeth)
1- Central incisor.
2- Lateral incisor.
3- Canine.
• Posterior teeth are:
( in Primary teeth) ( in Permanent teeth)
1- First molar. 1- First Premolar.
2- Second Molar. 2- Second Premolar.
3- Thirds Molar. 3- First Molar.
4- Second Molar.
5- Third Molar.
:‫هي‬ ‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬
.‫املركزي‬ ‫القاطع‬ -١
.‫الجانبي‬ ‫القاطع‬-٢
‫الناب‬ -٣
:‫هي‬ ‫الخلفية‬ ‫األسنان‬
(‫الدائمية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫)في‬ (‫اللبنية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫)في‬
‫األول‬ ‫الضاحك‬ -١ .‫املركزي‬ ‫القاطع‬ -١
‫الثاني‬ ‫الضاحك‬ -٢ .‫الجانبي‬ ‫القاطع‬-٢
‫األول‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٣ ‫الناب‬ -٣
‫الثاني‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٤
‫الثالث‬ ‫الضرس‬ -٥
‫األسنان‬

10. Dentition Parts
• Dentition consist of:
1.Crown : part of tooth that
covered with enamel.
2.Root : part of tooth that
covered with cementum.
:‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻐطﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟزء‬ :‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻐطﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟزء‬ :‫اﻟﺟذر‬
.‫اﻟﺳﻣﻧﺗم‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫أجزاء‬

11. Dentition Tissue
• Dentition Tissue are:
1- Enamel.
2- Dentin.
3- Cementum.
4- Pulp.
• The
fi
rst three are known as Hard tissue ,
• the last as Soft tissue .
:‫هي‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫أنسجة‬
.‫املينا‬ -1
.‫العاج‬ -2
.‫االسمنت‬ -3
.‫اللب‬ -4
، ‫الصلبة‬ ‫األنسجة‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫عرف‬ُ‫ت‬
.‫الرخوة‬ ‫األنسجة‬ ‫من‬ ‫فيعتبر‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫النسيج‬ ‫أما‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫أنسجة‬

12. Pulp
• Pulp Cavity consist of:
1- Pulp chamber.
2- Pulp canal.
• The pulp tissue furnishes the blood and nerve
supply to the tooth.
•
:‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻠب‬ ‫ﺗﺟوﯾف‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬
.‫اﻟﻠب‬ ‫ﺣﺟرة‬ -1
.‫اﻟﻠب‬ ‫ﻗﻧﺎة‬ -2
‫طرﯾق‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫واﻷﻋﺻﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟدم‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺗزود‬
.‫اﻟﻠب‬ ‫ﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬
‫السن‬ ‫لب‬

13. Roots Number
The rootsof the teeth may be :
1- Single : One
2- Double : Two
2- Multiple : Three
• Both maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth have only
one root each.
• Mandibular
fi
rst and second premolars and the maxillary
second premolar are single rooted, but the maxillary
fi
rst
premolar has two roots in most cases, one buccal and
one lingual.
• Mandibular molars have two roots, one mesial and one
distal.
• Maxillary molars have three roots, one mesiobuccal, one
distobuccal, and one lingual.
:‫األسنان‬ ‫جذور‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫قد‬
‫واحد‬ :‫مفرد‬ -1
‫اثنان‬ :‫مزدوج‬ -2
‫ثالثة‬ :‫متعددة‬ -2
•
.‫فقط‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫والسفلية‬ ‫العلوية‬ ‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫من‬ ‫لكل‬
•
‫الثانية‬ ‫والضواحك‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫للفك‬ ‫والثانية‬ ‫األولى‬ ‫الضواحك‬
‫له‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫األول‬ ‫الضاحك‬ ‫ولكن‬ ، ‫مفردة‬ ‫جذور‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫هي‬ ‫العلوية‬
.‫لساني‬ ‫واآلخر‬ ‫أمامي‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ، ‫الحاالت‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫في‬ ‫جذران‬
•
.‫بعيد‬ ‫واآلخر‬ ‫قريب‬ ‫أحدهما‬ ، ‫جذرين‬ ‫لها‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫أضراس‬
•
، ‫أمامية‬ ‫قريبة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ، ‫جذور‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫العلوية‬ ‫األضراس‬
.‫لسانية‬ ‫وواحدة‬ ، ‫أمامية‬ ‫بعيدة‬ ‫وواحدة‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫جذور‬

14. Roots Furcation
Furcation : means region of roots
Con
fl
uence .
1- Bifurcation :
formed by union of two roots.
2- Trifurcation :
formed from union of three roots.
‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻹﻟﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺻد‬ : ‫اﻹﻗﺗراب‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺟذور‬
:‫اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷﻌب‬ -1
.‫اﻟﺟذور‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫إﺛﻧﯾن‬ ‫اﺗﺣﺎد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻛون‬
:‫اﻟﺗﺛﻠﯾث‬ -2
.‫ﺟذور‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫اﺗﺣﺎد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻛون‬
‫الجذور‬ ‫إتحاد‬ ‫منطقة‬

15. Roots Trunk
Trunk : region extend from furcation to
cervical line.
‫ﺧط‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟذور‬ ‫إﻟﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺗد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﺟذع‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻧق‬
‫الجذور‬ ‫إتحاد‬ ‫منطقة‬

16. Surfaces
A- in anterior teeth, surfaces are FOUR :
1- Labial Surface : Face Lip.
2- Lingual Surface : Face Tongue.
3- Mesial surface : Towards midline.
4- Distal Surface : Away from midline.
B- in posterior teeth, surfaces are FIVE :
1- Buccal Surface : Face Cheek
2- Lingual Surface : Face Tongue.
3- Mesial surface : Towards midline.
4- Distal Surface : Away from midline.
5- Occlusal Surface : The surfaces of the premolars
and molars that come in contact (occlusion) with
those in the opposite jaw during the act of closure.
:‫أسطح‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬ -‫أ‬
. ‫للشفاه‬ ‫املواجه‬ :‫الشفتني‬ ‫سطح‬ -1
. ‫اللسان‬ ‫ل‬ ‫املواجه‬ :‫اللساني‬ ‫السطح‬ -2
.‫املنتصف‬ ‫خط‬ ‫باتجاه‬ : ‫القريب‬ ‫السطح‬ -3
.‫الوسط‬ ‫خط‬ ‫عن‬ ً‫ا‬‫بعيد‬ :‫البعيد‬ ‫السطح‬ -4
:‫أسطح‬ ‫خمسة‬ ‫الخلفية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬ -‫ب‬
‫الوجنة‬ ‫يقابل‬ :‫الخد‬ ‫سطح‬ -1
.‫اللسان‬ ‫يقابل‬ :‫اللساني‬ ‫السطح‬ -2
.‫املنتصف‬ ‫خط‬ ‫باتجاه‬ :‫القريب‬ ‫السطح‬ -3
.‫الوسط‬ ‫خط‬ ‫عن‬ ً‫ا‬‫بعيد‬ :‫البعيد‬ ‫السطح‬ -4
‫بالضواحك‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫األسطح‬ :‫اإلطباقي‬ ‫السطح‬ -5
‫في‬ ‫املوجودة‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫مع‬ (‫)إطباق‬ ‫تتالمس‬ ‫التي‬ ‫واألضراس‬
. ‫الفكني‬ ‫إطباق‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫املقابل‬ ‫الفك‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬

17. Important notes
• Facial surface term called on Labial and Buccal
surface collectively.
• Proximal Surface term called on mesial surface
and also on distal surface.
• Palatal surface called on the Lingual surface in
upper jaw (Maxillary) only.
• There is no incisal surface in anterior teeth But
incisal Aspect (View).
•
‫الشفوي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوجهي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫مصطلح‬ ‫يطلق‬
.‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫م‬ ‫والخدي‬
•
‫القريب‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫املجاور‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫مصطلح‬ ‫يطلق‬
.‫البعيد‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫ا‬ ً
‫وأيض‬
•
‫السطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحنكي‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫مصطلح‬ ‫يطلق‬
.‫فقط‬ (‫العلوي‬ ‫)الفك‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الفك‬ ‫في‬ ‫اللساني‬
•
‫ولكن‬ ‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬ ‫قاطع‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬
.(‫)املنظر‬ ‫القاطع‬ ‫الجانب‬
‫مهمة‬ ‫مالحظات‬

18. Important note
• Aspect = View
So there are:
FIVE aspect or view in anterior teeth.
1- Labial aspect: Face Lip.
2- Lingual aspect: Face Tongue.
3- Mesial aspect: Towards midline.
4- Distal aspect: Away from midline.
FIVE aspect in posterior teeth.
1- Buccal aspect : Face Cheek
2- Lingual aspect : Face Tongue.
3- Mesial aspect : Towards midline.
4- Distal aspect : Away from midline.
5- Occlusal aspect : Towards opposite occlusal
aspect in the other jaw.
‫اﻟﻣﻧظر‬ = ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
:‫ھﻧﺎك‬ ‫ﻟذﻟك‬
.‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺎظر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺟواﻧب‬ ‫ﺧﻣﺳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺷﻔﺎه‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑل‬:‫اﻟﺷﻔوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -1
.‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑل‬ :‫اﻟﻠﻐوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -2
.‫اﻟوﺳط‬ ‫ﺧط‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ :‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬-3
.‫اﻟوﺳط‬ ‫ﺧط‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻌﯾد‬ : (‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ)اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -4
.‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟواﻧب‬ ‫ﺧﻣﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧد‬ ‫ﯾواﺟﮫ‬ :‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -1
.‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﯾواﺟﮫ‬ :‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -2
.‫اﻟوﺳط‬ ‫ﺧط‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ : ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬-3
.‫اﻟوﺳط‬ ‫ﺧط‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑﻌﯾد‬ : (‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ)اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -4
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑل‬ ‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻧﺣو‬ :‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ -5
.‫اﻵﺧر‬ ‫اﻟﻔك‬
‫مهمة‬ ‫مالحظات‬

19. Line angle
• Union of two surfaces.
Sequence of nomenclature :
In anterior teeth:
1- Mesial Or Distal
2- Labial Or Lingual
3- Incisal
* The Last letter of the
fi
rst surface should be
eliminate and put the letter O then write the
second surface with it all letters.
* in the line angle name TWO surfaces should be
mentioned.
.‫ﺳطﺣﯾن‬ ‫إﺗﺣﺎد‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
:‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳل‬
:‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻗرﯾب‬ -1
‫ﻟﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺷﻔوي‬ -2
‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬ -3
•
‫ووﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺣرف‬ ‫ﺣذف‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
.‫أﺣرﻓﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺛم‬ O ‫اﻟﺣرف‬
.‫ﺳطﺣﯾن‬ ‫ذﻛر‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫اﻟﺧط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ *
‫الخط‬ ‫زاوية‬

20. Line angle
• Union of two surfaces.
Sequence of nomenclature :
In posterior teeth:
1- Mesial Or Distal
2- Buccal Or Lingual
3- Occlusal
* The Last letter of the
fi
rst surface should be eliminate
and put the letter O then write the second surface with
it all letters.
* in the line angle name TWO surfaces should be
mentioned.
.‫سطحني‬ ‫إتحاد‬ ‫هي‬
:‫التسمية‬ ‫تسلسل‬
:‫الخلفية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬
‫بعيد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫قريب‬ -1
‫لساني‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خدي‬ -2
.‫اإلطباقي‬ -3
•
‫ووضع‬ ‫األول‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫الحرف‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫يجب‬
.‫أحرفه‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫ثم‬ O ‫الحرف‬
.‫سطحني‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫تسمية‬ ‫في‬ *
‫الخط‬ ‫زاوية‬

21. Point angle
• Union of three surfaces.
Sequence of nomenclature :
In anterior teeth:
1- Mesial Or Distal
2- Labial Or Lingual
3- Incisal
* The Last letter of the
fi
rst and second surfaces should
be eliminate and put the letter O then write the third
surface with it all letters.
* in the point angle name THREE surfaces should be
mentioned.
.‫أسطح‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫إتحاد‬ ‫هي‬
:‫التسمية‬ ‫تسلسل‬
:‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬
‫بعيد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫قريب‬ -1
‫لساني‬ ‫أو‬ ‫شفوي‬ -2
‫القاطع‬ -3
•
‫األول‬ ‫السطحني‬ ‫من‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫الحرف‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫يجب‬
‫الثالث‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫ثم‬ O ‫الحرف‬ ‫ووضع‬ ‫والثاني‬
.‫أحرفه‬ ‫بجميع‬
.‫النقطة‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسطح‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫يجب‬ *
‫النقطة‬ ‫زاوية‬

22. Point angle
• Union of three surfaces.
Sequence of nomenclature :
In posterior teeth:
1- Mesial Or Distal
2- Buccal Or Lingual
3- Occlusal
* The Last letter of the
fi
rst and second surfaces should be
eliminate and put the letter O then write the third surface
with it all letters.
* in the point angle name THREE surfaces should be
mentioned.
.‫أسطح‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫إتحاد‬ ‫هي‬
:‫التسمية‬ ‫تسلسل‬
:‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬
‫بعيد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫قريب‬ -1
‫لساني‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خدي‬ -2
‫القاطع‬ -3
•
‫األول‬ ‫السطحني‬ ‫من‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫الحرف‬ ‫حذف‬ ‫يجب‬
‫الثالث‬ ‫السطح‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫ثم‬ O ‫الحرف‬ ‫ووضع‬ ‫والثاني‬
.‫أحرفه‬ ‫بجميع‬
.‫النقطة‬ ‫زاوية‬ ‫في‬ ‫أسطح‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫يجب‬ *
‫النقطة‬ ‫زاوية‬

23. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In anterior teeth :
• Horizantally
1- Crown is divide into:
A- Incisal third
B- Middle third.
C- Cervical third.
2- Root is divide into:
A- Cervical third.
B- Middle third.
C- Apical third.
: ‫أﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬
:‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﻓﻘﯾ‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -1
‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻧق‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟذر‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺳم‬ -2
. ‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻧق‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﻘﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

24. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In anterior teeth :
• Vertically
1- crown from ( Labial and Lingual Surface) is divide
into:
A- Mesial third
B- Middle third.
C- Distal third.
2- crown from ( Mesial and Distal Surface) is divide into:
A- Labial third
B- Middle third.
C- Lingual third.
:‫أثالث‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫كل‬ ‫ينقسم‬
:‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬
ً‫ا‬‫عمودي‬
:‫إلى‬ (‫واللغوي‬ ‫الشفوي‬ ‫)السطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫التاج‬ ‫ينقسم‬ -1
‫القريب‬ ‫الثلث‬-‫أ‬
.‫األوسط‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ب‬
.(‫)القاصي‬ ‫البعيد‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إلى‬ (‫والبعيد‬ ‫القريب‬ ‫)السطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫التاج‬ ‫ينقسم‬ -2
‫الشفوي‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫األوسط‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اللساني‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

25. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In anterior teeth :
• Vertically
1- Root from ( Labial and Lingual Surface) is divide
into:
A- Mesial third
B- Middle third.
C- Distal third.
2- Root from ( Mesial and Distal Surface) is divide into:
A- Labial third
B- Middle third.
C- Lingual third.
:‫أثالث‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫كل‬ ‫ينقسم‬
:‫األمامية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫في‬
ً‫ا‬‫عمودي‬
:‫إلى‬ (‫واللغوي‬ ‫الشفوي‬ ‫)السطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫يقسم‬ -1
‫القريب‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫األوسط‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫القاصي‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إلى‬ (‫والقاصي‬ ‫القريب‬ ‫)السطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫ينقسم‬ -2
.‫الشفوي‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫األوسط‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اللساني‬ ‫الثلث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

26. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In posterior teeth :
• Horizantally
1- Crown is divide into:
A- Occlusal third
B- Middle third.
C- Cervical third.
2- Root is divide into:
A- Cervical third.
B- Middle third.
C- Apical third.
:‫أﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬
:‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﻓﻘﯾ‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -1
.‫اﻹطﺑﺎق‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻧق‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟذر‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺳم‬ -2
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻧق‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
‫اﻟﻘﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

27. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In posterior teeth :
• Vertically
1- crown from ( Buccal and Lingual Surface) is divide
into:
A- Mesial third
B- Middle third.
C- Distal third.
2- crown from ( Mesial and Distal Surface) is divide into:
A- Buccal third
B- Middle third.
C- Lingual third.
:‫أﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬
:‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻣودﯾ‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ (‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫)اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -1
‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ (‫واﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫)اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -2
.‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
..‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

28. Thirds
• Each surface divide into three thirds :
In posterior teeth :
• Vertically
1- Root from ( Buccal and Lingual Surface) is divide
into:
A- Mesial third
B- Middle third.
C- Distal third.
2- Root from ( Mesial and Distal Surface) is divide into:
A- Buccal third
B- Middle third.
C- Lingual third.
:‫أﺛﻼث‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬
:‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻣودﯾ‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ (‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫)اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺟذر‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -1
.‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
:‫إﻟﻰ‬ (‫واﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﻲ‬ ‫)اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺟذر‬ ‫ﯾﻧﻘﺳم‬ -2
.‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫أ‬
.‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ب‬
.‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ -‫ج‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫سطوح‬ ‫أثالث‬

29. Contact Area
• De
fi
ne as : The area of the mesial or distal
surface of a tooth that touches its neighbor in
the dental arch.
• Each tooth has mesial and distal contact area.
• Contact area di
ff
ers from tooth to tooth.
• Contact area become broader posteriorly.
• Contact area present on proximal surface as a
spot.
• Contact area term not used on proximal
surface as mesiodistal diameter width because
there is Lip Labially (Buccally) and tongue
lingually (No teeth present).
• In Labial, Buccal, Lingual surfaces
Contact area = Crest of curvature.
•
‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ :‫إﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌرف‬
.‫اﻟﻔك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎرﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻣس‬
•
.‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻣس‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺳن‬ ‫ﻛل‬
•
.‫ﺳن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼﻣس‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف‬
•
.‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﺗﺟﺎھﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬ ‫أوﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﺑﺢ‬
•
.‫ﻛﺑﻘﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼﻣس‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
•
‫اﻟﻣﺟﺎورة‬ ‫اﻟﺳطوح‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼﻣس‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺎه‬ ‫وﺟود‬ ‫ﺑﺳﺑب‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾﺑﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫ﻋرض‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎن‬ (‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫)واﻟﺧد‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻔوي‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬
.(‫اﻟﺟﮭﺗﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫أﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫)ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
•
‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺧدﯾﺔ‬ ،‫اﻟﺷﻔوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطوح‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻣﺔ‬ = ‫اﻻﺗﺻﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
‫التالمس‬ ‫منطقة‬

30. Crest of curvature
• In mesial and distal surfaces
Crest of curvature NOT = Contact area.
• Term SHOULD used in proximal surface as
Mesiodistal width.
•
‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطوح‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺗﻼﻣس‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬ = ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﻣﺔ‬
•
‫اﻟﻌرض‬ ‫ﻟﯾﻣﺛل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻطﻠﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬
.‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬
‫اإلنحناء‬ ‫قمة‬

31. Cervical Line
• Line joins crown and root of the tooth.
• Inclination di
ff
ers from tooth surface to another.
• Become more straight when direct posteriorly.
• Cementoenamel Junction : Junction that locate
between enamel of crown and cementum of the
root.
•
. ‫والجذر‬ ‫التاج‬ ‫بني‬ ‫يصل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الخط‬
•
.‫آلخر‬ ‫سن‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫من‬ ‫يختلف‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫إنحناء‬
•
.‫الخلفية‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫نحو‬ ‫إتجهنا‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫إنحناؤه‬ ‫يقل‬
•
‫التاج‬ ‫مينا‬ ‫بني‬ ‫الرابط‬ ‫هو‬ ‫السمنتم‬ ‫وطبقة‬ ‫التاج‬ ‫رابط‬
.‫الجذر‬ ‫سمنتم‬ ‫وطبقة‬
‫التاج‬ ‫عنق‬ ‫خط‬

32. Geometrical outline
• In a general way,
all aspects of each tooth crown except
the incisal or occlusal aspects may be
outlined with one of three geometric
fi
gures:
△ ، ⏢ ، ⏥ ،
Six anterior teeth, maxillary and mandibular :
1- Triangular
A. Mesial aspect
B. Distal aspect
•
،‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬
•
‫ﻋدا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳن‬ ‫ﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺟواﻧب‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
•
‫اﻷﺷﻛﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣد‬ ‫ﺗﺣدد‬ ‫اﻹطﺑﺎق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟواﻧب‬
:‫اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‬
•
:‫واﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫واﻟﻔك‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺔ‬
•
:‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬
•
.‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ .‫أ‬
•
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ .‫ب‬
‫للسطوح‬ ‫الهندسي‬ ‫التخطيط‬

33. Geometrical outline
2- Trapezoidal
I. Trapezoid with longest uneven side toward occlusal or
incisal surface
A. All anterior teeth, maxillary and mandibular
1. Labial aspect
2. Lingual aspect
B. All posterior teeth
1.Buccal aspect
2.Lingual aspect
II. Trapezoid with shortest uneven side toward occlusal
surface
All maxillary posterior teeth
1. Mesial aspect
2. Distal aspect
‫ﻣﻧﺣرف‬ ‫ﺷﺑﮫ‬ -٢
.I
‫أو‬ ‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗو‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫أطول‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣرف‬ ‫ﺷﺑﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻔك‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ .‫أ‬
.1
‫اﻟﺷﻔوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
.2
‫اﻟﻠﻐوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ .‫ب‬
.1
‫اﻟﺷدق‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
.2
‫اﻟﻠﻐوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺎه‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗو‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫أﻗﺻر‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣرف‬ ‫ﺷﺑﮫ‬ .II
‫اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
.1
‫اﻷوﺳط‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
.2
‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫للسطوح‬ ‫الهندسي‬ ‫التخطيط‬

34. Geometrical outline
3- Rhomboidal
All mandibular posterior teeth
A. Mesial aspect
B. Distal aspect
‫اﻟﻣﻌﯾن‬ -٣
‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔك‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻘرﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ .‫أ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ .‫ب‬
‫للسطوح‬ ‫الهندسي‬ ‫التخطيط‬

35. Tooth Numbering System
• In clinical practice some “shorthand” system of tooth nota-
tion is necessary for recording data.
1- The Universal notation system:
A- in primary teeth:
uses uppercase letters ,
Start from maxillary right second molar
letters A to maxillary left second molar J,
then from the mandibular left second molar letters K to
mandibular right second molar T .
B- in permanent teeth:
Uses numbers,
Start from maxillary right third molar number 1 to maxillary left
third molar 16,
then from mandibular left third molar 17 to mandibular right
third molar 32.
‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔﮭوم‬ "‫"اﻻﺧﺗزال‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﯾﻌد‬ ، ‫اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﯾ‬‫ﺿرور‬
:‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ -1
:‫اﻟﻠﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫أ‬
، ‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫اﻷﺣرف‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺑدأ‬
، J ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ A ‫اﻟﺣروف‬
‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ K ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔك‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﯾﺳرى‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣروف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺛم‬
.T ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔك‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
:‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫ب‬
، ‫اﻷرﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 1 ‫رﻗم‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺑدأ‬
، 16 ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬
‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 17 ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔك‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺛم‬
.32
‫األسنان‬ ‫ترقيم‬ ‫نظام‬

36. Tooth Numbering System
2- The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation
system
Most common system,
In this system the arches are divided into four quadrants with
the entire dentition being notated.
A- in primary teeth:
uses uppercase letters ,
Start from central incisor A to third molar E in each quadrant.
B- in permanent teeth:
Uses numbers
The Zsigmondy/Palmer notation for the permanent dentition
is a four quadrant symbolic system in which, beginning with
the central incisors, the teeth are numbered 1 to third molar 8
in each quadrant.
Zsigmondy / Palmer ‫اﻟﺗرﻣﯾز‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ -2
، ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻋ‬‫ﺷﯾو‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫أرﺑﺎع‬ ‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻗواس‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺳﯾم‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ، ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻠﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫أ‬
، ‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫اﻷﺣرف‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ E ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬ ‫اﻟﺿرس‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ A ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﺑدأ‬
.‫رﺑﻊ‬
:‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫ب‬
‫اﻷرﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬
‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬ Zsigmondy / Palmer ‫ﺗدوﯾن‬
، ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘواطﻊ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ء‬‫ﺑد‬ ، ‫ﻓﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺗم‬ ‫رﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫رﺑﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫رﻣزي‬
.‫رﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ 8 ‫ﺿرس‬ 3 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 1 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺗرﻗﯾم‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫ترقيم‬ ‫نظام‬

37. Tooth Numbering System
3- The Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI)
notation system
A two-digit system
The
fi
rst number (units) represents tooth name and the second
number (Tens) represents the quadrant.
A- in primary teeth:
Upper right quadrant begin from 51 to 55
Upper left quadrant begin from 61 to 65
Lower left quadrant begin from 71 to 75
Lower right quadrant begin from 81 to 85
B- in permanent teeth:
Upper right quadrant begin from 11 to 18
Upper left quadrant begin from 21 to 28
Lower left quadrant begin from 31 to 38
Lower right quadrant begin from 41 to 48
(FDI) ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟدوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺣﺎد‬ -3
‫اﻟﺗدوﯾن‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬
‫رﻗﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬
‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬ (‫)اﻟﻌﺷرات‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫واﻟرﻗم‬ ‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺛل‬ (‫)اﻟوﺣدات‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟرﻗم‬
.‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
:‫اﻟﻠﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫أ‬
55 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 51 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
65 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 61 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
75 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 71 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
85 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 81 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
:‫اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ -‫ب‬
18 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 11 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
28 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 21 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬
38 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 31 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
48 ‫إﻟﻰ‬ 41 ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﺑدأ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﻣن‬ ‫اﻟرﺑﻊ‬
‫األسنان‬ ‫ترقيم‬ ‫نظام‬

38. Eruption Chart
• Primary teeth
Palmer notation system.
1- Lower A (6-10) month.
2- Upper A (8-12) month.
3- Upper B (9-13) month.
4- Lower B (10-16) month.
5- Upper C (16-22) month.
6- Lower C (17-23) month.
7- Upper D (13–19) (14–18) month.
8- Lower D (14-18) month.
9- Lower E (23–31) (24–30) month.
10- Upper E (25-33) month.
‫األسنان‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫مخطط‬

39. Eruption Chart
• Permanent teeth
Palmer notation system
1- Lower 6 (6-7) year.
2- Upper 6 (6–7) year.
3- Lower 1 (6-7) year.
4- Upper 1 (7-8) year.
5- Lower 2 (7-8) year.
6- Upper 2 (8-9) year.
7- Lower 3 (9–10) year.
8- Upper 4 (10-11) year.
9- Lower 4 (10–12) year.
10- Upper 5 (10-12) year.
11- Lower 5 (11-12) year.
12- Upper 3 (11-12) year.
13- Lower 7 (11-13) year.
14- Upper 7 (12-13) year.
15- Lower 8 (17-21) year.
16- Upper 8 (17-21) year.
‫األسنان‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫مخطط‬

40. Anatomical Landmarks
• To study an individual tooth
intelligently, one should recognize all
landmarks of importance by name.
• A Cusp is an elevation or mound on
the crown portion of a tooth making
up a divisional part of the occlusal
surface.
‫أن‬ ‫اﻟﻣرء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ، ‫ﺑذﻛﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻟدراﺳﺔ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳم‬ ‫اﻷھﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬ ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺗﻌرف‬
‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟزء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗوء‬
.‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﯾ‬‫ﻓرﻋ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ء‬‫ﺟز‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟذي‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

41. Anatomical Landmarks
• A Tubercle is a smaller elevation on
some portion of the crown produced
by an extra formation of enamel.
• These are deviations from the typical
form.
•
‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟزء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﺻﻐر‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾﺑﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻣﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻛوﯾن‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬
•
.‫اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اﻧﺣراﻓﺎت‬ ‫ھذه‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

42. Anatomical Landmarks
• A Cingulum (Latin word for “girdle”) is
the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth.
• It makes up the bulk of the cervical
third of the lingual surface.
• Its convexity mesiodistally resembles
a girdle encircling the lingual surface
at the cervical third .
•
("‫"اﻟﺣزام‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣزام‬
.‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺳن‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔص‬ ‫ھو‬
•
‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﺛﻠث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺟزء‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻛل‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻧق‬
•
‫ﯾﺣﯾط‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻣ‬‫ﺣزا‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺳط‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﺑﮫ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻧﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻠث‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳطﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

43. Anatomical Landmarks
•A Ridge is any linear elevation on the
surface of a tooth .
• Named according to its location
(e.g., buccal ridge, incisal ridge,
marginal ridge) .
.‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧطﻲ‬ ‫إرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ھو‬ :‫اﻟﻘﻣﺔ‬
•
‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫)ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻣوﻗﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻣت‬
‫واﻟﺗﻼل‬ ، ‫اﻟﺷدﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬
.(‫اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺷﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻼل‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

44. Anatomical Landmarks
• Marginal ridges are those rounded
borders of the enamel.
• Form the mesial and distal margins of
the occlusal surfaces of premolars
and molars and the mesial and distal
margins of the lingual surfaces of the
incisors and canines .
•
.‫ﻟﻠﻣﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟداﺋرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺷﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬
•
‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳطﺢ‬ ‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬ ‫ﺗﺷﻛل‬
‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﮭواﻣش‬ ‫واﻷﺿراس‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺿواﺣك‬
.‫واﻷﻧﯾﺎب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘواطﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳطﺢ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

45. Anatomical Landmarks
•Triangular ridges descend from the tips
of the cusps of molars and premolars
toward the central part of the occlusal
surfaces.
•They are so named because the slopes
of each side of the ridge are inclined to
resemble two sides of a triangle .
•They are named after the cusps to which
they belong,
for example, the triangular ridge of the
buccal cusp of the maxillary
fi
rst
premolar.
•
‫اﻷﺿراس‬ ‫ﺷرﻓﺎت‬ ‫أطراف‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺣدر‬
‫اﻷﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزي‬ ‫اﻟﺟزء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺟﺎه‬ ‫واﻟﺿواﺣك‬
.‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬
•
‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺣدرات‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫اﻻﺳم‬ ‫ﺑﮭذا‬ ‫ﺳﻣﯾت‬
.‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠث‬ ‫ﺿﻠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺷﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻣﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ ‫ﺟواﻧب‬
•
، ‫إﻟﯾﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻧﺗﻣون‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﺳم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻣﯾﺗﮭم‬ ‫ﺗم‬
•
‫اﻟﺷدق‬ ‫ﻷﻋﺗﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺿﺎﺣك‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

46. Anatomical Landmarks
• A transverse ridge is the union of two
triangular ridges crossing
transversely the surface of a
posterior tooth.
• When a buccal and a lingual
triangular ridge join, they form a
transverse ridge.
•
‫ﯾﻌﺑران‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠﺛﯾن‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺗﯾن‬ ‫اﺗﺣﺎد‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌرض‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗوء‬
.‫ﻋرﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬
•
‫ﻓﺈﻧﮭﻣﺎ‬ ، ‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدي‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﯾن‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺗﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬
.‫ﻋرﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺗوء‬ ‫ﯾﺷﻛﻼن‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

47. Anatomical Landmarks
• The oblique ridge is a ridge crossing
obliquely the occlusal surfaces of
maxillary molars and formed by the
union of the triangular ridge of the
distobuccal cusp and the distal cusp
ridge of the mesiolingual cusp .
•
‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬ ‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻘﺎطﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺣﺎد‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وﺗﺗﻛون‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺿراس‬
‫ﻟﻠﻧﺗوء‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫واﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻧﺗوء‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﯾﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺳطﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

48. Anatomical Landmarks
•A fossae is an irregular depression or
concavity.
•
‫ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻌر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫إﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬
.‫ﻣﻧﺗظم‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

49. Anatomical Landmarks
• Lingual fossae are on the lingual
surface of incisors .
•Borders of Lingual fossae :
1- Cingulum.
2- Mesial marginal ridge.
3- Distal marginal ridge.
4- Incisal ridge.
•
‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻘواطﻊ‬
•
:‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺣدود‬
.‫اﻟﺣزام‬ -1
.‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎذﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ -2
.‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎذﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ -3
.‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻼل‬ -4
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

50. Anatomical Landmarks
•Central fossae are on the occlusal
surface of molars.
•They are formed by the convergence
of ridges terminating at a central point
in the bottom of the depression where
there is a junction of grooves .
•
‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗوﺟد‬
.‫ﻟﻸﺿراس‬
•
‫ﻧﻘطﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﮭﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎء‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺷﻛل‬
.‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﯾوﺟد‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض‬ ‫ﻗﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

51. Anatomical Landmarks
• Triangular fossae are found on molars
and premolars on the occlusal
surfaces mesial or distal to marginal
ridges.
• They are sometimes found on the
lingual surfaces of maxillary incisors
at the edge of the lingual fossae
where the marginal ridges and the
cingulum meet .
•
‫األضراس‬ ‫على‬ ‫املثلثية‬ ‫الحفريات‬ ‫توجد‬
‫أو‬ ‫القريب‬ ‫اإلطباقية‬ ‫األسطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫والضواحك‬
.‫املحاذية‬ ‫الحواف‬ ‫حد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫البعيد‬
•
‫للقواطع‬ ‫اللسانية‬ ‫األسطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ن‬‫أحيا‬ ‫توجد‬
‫تلتقي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫اللغوية‬ ‫الحفريات‬ ‫حافة‬ ‫عند‬ ‫العلوية‬
. ‫والحزام‬ ‫املحاذية‬ ‫الحواف‬
‫تشريحية‬ ‫معالم‬

52. Anatomical Landmarks
• A sulcus is a long depression or
valley in the surface of a tooth
between ridges and cusps, the
inclines of which meet at an angle.
• A sulcus has a developmental groove
at the junction of its inclines.
• The term sulcus should not be
confused with the term groove.
•
‫السن‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫في‬ ‫واد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫إنخفاض‬ ‫هو‬ ‫التلم‬
‫منحدراتها‬ ‫تلتقي‬ ، ‫والشرفات‬ ‫الحواف‬ ‫بني‬
.‫بزاوية‬
•
‫تقاطع‬ ‫عند‬ ‫نمائي‬ ‫أخدود‬ ‫على‬ ‫التلم‬ ‫يحتوي‬
.‫منحدراته‬
•
‫ومصطلح‬ ‫التلم‬ ‫مصطلح‬ ‫بني‬ ‫الخلط‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫ال‬
.groove
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

53. Anatomical Landmarks
• A developmental groove is a shallow
groove or line between the primary
parts of the crown or root.
• Buccal and lingual grooves are
developmental grooves found on the
buccal and lingual surfaces of
posterior teeth.
•
‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺳطﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧط‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أﺧدود‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣوي‬ ‫اﻷﺧدود‬
.‫اﻟﺟذر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺎج‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟزاء‬
•
‫ﺗوﺟد‬ ‫ﻧﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬
‫اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﻠﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

54. Anatomical Landmarks
•A supplemental groove, less distinct, is
also a shallow linear depression on the
surface of a tooth,
• But it is supplemental to a
developmental groove and does not
mark the junction of primary parts.
•
‫إﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺿ‬‫أﯾ‬ ‫ھو‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ﺗﻣﯾز‬ ‫اﻷﻗل‬ ، ‫اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺧدود‬
، ‫اﻟﺳن‬ ‫ﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳطﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧطﻲ‬
•
‫ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﯾر‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﻣو‬ ‫ﻷﺧدود‬ ‫ﻣﻛﻣل‬ ‫ﻟﻛﻧﮫ‬
.‫اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟزاء‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

55. Anatomical Landmarks
•A Transverse groove, is a shallow
linear depression on the occlusal
surface of maxillary molars.
•Extend from central pit to the distal pit
crossing the oblique ridge.
•
‫ﺳطﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧطﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﺧﻔﺎض‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌرض‬ ‫اﻷﺧدود‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺿراس‬ ‫اﻹطﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
•
‫اﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﯾﻣﺗد‬
.‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋل‬ ‫اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺑر‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

56. Anatomical Landmarks
•Pits are small pinpoint depressions
located at the junction of
developmental grooves or at terminals
of those grooves.
•
‫دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯾرة‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺎت‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔر‬
‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
.‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫أطراف‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

57. Anatomical Landmarks
• Central pit is a term used to describe
a landmark in the central fossa of
molars where developmental grooves
join .
•
‫ﻣﻌﻠم‬ ‫ﻟوﺻف‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬
‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺗﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺿراس‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

58. Anatomical Landmarks
• Mesial and Distal pit is a term used to
describe a landmark in the mesial
and distal triangular fossa of
premolars and molars where
developmental grooves join.
•
‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﻣﺻطﻠﺢ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬
‫ﻣن‬ ‫واﻟﺑﻌﯾدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘرﯾﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻔرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠم‬ ‫ﻟوﺻف‬
.‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺎدﯾد‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺿم‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫واﻷﺿراس‬ ‫اﻟﺿواﺣك‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

59. Anatomical Landmarks
• A mamelon is any one of the three
rounded protuberances found on the
incisal ridges of newly erupted incisor
teeth.
•
‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗدﯾرة‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗوءات‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗوء‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺑﺛﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎطﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣواف‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺛ‬‫ﺣدﯾ‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

60. Anatomical Landmarks
•A Lobe is one of the primary sections
of formation in the development of the
crown.
•Cusps and mamelons are
representative of lobes.
•
‫ﺗطور‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻛﯾل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺳﺎم‬ ‫أﺣد‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟﻔص‬
.‫اﻟﺗﺎج‬
•
.‫ﻓﺻوص‬ mamelons ‫وال‬ Cusps ‫ال‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
‫ﺗﺷرﯾﺣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟم‬

61. All The Best