Explain How Are Gradients Important In Diffusion And Osmosis

Explain How Are Gradients Important In Diffusion And Osmosis
Questions to Ponder:
What is kinetic energy and how does it differ from potential energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, however potential energy is the energy that is stored.
What environmental factors affect kinetic energy and diffusion?
Factors like temperature, surface area, and salinity affect kinetic energy and diffusion.
Why do these factors alter kinetic energy and diffusion?
Temperature increases kinetic energy of the molecules, facilatating faster diffusion of particles as
particles now have a greater speed and thus more readily diffuse across the membrane. Higher
surface area allows for greater diffusion as more particles can enter at once with more room in
which to enter. Higher salinity means more particles within ... Show more content on
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How are gradients important in diffusion and osmosis?
Without gradients, diffusion and osmosis would not be possible. This is because diffusion is the
movement of particles down concentration gradients and osmosis is the diffusion of water, which
means they both require gradients to function.
What is the explanation for the fact that most cells are small and have cell membranes with many
convolutions?
Higher surface area to volume ratio as being small minimizes volume and having many folds
maximizes surface area. With a higher surface area, greater diffusion rates can occur as there is a
larger area for nutrients and water to pass through.
Will water move into or out of a plant cell if the cell has a higher water potential than the
surrounding environment?
Because substance move from high concentration to low concentration, water will go out of the cell
and into the surrounding environment.

What would happen if you applied saltwater to a
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Color Tone, Gradient, Race, And Ethnicity
John Schmidt
LITR 280
Dr. García
23 November 2015
Cincuenta Sombras de Moreno
Pigment, skin tone, gradient, race, and ethnicity. These characteristics unite and divide humans from
all walks of life all around the world. While many countries and cultures throughout the world try to
downplay the role of superficial conclusions based on perceived ethnicity, usually based on skin
tone, it is difficult because for many cultures, skin tone and its implications are as much a part of
reality as any other cultural moniker. The Dominican Republic is one of these countries. Since
colonial times, skin tone has played a larger role than just signifying what part of the world one hails
from; in the DR, skin tone is even more important than money and privilege as an indicator of one's
apparent class. This bias and self–hatred revolving around skin tone is apparent in the characters of
Oscar and Belí in Junot Diaz's The Brief and Wonderous Life of Oscar Wao, which serves as a great
example of just how engrained skin tone politics are for Dominicans, even for the traditionally non–
marginalized upper class and those who leave the confines of Hispaniola. Before diving into the
effects of the racism and prejudice brought about by the Dominican Republics deeply held bias, it is
important to understand the origin. Santo Domingo, in present–day Dominican Republic, is the
oldest European settlement in the Western Hemisphere. The island of Hispaniola (then Española)
was "discovered" by Christopher

How Molecules Move Across The Gradient Lab Report
Trying to Diffuse the Tension: How Molecules Move Across A Gradient
Introduction Diffusion is defined as the, "process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their
kinetic energy of random motion." (Nave, n.d.). By random motion, it means that no energy input is
needed for the molecules to move across the gradient. In the example of potassium iodide and the
cornstarch, the potassium iodide moved across the gradient which caused the cornstarch to take on
the purplish color. Osmosis is the diffusion within water in which a semi–permeable membrane
allows for a higher concentration solution to diffuse across said membrane into the lower
concentration solution. Osmosis drives most biological processes allowing for equilibrium to be met
and the transportation of molecules to occur (Nave, n.d.). However, larger biological molecules
cannot pass through semipermeable membranes such as sucrose and starch ("GCSE Biology...",
n.d.). Within this experiment, the percent change of weight must be calculated to be able to
quantitatively define the concentration movement of the molecules across the gradient. The equation
for the percent change in weight is:
% change in weight = [(change in weight)/(initial weight)] * 100
This equation allows for one to be able to identify if the change in weight is significant to a given
experiment. In this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution had a higher concentration of water molecules than the potato itself. This causes the
water to move from the 0.0 M solution into the potato cells through osmosis. The water movement
causes the mass to increase as well as make the potato to appear firmer. The cells enlarge and
become more filled with water, which causes them to potato to appear firmer. However, it is also
seen in the weight gain of the potato in the results section. This also appears to be the case for the
0.2 M and 0.3 M solutions as

Fish Temperature-Gradient Tank Lab
(Graph is attached on a separate piece of paper) During this experiment, there were five sections of a
temperature–gradient tank that were all different temperature ranges; 2–7 degrees Celsius, 7–12
degrees Celsius, 12–17 degrees Celsius, 17–22 degrees Celsius, and 22–27 degrees Celsius. The fish
who were originally removed from the same stock tank (22 degrees Celsius) were then placed in the
temperature–gradient tank. The experiment's purpose was to observe which temperature of water the
fish prefered best and gravitated towards. After studying the results from the experiment, there is a
definite difference between sections; the temperatures that ranged in the middle C section (12–17
degrees Celsius) were more preferable to the fish because

A Simplified Approach On Dynamic Response
A Simplified Approach on Dynamic Response of Tall
Buildings due to Wind loads
Abstract: In this paper, a simplified approach on dynamic response of tall buildings due to turbulent
wind load is proposed to get a proper modification factor used in equivalent static wind load
method. The approach undertakes the investigation of turbulent wind loads on high–rise buildings in
one of the frequency domain analysis to get Peak Dynamic Response (PDR). This simplified
method is developed by using the Power Spectral Density Analysis in Sap 2000. The turbulent wind
spectrum, aerodynamic admittance and vertical coherence for buffeting wind loading are estimated
using Kaimal spectrum, empirical relationship proposed by Vickery and Spatial Coherence of
Davenport . The building models conditions are documented as a data bank. Then, the proposed
design method is introduced by using design data bank. Then, the method is analyzed by the case
studies with respect to various wind speed and height of storeys. By introducing this proposed
method at the initial stage of analysis and design, less controlled parameters in analysis and
computational effort in specified regions than standard procedures can be obtained.
Key Words: Simplified Approach, Modification Factor, Peak Dynamic Response (PDR), Power
Spectral Density Analysis, and Buffeting Wind Loading
Introduction: Wind is caused by differences in pressure. When a difference in pressure exists, the air
is accelerated from higher to lower

We Use A Gaussian Function As A Kernel Function
In order to specify the middle layer of an RBF we have to decide the number of neurons of the layer
and their kernel functions which are usually Gaussian functions. In this paper we use a Gaussian
function as a kernel function. A Gaussian function is specified by its center and width. The simplest
and most general method to decide the middle layer neurons is to create a neuron for each training
pattern. However the method is usually not practical since in most applications there are a large
number of training patterns and the dimension of the input space is fairly large. Therefore it is usual
and practical to first cluster the training patterns to a reasonable number of groups by using a
clustering algorithm such as K–means or SOFM and then to assign a neuron to each cluster. A
simple way, though not always effective, is to choose a relatively small number of patterns randomly
among the training patterns and create only that many neurons. A clustering algorithm is a kind of an
unsupervised learning algorithm and is used when the class of each training pattern is not known.
But an RBFN is a supervised learning network. And we know at least the class of each training
pattern. So we'd better take advantage of the information of these class memberships when we
cluster the training patterns. Namely we cluster the training patterns class by class instead of the
entire patterns at the same time (Moody and Darken, 1989; Musavi et al., 1992). In this way we can
reduce at least the

Mesh Editing with Poisson-Based Gradient Field Manipulation
Introduction
Three–dimensional geometric models are the base data for applications in computer graphics,
computer aided design, visualization, multimedia, and other related fields. This report will focus on
computerized modeling editing of discrete (digital) geometry, in particular polygonal meshes. In this
report, I will survey the state–of–the–art techniques for creating, manipulating, editing and
analyzing digital geometry models.
The mesh editing techniques we discussed here are : Poisson Shape Interpolation[1], Mesh Editing
with Poisson–Based Gradient Field Manipulation[2], Mesh Editing based on Discrete Laplace and
Poisson Models[3], Mesh Editing with Curvature Flow Laplacian[4] and Mean Value coordinates
for Closed triangular meshes[5]. All the five techniques will be discussed in detail in section 2–6. In
section 7, we'll do a comprehensive comparison of these five techniques and conclude in section 8.
Poisson Shape Interpolation
Shape interpolation which is also known as shape blending or morphing is used in many aspects of
computer graphics industry widely. Provided two input models, the shape interpolation will produce
a set of shapes in sequence to demonstrate how the source model is changed to the target model
smoothly. It can also be applied to forecast new product from known products.
It's well known that in B–rep(boundary representation) shape interpolation[6], there are two major
issues which are correspondence problem and trajectory problem. The

Image Processing : Edge Detection
IMAGE PROCESSING ? EDGE DETECTION In image processing, Edge Detection is a
fundamental tool based on mathematical methods to detect points in a digital image at which there is
a huge variation in the brightness between each other. These points are organized in a line of
segments which is called edges. The purpose of detecting those variations is to help analyze an
image in the following aspects: discontinuities in depth? discontinuities in surface orientation?
changes in material properties? variations in scene illumination. In an ideal case, edge detection
would form perfect lines of the image. This would help specialists to have a very good idea of the
real image without need many data (detailed information). It would reduce time processing, and also
it would filter information less relevant in the picture. 1 2 / 5 / 2 0 1 6 F i n a l _ P r o j e c t _ E d g e
_ D e t e c t i o n _ P a b l o B e r z o i n i In the figure above the edge detection method was applied.
It is possible to see all the relevant information for us in that image: a child holding a flower. The
other information was lost, but it was not important for us. f i l e : / / / D : / M a i n / L a k e h e a d /
E N G I 5 6 3 1 F A _ B i o m e d i c a l / P y t h o n N o t e b o o ks / S u b m i ss i o n s / F i n a l P r
o j e c t s / I _ S o u z a / F i n a l _ P r o j e c t _ E d g e _ D e t e c t i o n _ P a b l o B e r z o i n i . h
t m l 1 / 9 Edge Properties

Response To Marmot's The Status Syndrome
In The Status Syndrome, Marmot argues that socioeconomic conditions lead to a hierarchical health
gradient, where mortality progressively decreases as one's socioeconomic status improves. He
illustrates this using mortality rate data about workers in the British civil service from the Whitehall
studies. The studies show that mortality in all age groups is higher for clerical workers, who earn
less and have a lower social standing, as compared to other professionals. Moreover, administrators,
who earn more than both these groups, have the lowest mortality rates, which shows a gradient in
health. Additionally, none of these workers are in poverty, and have access to medical care, which
further highlights that the health gradient is a phenomenon

Electrochemical Gradient
#1) What is an electrochemical gradient, and why is it so important when discussing the movement
of ions across cell membranes? The establishment of electrochemical gradient is one of the driving
forces for ion movement across the cell membrane. Cells are usually negative and surrounded by
positively charged extracellular fluids. All transport processes across cells impact the chemical
gradients. There are two primary transport processes that affect electrical gradients, electroneutral
carriers and electrogenic carries. Electroneutral carries transport uncharged molecules or exchange
an equal number of particles with the same charge across the membrane, ultimately not changing the
overall elecrtochemical gradient. Electrogenic carriers result ... Show more content on
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Explain this process and how it establishes the conditions for intestinal water absorption. The
esophagus is responsible for establishing the conditions of water take up as it goes through the
gastrointestinal tract. This is achieved by having low water permeability and high salt transport.
Because the esophagus absorbs ions all while not taking up the available water, it lowers the
seawaters osmotic pressure. This low salinity high water solution then travels to the intestines where
it is able to be absorbed due to the altered osmotic pressure of the seawater. #3) Explain the process
by which fish produce calcium carbonate precipitates. Why does calcium carbonate precipitation
help intestinal water absorption? After passing through the esophagus, which absorbs much of the
salt ions in the swallowed saltwater, and the gut the luminal fluid is isosmotic with the plasma. The
intestines continue to absorb salt (sodium through chloride co–transport proteins and the chloride
through the sodium co transport proteins and anion exchange protinis) which is followed by an
uptake of water. More chloride is absorbed than sodium which creates an electrogradient in the cell
(the cell being more positive and the plasma more negative). The anion exchanger intakes chloride
all while excreting HCO3– into the intestinal lumen. The intestinal fluid is highly alkaline, high in
HcO3– and high in calcium (from the environment), this allows for CaCo3 to be precipitated in the

A Summary On The Sunset Manicure
Kleancolor Metallics sunset manicure.
This is the sister manicure to my Kleancolor purple/ blue peacock. These metallic polishes, simply
named 'Metallic Orange ' and 'Metallic Yellow ', apply as smoothly and easily as the blue and purple.
The consistency was the same, thick, but not too thick. These polishes are 2–coaters, but they go on
reasonably opaque with the first coat. Meaning if you 're short on time, you could get away with a
few thick swipes. Here I used the same gradient technique, applying one coat of the yellow polish
and gradually blending yellow to orange. I sponged on a bit of Sally Hansen 's 'Copper Penny ' to
the tips to give the orange polish a bit of sparkle. You know I love to sparkle!
Gradient tutorial: For this tutorial I used colors that obviously don 't go together so that you can see
how to make a seamless blend.
[use purple and green, one thick and dark, the other thinner and light.]
First step: After you apply your base coat, your first color coat should ordinarily be the lightest of
the polishes you 've chosen for your gradient. I say usually because there are plenty of times when
you might want to use a darker base color and sponge a lighter color over it. Since this is a basic
tutorial, however, I 'll keep it simple.
[pic of nails with base color]
While you 're waiting for that coat of color to dry, I suggest applying a latex–type coating or a
homemade glue mix to the skin around your nails. You could use tape also.

Algorithm Of Sequential Gradient Search Essay
3.6. Algorithm of sequential gradient search
Step 1: Set specifications of the inductor
Step 2: Set the values of Bm ,  and no. of core steps. Step 3: 0.45≤ K ≤ 0.6 and 0.3 ≤ Rw ≤ 0.4
Step 4: i = 0 to 30 do: K  0.3  i / 100
Step 5: Calculate cost.
Step 6: If cost shows initially low and after that high, (concavity fails for K ) go to step 28 Step 7: i
= 0 to 20 do: Rw  2  i /10
Step 8: Go to sub–routine, calculate the cost.
Step 9: If cost does not show low value and then high (concavity fails for Rw ) go to step 28
Step 10: i = 0 to 30 do: K  0.3  i / 100
Step 11: Go to sub–routine and calculate the cost.
Step 12: if present cost > previous cost go to step 14
Step 13: end for
Step 14: back to previous value of K
Step 15: For i = 0 to 20 do: Rw  2  i /10
Step 16: Go to sub–routine and calculate the cost.
Step 17: if present cost > previous cost go to step 19
Step 18: end for
Step 19: back to previous value of Rw

Step 20: Go to sub–routine and calculate cost, performance etc.
Step21: check for constraints violation (iron loss &copper loss), if it violets then go to step 25 Step
22: check for temperature rise, if it violets then go to step 25
Step 23: Print out results: go to step 26 Step 24: Stop
Step 25: End
Design optimization or optimal Design means effective and efficient design with minimum
manufacturing cost within certain restriction imposed on it. Optimization is the process of searching
highest and the least values of a given

Essay On Allowable Lateral Analysis
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the result and analysis of all case studies indicated in the previous chapter shall be
evaluated. The result of this analysis has been obtained using the Finite Element software,
STAAD.Pro and is discussed thoroughly. In all of the stated cases, the increment of wind speed shall
be checked to see if all are within the allowable lateral deflection limit which has been stated in the
previous chapter as well.
This chapter also discusses on the Wind loads which have been treated as the benchmark in
determining the building lateral strength. The maximum allowable lateral deflection according to
Eurocode 3 is H/200. The relationship between structural height and total deflection due to wind
load are presented graphically further in this chapter.
4.2 Finite Element Analysis Results
Figure 4.1: 3D rendered view for all models
4.2.1 Analysis Data for all Models
A 30, 40 and 50 stories structure was modeled and analyzed for wind pressure using STAAD.Pro
with 20%, 30% and 40% increment of the average wind speed from the most recent data obtained
from the Meteorology Department of Malaysia.
4.2.2 Allowable Lateral Displacement
As a reference for all models, the allowable lateral displacement data has been prepared to make
sure the initial sizes for beams and columns are all acceptable when the average wind speed of 29.13
m/s is applied on all models. Table 4.1 shows the value of the allowable

Mean Square Error Essay
The design has been implemented taken into account the analysis of Mean Square Error. It has been
implemented with the help of MATLAB . Adaptive frequency domain least mean square (FD–LMS)
algorithm has been proposed as the most hardware efficient multi–input multi–output equalization
method for compensating large differential mode group delay (DMGD). Except for hardware
complexity, the convergence speed of the adaptive FD–LMS algorithm is another important
consideration. Propose a noise power spectral density (PSD) directed adaptive FD–LMS algorithm,
which adopts variable step size to render the posterior error of each frequency bin convergent to the
background noise in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The FDE techniques ...
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1. (1) An residue error can be predicted by comparing the output from the linear filtering phenomena
and (2) Accordingly response to the input signal with the necessary response of the signal. Mainly
above two parts are from filtering process. 2. Estimated error mainly takes part in generation of
updating filter vector in the automatic adjustment of the parametric model. Figure 4.1 Concept of
adaptive transversal filter 4.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm Using the steepest descent algorithm if
it is mainly concentrated to make accurate measurement of the vector named gradient J(n) at every
regular iteration. It is also possible to compute tap weight vector if step size parameter is suitably
selected. Step size selection and tap weight vector optimally computed would be related to optimum
wiener solution. As the advance knowledge of both mentioned matrix like correlation matrix R of
the tap input and the cross correlation vector P between the tap inputs and the desired response. To
achieve an estimation of J (n), very important method is to take another estimates of of the
correlation matrix R and the cross correlation vector p in the formula, which is produced here for
convenience [18]. J (n) = –2p + 2Rw (n) (4.1) Very obvious choice of predictors is computation by
using instantaneous estimates for R and p that are collaborated by the different discrete magnitude
values

Wealth Health Gradient In The Film Unnatural Causes
The lives of the characters in the film Unnatural Causes exemplifies concepts like the wealth–health
gradient and the importance of power and control. As the narrator in the film states the wealth health
gradient is: 70% of affluent Americans report that they've got good health this is twice as many as
people who are poor in America. The lives of the lives of Jim Taylor, Tondra Young, Corey
Anderson and Mary Turner exemplify the concept because they all are living proof that the wealth
health gradient is accurate. Jim Taylor is the CEO of the hospital and goes on the explain that he has
a very fortunate lifestyle. He says him and his family has time to exercise and they don't have huge
demands when the family isn't working. Therefore, his family ... Show more content on
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She is financially stable though. Jim and Tondra feel stress, but it isn't a chronic stress that lingers on
them making them feel drained and worry about their basic needs such as, having food to eat, a way
to work, or health insurance. Corey Anderson and Mary Turner have a more chronic form of stress.
Corey's stress is job related, his job requires him to work long difficult hours and it is very
demanding. Mary Turners stress is financially brought on. As said in the film Many has always been
poor. It is heart wrenching to me to think that there are people our there skipping meals to feed their
children. However, it is happening every day. In a way, society enables people to live in poverty.
Mary states that if she gets a job she may loose her medical coverage. This is absolutely true. In
Maine people who have children are helped no questions asked. Single people living in poverty have
to go to greater lengths to receive assistance. Mary has many different health issues, as does her
husband. Mary has a high stress level, is unemployed and living in poverty. Corey has a high stress
level, has high demands in work, and financially struggles. On the other end of

Case Study Into Uneven Cockpit Gradient : The B-52 Crash
Within an organization, a poor leader or team member who is selfish and only looking for what is
good for them will make the circle small enough to cover themselves and their immediate members.
This is known as the "inner circle" of society. But a good leader is willing to stretch the circle
around every member of the organization in order to make every team member feel safe. It's only
when the team members feel safe that they can spend their time and resources on what truly makes
the organization move, as opposed to spending time on making themselves safe. Making yourself
safe, when outside the circle, can be a tiring exercise and one that a lot of us have experienced. It
could mean spending energy trying to defend a position you hold in the work team. It may mean
ensuring that your direct report does not take the credit for work you have completed. It's all tiring
and decays the trust within any team.
Case Study into Uneven Cockpit Gradient: The B–52 Fairchild Crash
The 1994 Fairchild Air Force Base B–52 crash is a commonly used case study when talking about
cockpit gradients. The accident occurred at Fairchild Air Force Base in Washington, when the pilot
of a B–52 bomber, Arthur "Bud" Holland, flew the aircraft beyond its limits and lost control. The
aircraft ultimately fell and exploded on ground, killing Holland and the other three U.S. Air Force
crew members inside. The investigation found that the crash happened primarily for three reasons:
"Holland's personality

Respiration And Metabolism Warmup ( 12 Pts )
Name: Joseph Kagan RESPIRATION AND METABOLISM WARMUP (12 pts) → Remember: H ≠
H+ ≠ e– You cannot use these terms interchangeably → Web links for additional help provided at
the end of this workshop 1. (0.5) In the catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle,
organic food molecules, are oxidized / reduced (circle one) to CO2. The H from these molecules
ends up primarily on the coenzyme NADH. NADH is oxidized / reduced (circle one) compared to
NAD+. Oxidation can be defined as a gain in oxygen or loss of hydrogen, loss in electrons, and
therefore loss of potential energy. Reduction is gain of hydrogen, or gain in electrons, and gain of
potential energy. The organic food molecules are OXIDIZED to CO2. This is the process of
glycolysis and making energy. The carbon molecules gain oxygen and are oxidized, and release all
that energy to generate ATP. NADH is the REDUCED from of NAD+, because of the gain in
hydrogen, or gain in electrons. The energy from NADH powers the electron transport chain. Explain
in detail what happens to the H+ and the e– from the H by answering questions 2 – 10. 2. (0.5) Is the
flow of electrons exergonic (–G) or endergonic (+G)? The flow of electrons is exergonic (–G). As
electrons flow down the ETC, energy is released in the form of hydrogen, which drives the energy
needed to synthesize ATP. 3. (1)Where do the electrons flow from, though, and to? Be very detailed
in this answer. The flow of electrons and hydrogen atoms are coupled

Direction and Concentration Gradients
Direction and concentration gradients Bradley Benton ABSTRACT In this experiment, we will
investigate the effect of solute concentration on osmosis. A semi‐permeable membrane (dialysis
tubing) and sucrose will create an osmotic environment similar to that of a cell. Using different
concentrations of sucrose (which is unable to cross the membrane) will allow us to examine the net
movement of water across the membrane. INTRODUCTION A major determinant of diffusion in a
biological system is membrane permeability. Small, uncharged molecules pass through cellular
membranes easily, while most and/or charged molecules cannot pass through the membrane. The
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, like the plasma membrane ... Show
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Using the graduated cylinder, measure 20mLs of the stock sucrose solution and 180mL of water to
create a 3% sucrose solution and place it into the 250mL beaker (beaker #2). Place bags #1‐3 (red,
blue, yellow) into beaker 2 and bag #4 (green) into beaker 1. Allow the bags to sit for one hour.
After allowing the bags to sit for one hour, remove them from the beakers carefully open the bags,
noting that often times the tops may need to be cut as they tend to dry out. Measure the solution
volumes of each dialysis bag using the empty 250 ml beaker. RESULTS INITIAL VOLUME |
SUCROSE % | PREDICTION | FINAL VOLUME | BAG #1 10mL | 30 | No water will move | 10
mL | BAG #2 10mL | 30 | No water will move | 7 mL | BAG #3 10mL | 30 | Water will move out | 0
mL | BAG #4 10mL | 3 | Water will move in | 10 mL | | | | | CONCLUSION In this lab we found out
that the dialysis bag contained more fluids inside it. This can happen because sucrose is small
enough to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. Some errors that might have been
encountered during the lab could have been the fact that some of the dialysis bags were not tightly
tied with the dental floss, or that the wrong substance was used. Another possible source of error
was if the carrot strips had been dehydrated from the beginning of the experiment or were already

How Does Marriage Gradient Exist In The United States
Marriage gradient does exist in the U.S. society to a certain extent. From my what I've seen and my
experience I find that it is based on the individual status, class, and culture. Marriage gradient strong
exists in the upper class in my opinion. Normally you see in the media the typical wealthy white
collar man working and making a great amount of money while they normally have a housewife
sitting at home attending to the children and home. You can find this scenario showed throughout
plenty of reality TV shows. In todays world those families are able to afford a chef, nanny, and
cleaning lady taking on the duties of the housewife. This leaves the wife living a stress free life with
access to just about anything she wants object wise. On the other hand, you see that most of the
middle class marries for love and other various reasons. I can't quite speak for all due to that most
middle class lives are private. From a culture standpoint, I hear women repeating what their mother
told them as a child that they needed to marry a nice wealthy man. Of course, there are some other
requirement, but that's often found to be the top priority if not religion. ... Show more content on
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Parents would like for their daughter to be taken care of and not have to take care of their husband
financially. Money and power do play a role in which we decide who to marry. Everyone I assume
has a standard on how powerful and how much money they expect their man to make. Most women
today I look for a person who will protect and stick up for them when in time they are needed. If you
were to reflect on your high school career and even other generations' career in high school the
primary goal was the date the hottest girl or guy and most of the time they were popular and could
control a lot of

Personal Narrative: Depicting My Nails Light Pastel Masks
We have transitioned into spring and it is now time to paint my nails light pastel colors (according to
the internet). Now, what is the best way to transition... a gradient, of course. So, for my first post, I
decided to do a gradient. Gradients or ombres are my favorite nail art designs to do and are simple
and elegant. For this look, I did a blue toned ombre.
1: Base Coat. 2: Base Color 3: Liquid Latex 4: Sponge
To start off, I apply a base coat. I use CND stickey base coat. Then I lay down a base color. I usually
choose the lightest color in the ombre for my base, but some people like to use white as well. For
this look, I used white, as it was the lighter color in the gradient. The base color does not have to be
perfect because it will mostly be covered up anyways. After the base color is applied, I like to use
liquid latex to create a barrier around my nails to make for an easy cleanup when I am done. Apply
the liquid latex around your cuticles to prevent polish from getting onto your skin. ... Show more
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Apply the polish onto the sponge, slightly layering the colors over one another t create a soft blend.
Dab the sponge onto your nail and repeat fro all nails. This will probably look muddy and
unpolished at first, so you need several thin layers. Don't try to load on color to make it faster
because it will just dry unevenly and look bad. The most important thing to remember is several thin
coats and reapply polish on the sponge whenever it seems dry. For this look, I used 4 coats to get to
all opacity.
The Final Look!
When you are satisfied with your gradient, peel off the liquid latex. If you have any polish on the
skin that the latex did not protect, use a small brush or q–tip to clean up around the edges.When
everything looks fine, add a top coat and let dry for 15 to 20

An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation...
An Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation to the Australian Indigenous population
"The demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that reducing inequality itself has health
benefits for all, not simply for the impoverished or deprived minorities within populations." (Devitt,
Hall & Tsey 2001) The above quote from Devitt, Hall and Tsey's paper is a relatively well grounded
and well researched statement which draws on contemporary theoretical sociological concepts to
support the assertion that reducing inequality is the key to improving health for all. However the
assertion that the demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that a reduction in inequality
will lead to health benefits for all is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henry states that a central differentiator between classes is the amount of control an individual feels
they have over their environment. Whereas an individual from a lower class group holds a limited
sense of control over their well being and consequently adopts a fatalistic approach to health, those
in higher classes with a stronger sense of control over their health are more likely to take proactive
steps in ensuring their future wellbeing. This means that both individuals will cope differently with
the same health problem. This is partly as a result of socioeconomic or environmental determinants
relative to their situation, but it is also a result of behavioural/physical constraints and, most
importantly, the modes of thought employed in rationalising their situation and actions. In essence
these psychosocial pathways occupy an intermediate role between the social determinants of health
and class related health behaviours. This suggests that, while the social gradient of health is a good
predictor of predisposition to ill health among specific classes, it cannot predict how reducing
inequality in itself will affect health outcomes or how a specific social class will respond to these
changes. An examination of some initiatives aimed at reducing inequality in the indicators of health
outcomes reveals this problem; "In 1996 only between 5% and 6% of NT Aboriginal

Essay Growth of Dace and Roach in the River Exe Catchment
Fish Age and Growth Case Study: Growth of Dace and Roach in the River Exe Catchment
Age 1
Age 5
Age 4
Age 3
Age 2
Age 0
Figure 1 Length frequency histogram of Fortesque Dace.
This figure clear shows that there is a distinctive overlap between the different age groups of the
dace from the Fortesque sampling site on the Rive Exe
Figure 2. Observed mean length and 95% confidence limits for dace (Esk).
This figure clearly shows that there is a large difference in length for individuals aged between 2 and
5 years. This indicates that those aged between 2 and 5 grow at a more rapid rate than that of those
aged 0 and 1 year.
Figure 3. Log length/Log weight relationship with regression equation. (Fortesque dace,).
Y= ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this type of substratum, it favours idyllic conditions for various types of vegetation to inhabit
and create the optimum conditions for roach due to them being both herbivorous and detritivorous
feeders (Weatherley, 1987; Brabrand, 1985). Looking at figure 8 this is demonstrated as the Trews
weir shows that roach have the fastest growth rate and also attain the largest size than any other site
with they are found. From looking at Figure 9 and 10 it is evident that roach find this type of area far
more beneficial then dace as roach are in higher abundances at this site. According to a study that
had previously taken place by Cowx, 1989 said that dace and roach sampled from the Trews Weir
had a significant dietary over lap in this area; figures 9 and 10 also show this.
Data for Trews Weir clearly implies that dace in this area do not have usual food available in this
area compared to others along the river so it is essential to look for other food items to populate this
region. This explains why they do not have a growth rate that is in line with the other sampling site
(figure 9).
The River Creedy's gradient slope is 1.9% which indicates that the flow rate is at a medium rate.

This river also has a high nutrient level as there are runoffs from farm land and with the flow rates
not as fast as the Exe then the nutrients as staying within area rather than getting washed away. Dace
are found in this area are slightly higher abundances then roach

How Relief And Slope Gradient Influence The Soil Properties
This literature review focuses on research regarding how relief and slope gradient influence the soil
properties. This is a topic of great interest amongst geographers and Geologists alike, as slight
changes within soil structures, characterisation, and soil composition will alter the soil system and
its stability. The study of Relief in regards to soils is key in soil study as it will have the most
outstanding impact on changes in landscapes and may potentially have detrimental impacts in
societies; from an economic view of soil fertility and crop harvesting, to socio–economic
standpoints of hazards regarding mass movement. So as you can see it is a subject to be of great
importance within the world of Earth sciences thus attracting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The soil system is connected, one giant unit. So slight changes to one component will have knock–
on effects, altering the entire formation and characterisation of the soil.
Soil properties and characteristics tend to show great geographical correlation with climate which is
seen on a global scale. The parent material is the initial state of the soil system allows the choice of
either rock or weathered rock as the starting point. (Jenny H., 1941) it could be a form of rock that
has been broken down in situ, or another inorganic material like regolith that's been deposited by
ice, water or wind. The physical and chemical makeup of the original, parent material plays a
significant role in determining the soil's properties during the early days of formation. The physical
and chemical reaction of the parent material which are needed to break down to the material are
strongly influenced by the energy and precipitation in the local area. Vegetation cover is vital in
regards to observing soil properties and relief, and its presence is also dependant and determined on
the local climates. It's vegetation cover that does the locking of the soil particles reducing cases of
mass wasting and keeping more porous soils locked together when situated on slopes and steep
gradients. It's also responsible

Health And Social Care Chapter 2 Summary
The material presented in Chapters 2 and 3 are related in the sense that they intertwine with each
other. In Chapter 2, the main focus is the social gradient and stress levels. The lower on the social
gradient a person is the higher the stress level is and the more risk that person is at for health
conditions. This can lessen health of the future generations. Chapter 3 is wrapped in here. It is where
life is decided at the fetus or young age stage. Meaning the health of an individual is decided at an
early stage. If a mother is on the low end of the social gradient and has high levels of stress during a
pregnancy, the fetus is effected by the mother's health. Leading into the child growing up in the
same spot of the social gradient and having

Essay On Gust Speed Analysis
As described earlier, the pressure coefficients recommended by ASCE 7–10 are based on the 3
seconds (3–s) gust speeds, and therefore the time histories of pressure data from the field,
experimental measurements, and CFD LES should be re–analysis to reflect the 3–s gust speed
approach adopted by the code. For the TTU field data and CFD LES, the time history of 15 min
wind velocity and pressure data at full–scale were available. Therefore, the three seconds (3–s) wind
velocity was calculated by dividing the time history of velocity into several windows, each one with
a length of 3 seconds. The mean value for each window was calculated, and then the maximum of
calculated mean values was specified as the 3–s wind velocity. The non–dimensional ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first input argument, "X", stands for the time history of pressure data, and the second input
argument "dur_ratio", defines the ratio of the duration for which peaks are required to the duration
of the time series. In this study for calculating the 95% peak quantile for 1 hour (60 min), while
having a 15 min data for TTU and CFD LES, a value of 60/15=4 was used for "dur_ratio". And for
"CDF_qnt" a value of 0.95 was considered to calculate 95% peak quantiles.
For the open–jet testing data, however, the wind velocity and pressure data were available
corresponding to 1 hour in full–scale. Therefore, first the 3–s wind gust speed was identified by
defining the 3 seconds window approach, and after producing the new time history of pressure data,
a value of 1 was used for "dur_ratio". For NIST/UWO wind tunnel data, only pressure data for 38.4
min (2304 s) duration was available, and there was no time history of wind velocity. In that case,
first the 3–s gust speed was estimated according to the durst curve (figure C26.5–1 from ASCE 7–
10, which is represented in ‎
Figure 4.4), and the non–dimensional pressure data corresponding to
38.4 min duration were divided by the square of the velocity ratio based on the durst curve (‎
Figure
4.4) or (1.73/1.02)^2=2.88. Afterwards, the peak values of the new time history of pressure data
were estimated by using the function "maxminqnt" in (5–28) and applying a value of 60/38.4=1.56
for the

What Is The Gradient Of A Graph
From the graph shown in Figure 6, it can be seen that the data has a linear relationship where
y=0.0715 x. The extremely high r squared value of 0.9988 for the graph shows that a linear trendline
is appropriate for the data set. The gradient of this graph can be used to calculate the constant of
magnetism (k) which then can be compared against its actual value to determine the percentage
error present in the results. As I_OUT MAX=(4π^2 fkN_1 N_2 I)/RL A, the gradient of a graph
where peak output current is graphed against peak input current the gradient is equal to (4π^2 fkN_1
N_2)/RL A. Therfore, 0.0715=(4π^2 fkN_1 N_2 I)/RL A 0.0715=
(4π^2*50*420*1000*k)/(11.9*0.109)*0.00056
(0.0715*1.9*0.109)/(4π^2*50*420*1000*0.00056)=k ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example: 2 Volts RMS The percentage uncertainty in the peak induced EMF =
0.0025/0.066833*100 = 3.74% The percentage uncertainty in the peak input EMF =
0.0025/2.83*100 = 0.09% The percentage uncertainty in the radius of the solenoid =
0.00025/0.0135*100 = 1.85% The percentage uncertainty in the length of the solenoid =
0.00025/0.109*100 = 0.23% The percentage uncertainty in the combined resistance = 0.05/45.4*100
= 0.11% Therefore, total percentage uncertainty for input voltage of 2 Volts RMS= 6.02% %
Uncertainty In 2 Volts 4 Volts 6 Volts 8 Volts 10 Volts 12 Volts Peak Induced EMF 3.74% 2.01%
1.41% 1.04% 0.82% 0.69% Peak Input EMF 0.09% 0.04% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% Radius of
Solenoid 1.85% 1.85% 1.85% 1.85% 1.85% 1.85% Length of Solenoid 0.23% 0.23% 0.23% 0.23%
0.23% 0.23% Combined Resistance 0.11% 0.11% 0.11% 0.11% 0.11% 0.11% Total % Uncertainty
6.02% 4.24% 3.63% 3.25% 3.03% 2.90% Figure 8 – Percentage Uncertainty Calculations for Each
Input Voltage 4.0 Discussion 4.1 Interpretation of Data Figure 5 on page 10 clearly demonstrates
that the induced EMF in the secondary circuit increase as the voltage applied to the first solenoid
increases. The graph produced for each voltage tested are sinusoidal functions, has a x–intercept
(where the reading switches between positive and negative) every 0.01 seconds. Consequently, the
time for one complete cycle (the period of the function) is 0.02 seconds. As frequency is equal to
one divided by the

Gradient Analytics
It has been observed that companies tend to underperform when their insiders use trading plans to
sell stock. New research also points to the conclusion that more aggressive plans are associated with
the lowest performances. Gradient Analytics Inc., an independent research firm, followed insider
sales of 30 companies and concluded that "aggressive" trading plans resulted in a 9.7% average
underperformance in their companies' stocks over 6 months. Insider–trading plans (also called
10b5–1 plans) are arrangements that allow the insiders of publicly traded companies to sell stocks
they possess. To determine whether a trading plan can be considered "aggressive", Gradient had
specific measures. Gradient noticed in the summer of 2007 that Novatel Wireless Inc. executives
had started selling through trading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also noticed that the amounts being sold were drastically larger than past selling. In fact,
during the 2nd and 3rd quarters of that year, 9 of Novatel's executives sold 1.4 million shares for 33
million dollars. Gradient noticed more aggressive behavior when those same executives dropped
over half of their beneficial ownership of Novatel with the sales of these stocks. Also, any plan less
than 12 months is considered aggressive. The President and Acting Chief Executive of Novatel,
George B. Weinert, had only a 6–month plan. After Gradient's report, Novatel's shares dropped over
50% in 6 months. The lesson of this article is that when a company starts to use insider–trading
plans, it may be time to sell that company's stock. An SEC spokesperson has declined to comment
on if they believe some companies could abuse 10b5–1

Literature Review On Sparse Group Lasso
b. Sparse Group Lasso
The sparse group lasso is also known as a special case of group lasso that place an additional penalty
1–norm of the coefficient vector. The sparse group lasso allows the overlaps in the groups. The
sparse set of group is generated by group lasso. The models in the group if included then all the
variables in the group become non–zero. Sometimes we like to have both the sparsity of group and
within each group, i.e. between and within the group. Such as example, in genes expression we like
to identify particular "useful" genes among the number of genes, this is the focus of sparse group
lasso. The sparsity in sparse group lasso is exists in two types, first is group wise sparsity and the
other is within group sparsity. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sparse group lasso can allow using the group information but cannot force to use entire group.
The sparse group lasso can solve the problem with un–penalized covariates.
V. CONCLUSION. Feature selection is a step that finds the subset from the original feature set to
some criteria of instance importance. In this paper the concept of group feature selection is review
that specifies different approaches in this ground. This literature review examines the recent work of
feature selection where feature posses certain group structure. The methods found for group feature
selection have discussed here. The general approaches of group feature selection such as group lasso
and sparse group lasso are described. The group lasso is an extension of Standard lasso which tend
to perform group selection, if the group of features is selected then all the features in the groups are
selected. Sparse group lasso takes the advantage of group lasso and produces an efficient solution
with simultaneous between and within group. The group feature selection tries to minimize the
redundant and irrelevant features from the group to decreases the computational time. The above
dimensional categorization of group feature selection algorithm give a view of future challenges and
research

Hydrogen Cells In Chloroplasts
Hydrogen ion gradients play a role in cellular respiration in the mitochondria an in photosynthesis in
the chloroplasts (Wikipedia, n.d.). During cellular respiration, it is important to know, that hydrogen
ions are pumped out of the matrix or out of the cytoplasm and that this creates a concentration
gradient, which forces hydrogen ions back into the matrix or cytoplasm and forces ATP synthase
into action. Therefore, hydrogen ions move across a semipermeable membrane to an
electrochemical gradient. This hydrogen ion gradient is often used to create chemical reactions,
furthermore, hydrogen ions diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration. When they diffuse, an electrochemical concentration gradient can be captured to
make ATP. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, ions pass through the membrane and they use energy to assist with the making of ATP.
Therefore, this generates ATP in the mitochondria and in the chloroplasts. Hydrogen ions are
pumped through the thylakoid membranes, and this creates energy that allows the hydrogen ions to
pass through. Consequently, a hydrogen ion force is generated by an electron transport chain, which
acts as a pump, and it pumps hydrogen ions throughout the membrane (Wikipedia, n.d.) The
electrical charge is separated, and in the mitochondria, energy is released by the electron transport
chain. This energy is used to move hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix to the stroma.
Therefore, hydrogen ions change inside the membrane. They move from a higher concentration to a
lower concentration. Moreover, glucose is completely broken down and eventually stored for

Using Diffusion-Weighted Imaging to Detect the Early...
Using Diffusion–Weighted Imaging to Detect the Early Stages of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Water compries approximately 70% of the body. Water molecules are in constant random motion
called diffusion. Diffusion is a physical property of molecules referring to their ability to move
randomly in relation to their thermal energy. Diffusion weighted imaging has made its greatest
impact on the imaging evaluation of ischemic stroke. It is a new and efficient method that detects
acute ischemic stroke much earlier than conventional T2–weighted MRI and computed tomography.
DWI is able to distinguish the location and extent of the ischemic area within one hour following
onset of a stroke. By comparison, conventional MRI and CT are sensitive in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Early detection of CVA, at a stage when tissue damage is still reversible.
Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, which is dependent on the material being imaged, then
can be determined to show the amount of water movement. Because molecules diffuse in three
dimensions, diffusion weighted images can be obtained along the X, Y, and Z planes. These images
then can be averaged to produce a more accurate measurement. In each of the three planes, two
strong dephasing and rephasing gradient pulses are added to a standard MRI pulse sequence at
varying degrees of strength. The bright areas show the volume of the brain that may be damaged.
Strong magnetic field gradients are used to separate fast and slow moving water molecules. The
strength and duration of these gradient pulses are much stronger than those used with standard
imaging sequences. The degree of diffusion weighting depends on the region of interest as well as
the time between the diffusion gradients.
Transverse magnetization is the vector component of the magnetic movement in the XY plane.
While the water molecules spin in the strong magnetic field gradients, a phase shift of their
transverse magnetization may occur. These phase shifts are comparable to the stationary spins. They
are spread out because of the random movement of the water molecules,

Latitudinal Gradient of Species Diversity Essay
Latitudinal Gradient of Species Diversity
The latitudinal gradient in species diversity is one of the most striking patterns in the distribution of
organisms on the planet. Simply put, the average number of species per unit area increases
dramatically the closer the area is to the equator, almost entirely regardless of the type of organism
being considered (Pianka, 1994). Researchers investigating the gradient have formulated a wide
variety of hypothesis explaining the higher level of species diversity in the tropics. These include
but are not limited to: a greater degree of evolution and radiation in tropical species due to the long
and relatively stable geological history of the area, seasonal climatic stability and/or predictability,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
52). As a result, these unique soils became the "tropical soils" of general usage and were believed to
cover most of the tropical region (Sanchez, 1976). These soils were believed to have formed on
ancient parent materials under uniformly hot and humid conditions, and be highly leached, nutrient–
poor, and characterized by laterite (hard iron oxide) deposits which cause the soil to become rock
hard upon desiccation (Sanchez, 1976).
Of course, tropical soils are not this uniform. Even if parent materials were essentially homogeneous
throughout the tropics, the huge range in temperature, topography and precipitation regime found
within the tropical zone would lead to very different pedogenesis in different areas (Sanchez, 1976).
Furthermore, there are a wide variety of parent materials found in the tropics. Some soils are formed
on the ancient Brazilian and Guianan Shields, some on recently exposed or deposited parent
materials, and some on volcanic ash (Van Wambecke and Dudal). The only characteristic all tropical
soils share by definition is that they experience a temperature change of less than 5 C during the
course of the year (Sanchez, 1976). While it is true that temperature effects pedogenic processes, it
can hardly be argued that this similarity would outweigh all the differences cited above, so we must
assume that there is a significant degree of variability among tropical soils.
Oxisols have the largest tropical areal distribution

Corner Detection Are Useful for Computer Vision...
Corner detection and its parameters: position, model and orientation are useful for many computer
vision applications, such as object recognition, matching, segmentation, 3D reconstruction, motion
estimation [2, 3, 4, 34.] indexing, retrieval, robot navigation and in our case edge tracking from
geometry design. This need has driven the development of a large number of corner detectors [1, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.]. Other methods for corner detection are described in [14, 15]. These
detectors compete with each other in terms of precision localization, accuracy, speed, and
information they provide. Model classification and orientation are the most interest information
needed in process of edge tracking.
For some of these approaches, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corner strength has been first defined by Noble [12] from which a slightly different version has been
proposed by Harris and Stephen [11]: (1.2)
The role of the parameter k is to remove sensitivity to strong edges.
The Plessey operator uses estimates of the variance of the gradient of an image in a set of
overlapping neighborhoods. This detector, which produced much interest, was extended by
including local gray–level invariants based on combinations of Gaussian derivatives [17].
One of the earliest detectors [16], which was based on the Moravec operator, defines corners to be
local extrema in the determinant of the Hessian Matix, H=M.
The Kitchen and Rosenfeld operator [5] uses an analysis of the curvature of the grey–level variety of
an image. The SUSAN operator [18] uses a form of grey–level moment that is designed to detect V–
corners, and which is applied to other model of corner.
The earlier Forstner [22] algorithm is easily explained in terms of H (Hessian Matrix). For a more
recently proposed detector [20], it has been shown [21] that under affine motion, it is better to use
the smallest eigenvalue of H as the corner strength function.
Recently, George Azzopardi and Nicolai Petkov [36] propose a trainable filter which we call
Combination Of Shifted FIlter REsponses (COSFIRE) and use for keypoint detection and pattern
recognition.
2) Contour based methods
These methods extract contours and then

Plot The Estimated Actual Fracture Gradient Curve
Plot the estimated actual fracture gradient curve and the designed fracture gradient curve, which is
the estimated actual fracture gradient, less allowance for well control, surge, or ECD. Plot offset
mud weight and LOT (or Formation Integrity Test) data to provide a check of the pore pressure
predictions. Start from the bottom on the mud weight curve (Point A); draw vertical line up to the
designed fracture gradient curve (Point B). Point B is the initial estimated intermediate casing
setting depth. The interval between Point A and Point B is the initial estimated production casing or
liner interval. Move cross to Point C from Point B at the same depth to identify the mud weight
required for the depth. Move up to Point D (must stay under the designed fracture gradient curve) to
determine the surface (or intermediate casing in some offshore areas term) casing setting depth.
Move cross to Point E from Point D at the same depth to identify the mud weight required for that
depth. In the case shown in the figure, there would be no requirement for casing above this depth.
However, a conductor casing (or surface casing in some offshore areas term) is required to prevent
wash out of shallow formation and to provide support for subsequent wellhead and to enable
diverters to be installed. Certain factors apart from the pore pressure and fracture gradient are also
involved in the casing depth selection process and they are: Underground supply drinking water
zones

Unit 3 Types Of Cell Essay
6. The gradient across the membrane represents potential energy because the gradient plays a major
role of triggering whether diffusion is needed or not, and diffusion is after all, fueled by energy. For
example, if there is an imbalance in the cell and the cell environment, then the concentration
gradient has the "potential" to trigger diffusion (energy change because of moving molecules) to
occur and create an equilibrium state.
7. Osmosis is the process in which water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane. The
three types of cell environment include a hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic. In a hypertonic
environment, the cell environment have more solute concentrations outside than inside of the cell,
which results in more water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four ways that large molecules and substances are transported across a membrane include
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor–mediated endocytosis and receptor proteins. During
phagocytosis, the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around the particle and packing
the particle within the food vacuole (membranous sac). Once the food vacuole integrates with a
lysosome (w/ hydrolytic enzyme), the particle will be digested. The second way is pinocytosis, in
which the cell takes in "droplets" of extracellular fluid and packs it into tiny vesicles; after this, the
tiny vesicles are then transported into the cell because the molecules dissolved in the droplets are the
main factors that the cells need. The third process is known as receptor–mediated endocytosis which
the cells takes in large quantities of specific substances of all concentration in the Extracellular (EC)
fluid; the membranes of the cell vesicle are embedded with proteins that has certain receptor sites
that are exposed to the EC fluid in which ligand binds to. Then, the last step is that the receptor
proteins cluster in regions of the membrane known as coated pits which contain fuzzy layer of coat
proteins on the exterior; then, each coated pit forms a vesicle which contains the ligand molecules
and after the ingested material is released from the vesicle, the vesicles then recycle the receptors to
the plasma

Dna Essay
2.10 binding analysis of investigated complexes with Calf thymus DNA (CT–DNA)
2.10.1 Viscosity for DNA in the presence investigated complexes
Oswald micro‐viscometer was used for measuring the viscosity of investigated complexes at
constant temperature 25 oC. With maintaining the concentration of CT–DNA constant (420 uM), the
Fluidity times were registered for different concentrations of investigated complexes (0 – 250 μM)
[13,16,19,20,26,27,28,29,30,34,39]. Bubbling nitrogen gas is used for mix the solution through the
viscometer. Viscosity for DNA in the presence investigated complexes was determined from the
mean value of the three of readers. ηo is relative viscosities for DNA with investigated complexes
and estimated from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The investigated complexes were dissolved in DMF solvent. Electronic spectra experiments were
performed by keeping investigated complexes concentrations constant while changing the CT–DNA
concentration in the interaction medium. The absorption due to free CT–DNA was eliminated by
adding a proper amount of CT–DNA to both compound solution and the reference solution and the
spectra data obtained were considered to result from the DNA–metal complex aggregation. From the
electronic spectra data, Kb (the intrinsic binding constant) was estimated from plotting [DNA] /(εa –
εb) versus [DNA] according to the following relation :
([DNA])⁄((ε_a–ε_f))=[DNA]1/((ε_b–ε_f))+1/K_b 1/([(ε_b–ε_f )]) (16)
Where [DNA] is the molar concentration of CT–DNA in base pairs εf, εa and εb are the extinction
coefficients of free, apparent and fully bound complex, respectively. εf and εa were estimated from
the isolated metal complex calibration curve Aobs / [complex] and DNA calibration curve Aobs /
[DNA], respectively. Kb was calculated from the ratio of slope to intercept where a slope is equal to
1/(εb – εf) and y– intercept is equal to 1/Kb (εb – εf) from this plot. ∆G_b^≠ (the standard Gibb,s
free energy) for DNA binding was calculated from the following equation
[13,16,19,20,26,27,28,29,30,34,39]:
∆G_b^≠=–RT LinK_b (17)
2.11 Molecular docking
Dell Precision™ T3600 Workstation [Intel Xeon E5–1660

Kinetics of the Reaction Between Acetone and Iodine Essay
Experiment A1:
Kinetics of the Reaction between Acetone and Iodine
The key aim of this experiment was to determine the rate equation for the acid–catalysed iodination
of acetone and to hence consider the insinuations of the mechanism of the rate equation obtained.
The stoichiometric equation for the reaction between iodine and acetone is below, followed by the
rate equation (where x,y,z and k are the values to be obtained):
I2 + CH3COCH3 CH3COCH2I + HI
–d[I2]/dt = k [I2]x [CH3COCH3]y [H+]z
The procedure was performed as follows: For run 1, 20cm3 of acetone, 10cm3 of sulphuric acid and
145cm3 of water was added to a conical flask. 25cm3 of iodine was then added to this solution
which started the reaction and immediately, 20cm3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For run 1: (5–5.5)/(7.9–6) = –0.263
For run 2: (7–9)/(14–9) = –0.4
For run 3: (5.5–10)/(17–9) = –0.563
The equation of the line in run 1 between the two points is y – y1 = m(x – x1) y–4.4=–0.263(x–10)
therefore y = 0.263x + 1.77
The ratio between the gradients for run 1 and run 2 is 1:2 as 0.4/0.263 is approximately half,
whereas the gradient for runs 2 and 3 is 3:2 as 0.563/0.4 is approximately 1.5.
Initial concentration of iodine in run 1:
Using M1V1=M2V2
Initial undiluted conc of iodine = 0.05M and volume of undiluted

The Effect Of Standard Curve Developed Using A...
period. The results were compared against standard curve developed using a concentration gradient
of Na2So4 with BaCl2 (De Zoysa et al., 2007).
3.15. FTIR of purified polysaccharide
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectra of purified PS fractions were determined
using FT–IR spectrophotometer model 5700 (M/S Thermo electron Corporation, USA).
Polysaccharide powder (2–3 mg) was mixed with KBr and pressed into a disk. The whole IR
spectrum was analyzed with a scan range of 4000–400 cm–1. Thirty scans were taken with 4 cm–1
resolution. CO2 and H2O corrections were incorporated. Reproducibility of the normalized spectra
was ±2%. (Shanthi et al., 2014).
3.16. Testing isolates probiotic properties
3.16.1. Blood hemolysis
Hemolysis test was performed according to the method described by Guttmann and Ellar (2000).
Overnight cultures of isolated Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae were streaked on blood
agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Blood agar plates were examined for signs of hemolysis. Blood
hemolysis test was performed in duplicates.
3.16.2. Resistance to low pH
Isolates Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae were tested for their ability to resist low pH
values as follow, 25 ml of sterile MRS broth adjusted to pH 6.4, 4, 3 and 2 was inoculated using 1%
(v/v) of an overnight culture, then incubated at 37ºC for 6 h. The absorbance at 620 nm was
monitored using spectrophotometer (Unico, USA) at hourly intervals (Nawaz et al., 2011).
3.16.3. Bile

Explain How Are Gradients Important In Diffusion And Osmosis

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