This document provides instructions and an example for a statistics project analyzing data on the number of chocolate bars consumed by girls. It includes questions to answer about the data using SPSS: 1) The level of measurement is nominal. 2) Descriptive statistics - the mean is 47.05, median is 47, mode is 45. 3) Create a frequency distribution table with six intervals. 4) Create a histogram based on the frequency table. It also provides guidance on performing the appropriate statistical tests in SPSS and presenting the results.

1. Answer questions Minimum 100 words each and reference
(questions #1-3) KEEP questions WITH ANSWER
1) If we had a multiple number of coin tosses and considered
this an experiment, what distribution would this experiment
follow and why?
2) Virtually all experiments and studies deal with mutually
exclusive outcomes. Why is this important?
3) Random variables are part of probability and statistics!
Mutual exclusiveness applies to the definition of this. How?
A minimum of 75 words each question and References (IF
NEEDED)(Response #1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH
ANSWER
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an
understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly
resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on
topic
1) I think my friend would have the wrong idea in my opinion.
A coin has two sides and if it is a fair coin, then when it is
tossed it will have a 50-50 chance of either being heads or tails.
There is nothing that would make it tails more than heads. The
odds or probability of it landing on tails over heads is 50-50.
There is no way of specifically knowing how many times it
would be heads or tails an infinite number of times. It will not
always land on heads half of the time nor will it always land on
tails half of the time, but there is always the probability that it
could.
2) No, she is not correct in her theory on the probability of
getting heads in a coin toss. The only two outcomes possible are
heads or tails. According to the textbook, “the formula for
probability then is the frequency of times an outcome occurs,
f(x), divided by the sample space or the total number of

2. possible outcomes” (Privitera, 2018). The frequency (f(x))
divided by the sample size is ½. In other words, there is a
probability of getting heads one out of two times. The coins
could be flipped multiple times and the chances are still 50/50
of getting heads or tails.
3) Considering that tossing a coin can be considered a random
event, fixed event, or possibly have a sample space the outcome
may vary. “Probability is the frequency of times the outcome
occurs divided by the total number of possible outcomes.”
(Privitera, G. J., 2018, p.139) If a friend and I had a single coin
toss, I would have to disagree on the likeliness of landing on
heads having the advantage. The coin toss is a fixed event and
there are only 2 options in a single toss. Heads or tails both
have a 50 % chance of being the outcome.
Tossing the coin an infinite number of times would be consist
of different variations on probability. The outcome could vary
amongst every individual. For instance, my father, my son, and
I, all just tossed a quarter 10 times each. I landed heads twice,
my father landed heads 6 times and my son landed heads 4
times. Therefore, no outcome was the same. The probability of
landing heads in 30 tosses was 12, there for two times out of
every 6 tosses. However that is if we added up all 3 sets of 10
tosses otherwise with my tosses the probability of landing heads
would be would be 20 Percent, my father’s would be 60 percent
and my son’s would be 40 percent.
4) The probability of two things being mutally exclusive would
be non-existent because two things can not happen at the same
time. For instance when driving down the road you have two
probabilities or either driving left or right. These two
probabilities are considered mutually excesive because you can
turn right and left at the same time. It physical impossiable. Not
to mention dangers!
5) Mutually exclusive probabilities can not occur at the same

3. time. Taking from the text one can not have the outcome of both
heads and tails. They are mutually exclusive and one or the
other can only occur (Privitera., G.J., 2018). Another example
would be the probability of a sperm carrying the x or y
chromosome. Only one sperm can make it to the egg. The event
of x and y penetrating the egg are mutually exclusive because
they can not occur at the same time.
6) The ways I understand it is, In probability two events are
said to be mutually exclusive if the events do not share to same
outcomes. If considered as sets, it is two events are mutually
exclusive when their intersection is the empty set. Such as:
Events A and B are mutually exclusive by the “formula A ∩ B =
Ø.” With many concepts from probability, some examples will
help with understanding the definition. The coin toss is a good
example. There is no way you can result in heads ans tails at the
same time.
Project 1
A study was done to explore the number of chocolate bars
consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month's time. The results are
shown below.
Number of Chocolate Bars Consumed
56
46
12
62
39
24
59
51
39
52
28

4. 41
10
64
27
0
34
5
55
32
42
24
14
63
1
63
52
58
52
26
Use the data from the chocolate bar study to answer the
following questions. Use SPSS for all calculations. Copy and
paste the SPSS output into the word document, highlighting the
correct answer. Additionally, type the correct answer into your
word document next to the corresponding question.
1. Identify the level of measurement used in this study.
2. Using SPSS, run descriptive statistics on the data:
a. Find the mean, median, and mode of the number of chocolate
bars consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month.
b. Find the variance and standard deviation of the number of
chocolate bars consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month.
3. Create a frequency distribution table with six
intervals/classes.
4. Create a histogram based on the Frequency table in problem
3.

5. (This what they gave us to HELP us ouT and what we should
do)
Introduction to Probability and Statistics
Project 1 Example
See video at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6lS4nxn5vU&list=PL75HZ
tVMt_7dbPwDyim5iOoxTZFinldZ6
A study was done to explore the heights of 12-year-old students.
The results are shown below.
Use the data from the height study to answer the following
questions. Use SPSS for all calculations. Copy and paste the
SPSS output into the word document (screen clipping tool) as
well as typing the appropriate symbol with the answer.
1. Identify the level of measurement used in this study. (5)
Don’t forget to do this problem. See
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-1to1-3-110522101118-
phpapp02/95/11-to-13-8-728.jpg?cb=1306059611
2. Create a frequency table with six classes. (40 points)
Class width: Hi – low = 62 – 30 = 32 32/6 = 5.33 Round
up to 6 Class width = 6
SPSS:
1. Transform>Visual Binning
2. Move variable over. Click continue.

6. 3. Insert a name for the Binned Variable.
4. Click Excluded radio button under Upper Endpoints. Click
make Cutpoints. Set first cutpoint location = low + width. Set
Width. Click in the box for number of cutpoints. It should show
a 5. Click Apply.
***Hint: For your project, your low should be 0 and class width
should be 11. Your first cutpoint should also be 11.***
5. Click Make Labels. Adjust label for first and last class by
adding a start and end value.
6. Click OK. SPSS gives dialog box saying it created a new
variable. Click OK. Click back to data window.
7. Click Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Frequencies.
8. Move binned variable to right.
9. Click Charts. Check button for histogram. Click Continue.
Click OK.
Be sure to paste your frequency table in from SPSS.
3. Create a histogram based on the Frequency table in problem
2. (10 points)
Be sure to paste your histogram from SPSS.
4. Find the mean, median, and mode of the number of chocolate
bars consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month. (35
points)
SPSS steps:
1. Click Analyze>Descriptive Statistics>Frequencies.
2. Move regular variable to right.
3. Click Statistics. Check boxes for Mean, Median, Mode, Std.
Deviation, and Variance. Click Continue. Click OK.
M = 47.05, Median = 47.00, Mode = 45

7. Be sure to paste your summary stats table from SPSS.
5. Find the variance and standard deviation of the heights. (5
pts)
s2 = 64.497, s = 8.031
Be sure to use M for mean and s and s2 for standard deviation
and variance.
Scoring Guide:
1. Identify the level of measurement used in this study. (5
points)
2. Create a frequency table with six classes (SPSS). (40
points)
3. Create a histogram based on the Frequency table in problem 2
(SPSS). (10 points)
4. Find the mean, median, and mode of the number of chocolate
bars consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month. (20 points for
SPSS output, 5 points to write answers with correct notation)
5. Find the variance and standard deviation of the number of
chocolate bars consumed by 16-year-old girls in a month. (5
points to write answers with correct notation)