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- 1. AH-UNIT 2 DB History 1120 With regard to other nations in the Western Hemisphere, was the U.S. in the right when enforcing the Monroe Doctrine? Why, or why not? Note the way the question is worded--With regard to other nations in the hemisphere. This requires you to look at the issue from the point of view of those outside the US. Specific examples will be needed to argue either side of the question. Tahiti and Moorea Paradise or Possession? Cultural Geography Dr. Wright Learning Objectives
- 2. Polynesian Triangle Pacific Island Regions • Polynesia – “Many Islands” • Micronesia – “Small Islands” • Melanesia – “Islands of Black People” • Indonesia – “India Islands
- 3. Bora Bora Images of “Paradise” “Paradise” in the Tuamotus French nuclear testing Tuamotu Islands 1950s U..S. Nuclear testing Bikini Island, Micronesia Bikini Island nuke crater Pacific Islands were nuked dozens of times
- 4. Tahiti Tahiti Cultural Geography • French Colony/Possession – French Navy stations here – 120,000 people total in Tahiti and Moorea • Polynesians arrived by boat 5,000 years ago • Tahitians: native, Demi (mixed), or French in identity • Sexuality is open despite Catholic church presence – Mahus are straight me who dress as women – Raras are gay or bi men who dress as women • Volcanic islands: lagoons and fringing coral reefs • Tourism economy is 40% of the total, resorts • Mutiny on the Bounty story still attracts visitors
- 5. Breadfruit Reason for the Bounty’s journey Captain Bligh vs. Fletcher Christian English women Tahitian women Captain Bligh cast adrift Original Bounty route Christian and the mutineers sail to Pitcairn Bligh and 18 men make it to Timor Pitcairn Island Remote and tough
- 6. Pitcairn Island – population 50 Descendants of Fletcher Christian • Pitcairn Island • 2009 – 4 men convicted in English court of serial sexual abuse of young girls Tahiti and Moorea Black tip sharks When you see them, it is safe Same for White Tip Sharks
- 7. Beware the Tiger Shark Aggressive species Tiger Shark, Martha’s Vineyard 1,100 pounds Rays like to play Stag horn coral Mahu
- 8. Learning Objectives donesia Scandinavia How did the Vikings Become Peaceful? Cultural Geography Dr. Wright Learning Objectives
- 9. • Seven factors that explain why the Vikings became peaceful – Do these factors explain other countries? “Peace” • How do you define this? Global Peace Index (GPI) Criteria (which are biased and how?) • Number of conflicts fought: 2001-2013 • Number deaths in conflicts (external) • Number of deaths from conflicts (internal)
- 10. • Level of internal conflict • Relations with neighboring countries • Distrust in other citizens • Number displaced • Political instability • Human rights record • Terrorism • Homicide rate • Violent crime rate • Jailed as percent GPI Criteria • Military expenditure as percent of GDP • Military per 100,000 people • Weapons imports • Weapons exports
- 11. • UN deployments • Non-UN deployments • Heavy weapons per 100,000 people • Ease of access to small arms by citizens • Military capability Bias – every ranking system has it • Military deployments are “anti-peace?” • Military capability is “anti-peace?” • Citizen access to guns is a bad thing? • 60% “Internal Measures?” • 40% “External Measures?” • Violence against women and kids left out • Factors weighted by a panel of “experts?”
- 12. USA Ranked 100th out of 162 countries • USA ranked low because of… – Military size – Deployments and wars – High violent crime rate – Terrorist attacks – Largest % of pop in jail in the world (1%) – Easy access to hand guns Top Ten most “peaceful” countries • #1: Iceland – No standing army • #2: Denmark – “Happiest people on Earth” • #3: New Zealand – Isolationist, low corruption
- 13. • #4: Austria – Sheds its Nazi past • #5: Switzerland – Neutral, banking wealth • #6: Japan – No offensive military • #7: Finland – Post WWII peace • #8: Canada – Low crime, human rights • #9: Sweden – Anti-war, wealthy • #10: Norway – Oil wealth, low crime Next 10 Most “Peaceful” Countries • #11: Belgium – Manufacturing wealth
- 14. • #12: Ireland – High tech jobs – No religious violence • #13: Slovenia – Post-Yugoslavia peace • #14: Czech Republic – Post-USSR peace • #15: Germany – Safe, wealthy society – Post-Nazi pacifism • #16: Australia and Singapore – Wealth, business • #18: Portugal – Post-colonial peace • #19: Qatar – Oil wealth – Moderate Islam • #20: Bhutan – Remote Buddhist kingdom Most Peaceful Countries Forbes Magazine • #1: Iceland
- 15. • #2: Denmark • #3: New Zealand • #4: Austria • #5: Switzerland • #6: Japan • #7: Finland • #8: Canada • #9: Sweden • #10: Norway Most Peaceful Countries • Most of these countries depend on the United States or another major military power for their national defense – This factor skews the data • But, the Least Peaceful Countries are pretty obvious in the Global Peace Index (GPI)
- 16. Least “Peaceful” Countries • #162 of 162: Afghanistan – War, Taliban, al Qaeda – Drug trade • #161: Somalia – Chaos, warlords – A failing state • #160: Syria – A complex civil war • #159: Iraq – Sectarian violence • #158: Sudan – Ethnic/religious violence • #157: Pakistan – Jihadists, repression • #156: Dem Rep Congo – Gangs, civil war • #155: Russia (2.8 score) – Corruption, crime – Gangs, oligarchs, thugs – Chechnya – Ukraine – Putin • #154: North Korea – Madness, repression • #153: Lebanon
- 17. – Hezbollah terrorists – Syrian civil war spillover • #152: Yemen – Al Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula Some Noteworthy Countries What to you think of these rankings? • Vietnam: 41st • South Korea: 47th • Jordan: 52nd • France: 53rd • Cuba: 65th • Brazil: 81st • Haiti: 92nd • Saudi Arabia: 97th • USA: 100TH • China: 101st
- 18. • Bangladesh: 105th • Sri Lanka: 110th • Tajikistan: 118th • Mali: 125th • Thailand: 130th • Mexico: 133rd • Colombia: 147 • Israel: 150th Factors and Patterns • Most Peaceful countries – 13 of 20 are European – Stable democracies common – Prosperity and education – Clean environments – Low crime – Secular or moderate religion – Racially homogeneous – Human rights – Women’s rights? – Not drug producers – Many are Post – empire/war/colonialism/ occupation
- 19. • Least Peaceful countries – 9 of 11 are African or Middle East/Central Asia – Ethnic conflicts – Brown Colonialism – Poverty, lack of education – Pollution – Drug trade – Religious extremism – Military rule – Crime – Poor on human rights – Poor on women’s rights – Russia is a striking case study French President de Gaulle German Chancellor Adenauer 1958 France and Germany reach peaceful relations Both were democracies
- 20. Trade dependence Post-War mentalities http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Bundesarc hiv_B_145_Bild-F015892- 0010,_Bonn,_Konrad_Adenauer_und_Charles_de_Gaulle.jpg “Democratic Peace Theory” • Philosopher Immanuel Kant: refined by others • Democratically elected leaders are forced to explain war losses to public • Trade replaces conquest • As wealth grows, countries have more to lose by going to war • KEY: Recent experience with destructive power of full-scale war Democracy • Free and fair elections • Representative government
- 21. – Not kings or dictators • Freedom of the press • Freedom of religion – Including, freedom from religion • Are these ideas widely accepted in the world? Factors in Peace • Geographic distance between countries • Geographic adjacency of countries • Differences in military strength • Nuclear deterrent • Alliances • Economic wealth reduces need for empires • Economic interdependence of countries • Globalization • Political stability
- 22. • Religion? Other World Peace Theories • Capitalism and Trade • Mutually Assured Destruction • Reduce Nationalism • Globalization of Ideas and Values • Natural Resource Stewardship • “Peace Through Superior Firepower” – Have such a large military force that no-one dares to attack you – Is this possible now? • Terrorism: 911 attacks on the USA • Iraq and Afghanistan wars • Russia’s invasions of Georgia and Ukraine The United Nations • The UN Charter – “To maintain international peace and security…” – “To take collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace…” – “To settle international disputes…” – “To develop friendly relations…”
- 23. – “To achieve international co-operation Has this worked? How can we measure that? http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=im ages&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=hARmxZJKlxzmlM&tbnid= kgjn3OyrV4DP_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://iprd.org.uk/?p %3D6564&ei=KaVmU5UfpJvKAbuegMAC&bvm=bv.65788261, d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNEhzpErjdzFOQFJm6oTpOP7lnjktw&ust=1 399322254715127 One Last Theory • A complete military defeat changes a society and turns it against making war • World War II – Germany – Japan – Italy In WWII, Russia lost 23 million people, but won. They lost the Cold War and now seem to be out for lost territory and pride
- 25. Country Rankings Foreign Aid as Percent of GDP • #1: Luxembourg – 1% • #2: Sweden – .99% – $5.25 billion per year • #3: Norway - .93% • #4: Denmark - .84% • #5 Netherlands - .71% • #6: UK - .56% • #7: Finland - .53% • #8: Ireland - .48% • #9: Belgium - .47% • #10: France - .45% • #18: Iceland - .22% • #19: USA - .19% – $30 billion per year World’s Happiest Countries Forbes Magazine Study
- 26. • #1: Norway • #2: Denmark • #3: Australia • #4: New Zealand • #5: Sweden • #6: Canada • #7: Finland • #8: Switzerland • #9: Netherlands • #10: USA • #12: Iceland Lowest Murder Rates • #1: Monaco • #2: Hong Kong • #3: Singapore • #4: Iceland – 0 murders in many years • #5: Japan
- 27. • #6: French Polynesia • #7: Brunei • #8: Bahrain • #9: Norway – .6/100,000 people • #10: Denmark • #18: Sweden • #28: Finland – 2/100,000 people • #?: USA – 5/100,000 people Nobel Peace Prize • Given by Norway to someone each year for their efforts in furthering peace • Named for Alfred Nobel, a Norwegian, who invented dynamite What happened to Viking violence? Who were the Vikings?
- 28. • Norse people from Scandinavia • Raiding and Trading in Europe and beyond • Became known as Vikings – Named for Viken, a fjord near Oslo, Norway • “Viking” became synonymous with piracy, plundering, raping, but they were traders too The Vikings YouTube Videos • Vikings European Raids (4:06) • Vikings Attacking England (3:43) PEAK OF VIKING CONTROL
- 29. Viking Conquest and Expansion – WHY? • Revenge – Against continental Europeans for raids into Viking lands – Against French and others because of their forced conversion to Christianity – those Vikings who resisted were killed • Slaves – Enslaved Christians, very profitable • Resources – Farmland, timber, metal • “Wives” – Shortage of women, rapes common • Trade – Created trade routes, settlements, outposts over a vast area • After fall of Roman Empire, trade eventually shifted to Islamic Empire and the Silk Road • Vikings opened new trade routes in Arab lands
- 30. Viking Raids • Groups of men in boats raided after their crops were planted back home in Scandinavia • Vikings were Pagans • Pillaged churches and town for wealth and food – Lindisfarne Monastery in Northern England • Killed Christian monks • Vikings were seen as terrorists Ruins of Lindisfarne Monastery Viking Influence was Great
- 31. • Viking DNA in Great Britain, Ireland, France and beyond beginning in 700 AD – Attacked Muslim Andalusia in 844, captured Seville, sacked Lisbon, then were defeated – 966 attacked Lisbon and sacked Lisbon again – Traded in Baghdad in 900s (Ibn-Fadlan account) • “Vikings” were Norse, Swedish, Danish as we recognize these ethnicities today • Huge navies – fleets of 120 ships • “Merchant-Warriors” Iceland • Vikings arrived in 874 AD • Island was unoccupied, no indigenous people • Icelandic Commonwealth created – 435 male settlers – Women came later
- 32. “The Viking Deception” • Were Viking explorations of Vinland (North America) real or imagined? • “Vinland Map” is believed to show Newfoundland NEWFOUNDLAND VIKING VOYAGES Icelandic Sagas • Written accounts of history, war, conquest, kings, battles, customs, ancestry, family stories • Written down in 13th century, but covering oral history going back 400 years • Give us much of what we know about Viking history
- 33. – Icelandic is the closest language to what the Vikings spoke Iceland Saga Documents 40,000 square miles 300,000 people Gulf Stream warmth Middle Atlantic Ridge Iceland “Foss” means waterfall
- 35. “Icelandic Horse” Salmon fishing Gullfoss “Geyser” Origin of the name
- 39. North from Reykjavik Into “Arctic” Iceland Sweden A wealthy Scandinavian Social Democracy Stockholm
- 40. World Nordic Skiing Championship – March 2012
- 41. Norway The most respected country on Earth? Oslo
- 42. Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #1: Christianity – Scandinavian Kings converted to Christianity and banned the enslaving of Christians which was the largest source of income in many Viking raids – Christianity made it easier for Vikings to trade with other regions of Europe – Now, nominally Lutheran, but very low church attendance Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #2: Military Losses – Vikings from Norway were defeated by the English in 1066, BUT, war continued inside Scandinavia for centuries more • Norway had a civil war that last a century • Sweden had religious wars and built an empire that included Finland and Norway • Denmark fought with Norway and captured Iceland
- 43. • Prussians invaded in 1860s – more war • Nazis invaded and captured Denmark and Norway • Scandinavia grew tired of war Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #3: NATO Protection – Scandinavian countries have small militaries because they are protect by the USA and NATO Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #4: 20th Century Wealth – Scandinavian countries are wealthy – High Tech industry, oil and gas, trade, banking – High Per Capita GDP • Norway: $56,000, 10th highest • Denmark, Finland, Iceland: $40,000 • USA: $53,000, 13th highest Why the Vikings Became Peaceful
- 44. • #5: Democratically Elected Governments – Kings and Queens still exist but have little power Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #6: Education and Social Change – Scandinavia has excellent schools, a culture of learning, honest government – World Education Rankings (Pearson study) • #1: Norway • #2: South Korea • #3: Japan • #4: Singapore • #12: Denmark • #17: USA • Sweden, Finland, Iceland – all in top 30
- 45. Why the Vikings Became Peaceful • #7: Internationalism – Scandinavians are hooked into the international flow of information, trade, ideas, Internet – Strong supporters of the United Nations – Negotiate peace treaties – Give large amounts of foreign aid with no geo-political strings attached – Immigration is now creating tensions • From Iraq, Poland, Iran, former Yugoslavia, Turkey • An increase in nationalist political candidates List of Factors • #1: Christianity • #2: Military Losses • #3: NATO Protection • #4: 20th Century Wealth • #5: Democratically Elected Gov’ts • #6: Education and Social Change
- 46. • #7: Internationalism Learning Objectives • Seven factors that explain why the Vikings became peaceful – Do these factors explain other countries? Paris Geography 363V Dr. Wright Learning Objectives • Monumental Landscape Traits – Eiffel Tower - part of old exhibition, hated – Louvre Museum – art agglomeration – Arc de Triomphe – monument to Napoleon – Notre Dame Cathedral – testament to faith
- 47. • Urban Morphology – Circular for defensive purposes – Bisected by the Seine River – site and situation – Grand Avenues slice across Medieval grain Paris • Site – Began on an island in Seine for defense – Roman era the city was called Parisiorum • Situation – Seine River connects to the mountains the Atlantic Ocean for trade – Paris region has 12 million people Paris (Notice circular pattern)
- 48. Paris 20 Arrondissements (Ancient Neighborhoods) Central Paris Ile de la Cite Notre Dame Cathedral: 1320
- 49. Mexican Chapel Inside Notre Dame Roman Wall Louvre Museum
- 50. Place de al Concorde Built for 1889 Exhibition
- 51. Gustav Eiffel: Designer Champs de Mar “The Marching Field” Musee d’Orsay Bastille Bastille Monument: French Revolution
- 52. Why is this building famous in the history of music? Apartment building where Jim Morrison died at 28
- 53. Pere Lachaise Cemetery Actress Oscar Wilde Irish Writer “I can resist everything except
- 54. temptation” Place de Vosges 1605 urban redevelopment Arc de Triomphe and Grand Avenues Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor at Notre Dame: 1804 Napoleon’s Empire Arc de Triomphe Built by Napoleon
- 55. Radiating Avenues Napoleon’s Catastrophic Defeat by Russia Pantheon Pompidou Museum Contemporary Art
- 56. Luxembourg Garden La Marais Jewish Neighborhood La Goutte d’or Muslim Neighborhood 7.5% of French people are Muslim Paris is a city of immigrants
- 57. Sacre Coeur Church Montmartre Last vineyard in Paris: Montmartre Seine remains a working river The Metro
- 58. Roman ruins in Paris Catacombs of Paris Bones of 6 million people Modern Paris Right beside ancient Paris World Electronic Music Festival, Paris: Sept 2010
- 59. Go to Paris with someone you love Learning Objectives • Monumental Landscape Traits – Eiffel Tower - part of old exhibition, hated – Louvre Museum – art agglomeration – Arc de Triomphe – monument to Napoleon – Notre Dame Cathedral – testament to faith • Urban Morphology – Circular for defensive purposes – Bisected by the Seine River – site and situation – Grand Avenues slice across Medieval grain New Zealand Cultural Geography
- 60. Dr. Wright Polynesian Triangle New Zealand: Isolation New Zealand • Former British colony in Polynesia – 80% European, 10 Maori, 10% other Polynesians – NZ English slang: “no worries”, “rattle ya dags” – Maori Nation arrived 30,000 years ago, Haka • Economy is sheep, wheat, kiwi fruit, tourism • Many endemic species – Kauri forests, blue penguins, kea (alpine parrot) • Southern Alps tourism
- 61. – Milford Sound fjord (like Norway) • Lord of the Rings movies host in NZ New Zealand Far margin of the British Empire “Middle Earth” Mystique • New Zealand tourism is growing
- 62. Middle Earth Maoris • Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand • Arrived 30,000 years ago • Colonized by British in 18th century Maori greeting Maoris Doing the “Haka” dance to frighten enemies The Haka
- 63. Maori Haka Face tattoos, warrior culture New Zealand “All Blacks” Rugby Team doing the Haka Africa’s Cultural Landscapes Analyzing World Heritage Sites Geography 363V Dr. Wright Learning Objectives
- 64. are less represented? The World is Changing Fast and consume farms, ranches, rural landscapes, and plant and wildlife habitats What is the right balance? creation of new cultural landscapes, modernity landscapes, resource conservation, preservation of places and what they teach us
- 65. Case Study: Egypt and the Nile -WWII Egypt wanted to modernize and little oil & gas (at that time) to the Mediterranean Sea Aswan High Dam - 1954 Nile River, Egypt Aswan High Dam *
- 66. Abu Simbel, Egypt Abu Simbel Relocation Saved it from being flooded by Lake Nasser Site: religious monument and reminder that empires fall Abu Simbel Reconstructed http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Abu_Sim bel_relocation_by_Zureks.jpg Abu Simbel was saved • $80 million cost – Half of the money donated by 50 countries – Recognition that this site is a part of our world heritage – a place worth saving • Relict of a past major civilization, artistic value, reminder of transience of empires
- 67. • This led to other global efforts to save important cultural sites from destruction during the 1960s Venice Flooding threat 4600 year old Mohenjo Daro Ruins Indus Valley, Pakistan 1400 year old Borobodur Buddhist Temple Indonesia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Borobudu r_photograph_by_van_kinsbergen.jpg UNESCO • “United Nations Educational, Scientific,
- 68. and Cultural Organization” • 1972 an important agreement was created – Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage – Help protect “World Heritage Sites” • “Cultural Heritage Sites” • “Natural Heritage Sites” Advisory Bodies They Decide what Sites are Included • IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature • Switzerland • ICOMOS – International Council on Monuments and Sites • France
- 69. • ICCROM – The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property • Italy World Heritage 10 Selection Criteria (www.whc.unesco.org) • “To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius” • “To exhibit an important interchange of human values: architecture, technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design” • “To bear a unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared” World Heritage Selection Criteria
- 70. • “To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages of human history” • “To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures) or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change” • “To be directly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance Natural Heritage Selection Criteria • “To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of
- 71. exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance” • “To be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earth’s history, including the record of life, significant on- going geological processes” • “To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of species and ecosystems” • “To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity (including endangered and threatened species” What is missing? What do these criteria seem to exclude? “Cultural Memory”
- 72. • What a culture remembers and why it is important – their “Cultural Narrative” – “Collective memory” – Learning lessons of history – Books, objects, museums, public history and oral traditions such as stories – Moral narratives of how to live – For geographers, places are the source of cultural memory • Dangers of ultra-nationalism, racism, propaganda • Monumentalism – big buildings conveying power 1910 Monument to King Vittorio Fascist Architecture in Rome Nazi Monumentalism Essential Purpose Help protect “important” places on Earth
- 73. • 779 Cultural Heritage Sites • 197 Natural Heritage Sites • 31 Mixed Sites World Heritage Sites 1007 sites in 161 countries • Africa: 133 total sites (12% of world total) – 88 are cultural sites (67% of Africa total) • Middle East: 77 (Includes North Africa) – 71 Cultural Sites • Asia Pacific: 186 – 161 Cultural Sites • Europe and North America: 480 – 408 Cultural Sites (52% of world total) • Latin America and Caribbean: 122 – 91 Cultural Sites
- 74. Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan Buddha Statues Taliban Blew up many Statues, 2001 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Destruction_of_B uddhas_March_21_2001.jpg Bamiyan Valley Buddhist site on the verge of elimination • Threats – Taliban and al Qaeda blowing them up because of religious bigotry and Muslim prohibition on making human figures as religious icons • Importance of the site – Religion and religious art
- 75. – Freedom of expression – Reminds us of the need for tolerance Palmyra, Syria Intense threats • Used since the Neolithic (10,000 years ago) • Assyrian Kings – caravan stop • Roman ruins in Roman province of Syria • Silk Road trade center • Muslim Caliphates ISIL conquers Palmyra Palmyra
- 76. • Threats – ISIL destroying sites and images of people and faces • Importance of the site – Diversity of cultures have used this place • Pagan, Christian, Jewish, Muslims • Stone Age, Rome, Arab Muslim Empires Angkor Wat, Cambodia Angkor Wat Buddhist/Hindu Temple Complex Angkor Wat Buddhist/Hindu Temple Now Protected
- 77. • Threats – Overuse by tourists – Age: the need for constant restoration • Importance of the site – Religious monument for both Buddhists and Hindus – Reminds us of the common quest for God Galapagos Islands Biological Rarities Scalloped Hammerhead Shark http://wallpaper-s.org/15_~_Scalloped_Hammerhead_Shark.htm Marine Iguanas
- 78. Frigate Bird Blue-footed Booby Galapagos Penguin On the Equator Galapagos Giant Tortoises Can live 200 years Galapagos Tortoise Speilberg’s idea for ET Finches and Evolution Charles Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle
- 79. Galapagos Islands National Park under stress • Threats – Population growth on the islands – Climate change – Overuse by tourists – Overfishing • Importance of the site – Biodiversity – Place that inspired the Theory of Evolution – Charles Darwin Research Center The World Heritage Program and Africa • Africa presents unique challenges for the program – “Which sites are worth protecting? How and why? What do
- 80. these sites represent and teach us?” – High cultural and biological diversity – Legacy of colonialism • Poverty • War and conflict • Resource destruction • Disease • Corruption • Continuing influence of foreign powers Percent of People Living on less than $2 per day Poverty is falling rapidly worldwide, but not in poor regions like Africa
- 81. Life Expectancy Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Early Hominid fossils Afar Region, Ethiopia Another of our homelands “Ardi” Skeleton discovery in Ethiopia: 2009 4.4 million years old “Lucy” – 3.2 million years ago Afar Region of Ethiopia • Our species began there and spread
- 82. – DNA evidence shows we are all “cousins” • All “races” are recent – literally skin deep – at most 60,000 years old? • All cultural differences are very new – Religions – many in the past 4,000 years – Modern languages – most in past 300 years We are all Africans Africa 2,000 languages 2,000 nations Only 55 countries
- 83. EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS EARLY KINGDOMS Religion in Africa Slavery in Medieval Africa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Medieval _Arab_Slave_Trade.svg Many African Americans have their roots in West Africa Slave Trade Regions • Mostly West Africa
- 84. • Slaves – Many “nations” – Muslims – Tribal religions – Christians Slave Trade African Slavery Memorials African Renaissance Monument Senegal The story of “Roots”
- 85. Alex Haley’s “Roots” • Oral history handed down in his family – “The African” – “Kunta Kinte” – Came from the “Gambebelongo River” – Called a guitar a “Ko” – Taken to a place called “naplis” Alex Haley researched and found the story of his roots from slavery to the 20th century Alex Haley with the “Griot” in Jufureh, Gambia BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884
- 86. “The Scramble for Africa” 13 European countries divided up Africa for its wealth without any consideration of cultures • Superimposed political boundaries created -- African peoples/nations were divided -- Unified regions were ripped apart -- Hostile societies were thrown together -- Hinterlands were disrupted -- Migration routes were closed off • When former colonies became independent in Africa after 1950, the continent had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation, conflict, and corruption RACIST COLONIAL POLICIES • Great Britain: “Brown Colonialism” – Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe – Gave power to favored “nations” who were made
- 87. representatives of the crown • France: “Assimilationist” – French West Africa: Senegal, Mali – Imposed French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation) Ota Benga Pygmy of the Batwa Nation 1902 at age 21 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Ota_Beng a_1904.jpg Ota Benga • Lived in the “Belgian Congo” - a colony of Belgium • His wife and children were murdered during a Belgian government program to take the land and wipe out “evolutionarily inferior natives”
- 88. • Ota Benga became a slave • Samuel Verner, a missionary and explorer, bought him and other Pygmies to put on display at the St. Louis World’s Fair in 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Louisiana _Purchase_pygmies.jpg Ota Benga • After the Fair, he returned to Africa and remarried, but his second wife died of snakebite • Ota was scorned by his own people for the time he spent working for the Whites • Verner brought him back to the United States for a “visit” but lacked the money to support him, so…
- 89. Ota Benga Exhibited in the “Monkey House” at the Bronx Zoo in 1906 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Ota_Beng a_at_Bronx_Zoo.jpg Results of Colonialism – massive debt Superimposed Boundaries “States” created without local input
- 90. (countries) inally comes, societies are in chaos Nigerian Oil Pirates Boko Haram • Islamist Terrorist Group in Nigeria – Kidnapped hundreds of girls – Rapes and beheadings – Lately, murdering school kids because they might grow to oppose them
- 91. – Murder Christians who do not convert to Islam Kidnapped Nigerian Girls Sudan – Darfur Region Genocide Arab Muslims and Black Christians http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.allrefer.co m/reference/world/flag-images/sudan- flag.gif&imgrefurl=http://reference.allrefer.com/world/countries /sudan/flag.html&h=302&w=604&sz=3&tbnid=McwXeqiy0Ppf_ M:&tbnh=68&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dflag%2Bsuda n&usg=__uf43ggx5v71VWxouiSBUFl_0K9w=&ei=hlOJS-j6GI- 6swP066iGAw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image& ved=0CAgQ9QEwAQ South Sudan created • New country, 2010 • 11 million people • Christian and Animist • 4% pop. growth • Highest infant mortality rate
- 92. • 27% literacy • $1,400 per capita GDP Somali pirates Cartogram – HIV Infection Cartogram Malaria Cases Many outbreaks since 1970s Doctors SOUTH AFRICA http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.flagsandanth ems.com/media/flags/flag-south-
- 93. africa.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.flagsandanthems.com/flag- south- africa.html&h=333&w=500&sz=5&tbnid=Tgp_XSPbek1pwM:& tbnh=87&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dflag%2Bsouth%2B africa&usg=__fTl7f_63Pq1b7KSkDdAgo--kZ48=&ei=QlSJS7- RO47etgOy6pmGAw&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=i mage&ved=0CAsQ9QEwAA www.landryamps.com 1 4 3 2 6 5 7 300 miles South Africa Independent in 1961 • Apartheid System – Racism was still the official law – Black Africans, South Asians had few
- 94. rights – Complete segregation of races Apartheid System Institutionalized Racism Nelson Mandela Worked for civil rights in South Africa • “African National “Congress” (ANC) Mandela spent 27 years in jail Victor Verster Prison 1988-1990 1964-1982 Mandela’s prison cell
- 95. “White Only” Residential Areas Grew Black South Africans had seen enough Mandela freed 1990 Mandela elected President of South Africa Apartheid System made illegal, 1994 Nelson Mandela Won Nobel Peace Prize Johannesburg Veldt
- 96. Poverty remains high World Heritage Sites 1007 sites in 161 countries • Africa: 133 total sites (12% of world total) – 88 are Cultural Sites (67% of African sites) • Middle East: 77 (Includes North Africa) – 71 Cultural Sites • Asia Pacific: 186 – 161 Cultural Sites • Europe and North America: 480 – 408 Cultural Sites (52% of world total) • Latin America and Caribbean: 122 – 91 Cultural Sites
- 97. African World Heritage Sites • What do you think these numbers indicate? – Given Africa’s role as the hearth of humanity, its extraordinary cultural diversity, and its turbulent history of being exploited by Europeans, Americans, Chinese, and others – can this story be explained in 88 “cultural sites”? • Europe and North America have 408 And - are the right African sites being recognized? What does this geographic pattern suggest? African World Heritage Sites • www.africanworldheritagesites.org
- 98. http://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/ Types of African World Heritage Cultural Sites • Human Origins – 4 • Rock-Art and Pre-History – 8 • Ancient Civilizations of the Nile – 6 • Frontiers of the Roman Empire – 10 • Egypt After the Pharaohs – 3 • Ancient Ethiopia – 4 • Fortified Cities of the Maghreb – 10 • Trans-Sahara Trading Routes – 6 • Ancient African Civilizations – 8 • Living Traditional Cultural Landscapes – 10 • European Colonial Influences – 12 • East Africa’s Swahili Coast – 3 • Madagascar and Mauritius – 3
- 99. What do you notice about this list? • What kinds of sites are stressed? • What kinds of sites are minimized or absent? • Is there bias in how sites are officially recognized as part of “world heritage?” Exploring African Cultural World Heritage Sites • The cradle of humankind • Greatest cultural diversity in the world – Yet only 11% of world cultural sites in Africa • Immense biological diversity
- 100. “EUROPEAN COLONIAL INFLUENCES” • 10 Sites scattered along Africa’s coast • All are symbols of European colonialism, military conquest, slavery, and repression Island of Gorée • Senegal – Largest slave-trading center on the African coast from 15th-19th centuries – Ruled in succession by Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French – Grim slave quarters in contrast with elegant houses of slave traders – Reminder of human racism, violence – Now, perhaps a place of reconciliation
- 101. Slave Trader Mansions Slave Quarters Last sight of Africa for Slaves heading to the Americas Medina of Essaquirra, Morocco • Fortified French seaport – Medina is the market area • Symbol of French colonial control of West Africa
- 102. Fort Jesus, Kenya • Portuguese fort, 16th century • Symbol of slave trade and other “products” • Conquered by Arabs in 1698 Grand-Bassam, Cote D-Ivoire • French colonial capital of the Ivory Coast
- 103. • Symbol of French military and economic power Robben Island, South Africa • Prison where Nelson Mandela was held for 20 years • Symbol of Afrikaner racism and the Apartheid system • Island has been used as a prison since 1657, when the Dutch built a jail
- 104. “LIVING TRADITIONAL LANDSCAPES” • 10 sites all located in only 6 countries out of 55 countries in Africa (why?) – Senegal (2) French colony – Mali (2) French Colony – Nigeria (2) English colony – Zimbabwe – English colony – South Africa (2) English and Dutch colony – Togo – German colony What is a “Living Cultural Landscape?” • Don’t all lived-in places qualify? • Are we romanticizing people? • Making them “exotic”? • Defining them as “the other”?
- 105. • “Nobel Savage Myth” was used as part of racist narrative about non-Europeans Dogon Cliff Landscapes • Dogon nation on the Bandiagara Cliff – Occupied cliff dwelling villages – Rock art • Cultural adaptation to arid environment and raiding from neighbors – Reminds many of Southwest U.S. cliff dwelling sits of the Anasazi, Mimbres, etc.
- 106. Koutammakou Villages, Togo • “Classic mud-built tower houses.” • “A unique adaptation to the local environment, visually striking, a manifestation of these people’s close association with nature.” – How does this language sound to you? Bassari Country, Senegal • Cultural landscapes of three nations
- 107. • “Reflects the way three culturally- distinct groups of people adapt to the natural environment.” – Defensible villages on hilltops – Ancient villages now used most for ceremonies Sukur Cultural Landscape, Nigeria • “A beautiful settlement of 2,000 people, under the same form of land management for at least 400 years” – Sacred trees, ritual sites, iron smelting, livestock grazing, stone walls
- 108. Djenne, Mali • “Remarkable towns built of mud, includes the Grand Mosque, the largest mud-built structure in the world.” – A Muslim cultural landscape in northern Africa Africa in a Broader Perspective
- 109. be created to more fully represent this diverse continent? How about the United States? Heritage Sites from a cultural perspective? ut what it means for a site to be officially recognized. United States World Heritage Cultural Sites (9) • Cahokia Mounds, Illinois • Chaco Canyon, NM • Independence Hall, PA
- 110. • San Juan National Historic Site, PR • Mesa Verde National Park, CO • Monticello, VA • Monumental Earthworks, LA • Statue of Liberty, NY • Taos Pueblo, NM U.S. Cultural Sites on “Tentative List” • Eight Cultural Sites including: – Civil Rights Movement Sites – Thomas Jefferson, slave buildings – Mount Vernon (including slave buildings) What is missing? Learning Objectives
- 111. son Mandela TYPE ALL ANSWERS DOUBLE SPACED Use class materials on ALL answers. 1) Write a two-page discussion of the cultural landscape of Paris. You must cover: the geographic site and situation of the city, its basic morphology (shape and pattern), its cultural character and ethnicity, economy, and describe the cultural significance of three of its major monumental landscape features. Use class materials. 2) Define World Heritage Sites – explain the types of purposes of these sites. Then describe two sites from Africa: why was each site selected for World Heritage designation? Use class materials and the UN site. whc.unesco.org 3) List and briefly explain how the Vikings became peaceful. Are there any other reasons you can think of? Does this story have any significance for the future of United States or is it
- 112. unique to Scandinavia? Use class materials. 4) Write one page on either New Zealand or Tahiti as a cultural landscape. Both are parts of Polynesia but differ tremendously in their history, colonial era, ethnic character, and cultural landscapes. Use the term Polynesian Triangle. Describe the place you select in a way that a knowledgeable tourist would benefit from. Use class materials and the Internet to generate your information include sitation.