English

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Training Session on Energy
Equipment
Electric Motors
Presentation from the
“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Electric Motors
Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities

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© UNEP 2006
Introduction
• Electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy
• Mechanical energy used to e.g.
• Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower
• Drive compressors
• Lift materials
• Motors in industry: 70% of electrical
load
What is an Electric Motor?

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© UNEP 2006
Introduction
How Does an Electric Motor Work?
(Nave, 2005)
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Introduction
Three types of Motor Load
Motor loads Description Examples
Constant
torque loads
Output power varies
but torque is constant
Conveyors, rotary kilns,
constant-displacement
pumps
Variable
torque loads
Torque varies with
square of operation
speed
Centrifugal pumps, fans
Constant
power loads
Torque changes
inversely with speed
Machine tools

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© UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: Electric Motors
Introduction
Types of electric motors
Assessment of electric motors
Energy efficiency opportunities

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
Classification of Motors
Electric Motors
Alternating Current
(AC) Motors
Direct Current (DC)
Motors
Synchronous Induction
Three-Phase
Single-Phase
Self Excited
Separately
Excited
Series Shunt
Compound

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Type of Electric Motors
• Field pole
• North pole and south pole
• Receive electricity to form
magnetic field
• Armature
• Cylinder between the poles
• Electromagnet when current goes through
• Linked to drive shaft to drive the load
• Commutator
• Overturns current direction in armature
DC Motors – Components
(Direct Industry, 1995)

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
• Speed control without impact power
supply quality
• Changing armature voltage
• Changing field current
• Restricted use
• Few low/medium speed applications
• Clean, non-hazardous areas
• Expensive compared to AC motors
DC motors

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
Classification of Motors
Electric Motors
Alternating Current
(AC) Motors
Direct Current (DC)
Motors
Synchronous Induction
Three-Phase
Single-Phase
Self Excited
Separately
Excited
Series Shunt
Compound

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
• Electrical current reverses direction
• Two parts: stator and rotor
• Stator: stationary electrical component
• Rotor: rotates the motor shaft
• Speed difficult to control
• Two types
• Synchronous motor
• Induction motor
AC Motors
(Integrated Publishing, 2003)

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
• Constant speed fixed by system
frequency
• DC for excitation and low starting
torque: suited for low load applications
• Can improve power factor: suited for
high electricity use systems
• Synchronous speed (Ns):
AC Motors – Synchronous motor
Ns = 120 f / P
F = supply frequency
P = number of poles

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
• Most common motors in industry
• Advantages:
• Simple design
• Inexpensive
• High power to weight ratio
• Easy to maintain
• Direct connection to AC power source
AC Motors – Induction motor

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
Components
• Rotor
• Squirrel cage:
conducting bars
in parallel slots
• Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer,
distributed winding
AC Motors – Induction motor
• Stator
• Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings
• Wound for definite number of poles
(Automated Buildings)

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
How induction motors work
• Electricity supplied to stator
• Magnetic field generated that moves around
rotor
• Current induced in rotor
Electromagnetics
Stator
Rotor
• Rotor produces second
magnetic field that
opposes stator magnetic
field
• Rotor begins to rotate
(Reliance)

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
• Single-phase induction motor
• One stator winding
• Single-phase power supply
• Squirrel cage rotor
• Require device to start motor
• 3 to 4 HP applications
• Household appliances: fans, washing
machines, dryers

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
• Three-phase supply produces magnetic
field
• Squirrel cage or wound rotor
• Self-starting
• High power capabilities
• 1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps,
compressors, conveyor belts, grinders
• 70% of motors in industry!

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© UNEP 2006
Type of Electric Motors
AC Motors – Induction motor
Speed and slip
• Motor never runs at synchronous
speed but lower “base speed”
• Difference is “slip”
• Install slip ring to avoid this
• Calculate % slip:
% Slip = Ns – Nb x 100
Ns
Ns = synchronous speed in RPM
Nb = base speed in RPM

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© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Electric Motors
Motors loose energy when serving a load
• Fixed loss
• Rotor loss
• Stator loss
• Friction and rewinding
• Stray load loss
Efficiency of Electric Motors
(US DOE)

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© UNEP 2006
Factors that influence efficiency
• Age
• Capacity
• Speed
• Type
• Temperature
• Rewinding
• Load
Efficiency of Electric Motors
Assessment of Electric Motors

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Training Session on Energy
Equipment
Electric Motors
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
© UNEP 2006
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