Macrolide antibiotics
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This document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It provides information on what macrolides are, how they work, common uses, dosages, side effects and precautions. Specifically, it notes that macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics that work by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Common uses include as an alternative to penicillin for those with allergies, and for pneumonia, streptococcal infections, and more. Dosages and potential side effects such as hepatitis and allergic reactions are also summarized.
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The document discusses the role of antibiotics in dentistry. It provides background on the history and discovery of antibiotics. It describes different classifications of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Specific antibiotics commonly used in oral infections are discussed in detail, including penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and tetracyclines. Their uses, dosages, side effects and other pharmacokinetic properties are summarized. The document overall examines the importance and applications of different antibiotics in treating dental infections and conditions.
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Vasovasostomy
This document provides information on the procedure for vasovasostomy and cutaneous vasostomy. Vasovasostomy involves recannulization of the vas deferens to restore fertility by excising scar tissue from both ends of the vas deferens and anastomosing the vas under magnification. Cutaneous vasostomy involves incising a loop of the vas deferens and suturing it to the scrotal skin to drain an infected epididymis or testis. Both procedures require preparing and draping the patient, using microscopes and fine suture materials, and applying dressings after closing the wound.
Vasectomy
This document provides information about the procedure for a vasectomy. It begins by describing the vas deferens and how interrupting or obstructing this duct inhibits sperm production. It then discusses that a vasectomy is an outpatient surgical procedure where a small segment of the vas deferens is removed and the ends are sealed to prevent sperm from passing through. The preparation of the patient, skin preparation, draping, equipment, instrumentation, supplies and special considerations for the procedure are outlined in detail.
Varicocelectomy
This document discusses varicoceles and varicocelectomy procedures. A varicocele is an abnormal dilation of the veins in the scrotum, usually on the left side, which can cause pain or be associated with infertility. A varicocelectomy surgically treats a varicocele by ligating and removing the dilated veins, often through an incision in the groin area. The procedure aims to reduce backflow of blood into the veins around the testes and improve sperm production. It involves identifying, clamping, ligating and removing the abnormal veins through either a suprainguinal or oblique inguinal incision.
Urolithotomy
This document provides information on ureterolithotomy, a surgical procedure to remove stones from the ureter or kidney. It defines the procedure, describes different methods for stone removal including shock wave lithotripsy and various surgical techniques. It outlines the preparation of the patient, positioning, skin preparation, draping, instrumentation, supplies, and special notes for the procedure.
Supra pubic cystostomy
The document discusses urolithiasis (urinary tract stones). It defines urolithiasis and describes the types of urinary calculi (stones) that can form. Risk factors that favor stone formation include urinary tract infections, stasis, immobility, hypercalcemia, and hypercalciuria. Stones can cause obstruction of urine flow and symptoms like flank pain, nausea, vomiting and hematuria. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and urine/blood analysis. Treatment includes medical management with fluids, analgesics and dietary changes, as well as surgical procedures like ureteroscopy, ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove
Supra pubic cystostomy
This document discusses suprapubic cystostomy, a procedure where a catheter is inserted through an incision above the pubic bone into the bladder to drain urine. It is used when the bladder or urethra is injured, after certain urological surgeries, or to allow some voluntary voiding through the urethra. Common catheters used include Foley balloons and three-way irrigating catheters. Equipment that may be used includes biopsy forceps, a Bugbee electrode for cauterization, and Otis urethrotomes and Van Buren dilators for urethral strictures. The procedure involves lubricating and inserting a sheath and obturator
Orchiectomy
This document provides information about orchitis and orchiectomy procedures. It begins by defining orchitis as the inflammation of the testis and describes its symptoms. It then discusses the anatomy of the testes and some common causes of orchitis, including mumps, infections, trauma, and complications from other procedures. The remainder of the document focuses on orchiectomy procedures, including a bilateral orchiectomy to treat prostate cancer, the surgical steps involved, and follow up care and investigations.
Nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or nephrolithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure to remove kidney stones. A guidewire and angioplasty needle are used under fluoroscopy to access the renal pelvis through the flank. Dilators are inserted over the guidewire to enlarge the tract for a nephroscope. The patient is positioned prone to elevate the surgical side. Stones may be removed with forceps or baskets, or fragmented using lithotripsy for larger stones. A nephroscope allows direct visualization to locate and remove any residual fragments, and ultrasounds can identify retained pieces.
Kidney transplantation
Kidney transplantation involves transplanting a kidney from a living or deceased donor to a patient with end-stage renal disease. It has become the preferred treatment for most patients with kidney failure as it allows patients to avoid dialysis and improve their quality of life. The success rate is highest for transplants from living donors who are closely matched. The procedure involves removing the patient's native kidneys and surgically placing the donor kidney in the patient's body. Post-operative care focuses on monitoring for rejection and infection while the patient receives immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection of the new organ.
Hypospadial repair
This document provides information about the surgical repair of hypospadias. It begins with definitions of hypospadias and the locations where the urethral opening may be located in cases of this congenital anomaly. It describes the various procedures that may be required depending on the severity of the case, including meato-plasty, glanulo-plasty, and urethro-plasty. It provides details on patient preparation, positioning, draping, instrumentation, and post-operative care considerations for both adult and pediatric patients undergoing hypospadias repair surgery.
Hydrocelectomy
This document provides information about the procedure for hydrocelectomy. It begins with background on what a hydrocele is and treatments for it such as needle aspiration. It then describes the surgical procedure for hydrocelectomy, which involves making an incision to drain the fluid, removing excess sac wall, and closing the incision. Preparation of the patient and supplies needed for the procedure are also outlined.
Epispadial repair
The document discusses the procedure for epispadias repair, which involves correcting a congenital absence of the dorsal wall of the urethra proximal to the glans penis in multiple stages. The first stage involves rotating the foreskin to cover the defect and mobilizing the distal urethra, while the second stage addresses creating the distal urethra and meatus, as well as repairing any defects in the bladder or prostatic urethra. The procedure may also include making a supra pubic incision to expose the prostatic urethra and suturing it with absorbable sutures to recreate the contin
Cystotomy
This document provides information on the procedure for cystotomy, which is an incision made into the urinary bladder. It discusses the purpose of cystotomy, which includes repairing bladder injuries or defects. The key steps of the procedure are described, including preparing the patient, draping the surgical site, making a low vertical or transverse incision in the bladder dome, inserting a Pezzer or Malecot catheter through the incision, and closing the wound in layers. Relevant equipment, supplies, and catheters used in the procedure are also outlined.
Cystoscopy
This document provides information about cystoscopy, including:
1. Cystoscopy involves visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope inserted through the urethra.
2. Patient preparation involves positioning in lithotomy, cleaning the genital area, and administering local anesthetic into the urethra.
3. The basic components of a cystoscope are a sheath, obturator, and telescope to view the bladder internally.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
This document discusses benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as an enlarged prostate. It begins by covering the anatomy and physiology of the prostate gland. It then defines BPH, describes its causes including hormonal changes, and risk factors like aging and obesity. The document outlines the pathophysiology of BPH in which dihydrotestosterone stimulates prostate cell growth. It also covers the clinical manifestations of BPH including irritative and obstructive symptoms. Diagnostic tests and treatments are summarized, including drug therapies, minimally invasive procedures like TUMT and TUNA, and laser prostatectomy.
Endocrine system -Local hormones
This document discusses several hormones that act locally in the body as paracrine signaling molecules rather than traditional endocrine hormones. These local hormones include histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, erythropoietin, and several gastrointestinal hormones. Histamine is released during inflammation and causes effects like increased capillary permeability. Serotonin influences intestinal secretion and smooth muscle contraction. Prostaglandins have a wide range of physiological effects and are involved in processes like inflammation, pain, fever, and blood pressure regulation. Erythropoietin is synthesized in the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell formation. Gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin influence digestive juice secretion.
Endocrine system- Introduction
This document provides an introduction to the endocrine system. It describes the endocrine system as consisting of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. Some key points mentioned include:
- Hormones are chemical messengers that influence cellular activity, especially related to growth and metabolism.
- Homeostasis is maintained by both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, with hormones providing slower, more precise adjustments.
- Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal, thymus, ovaries and testes.
Anatomy -Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape with two lobes joined by an isthmus. It weighs around 25g and is highly vascular. The thyroid secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced from iodine and thyroglobulin and regulate metabolism. Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland regulates T3 and T4 secretion. The thyroid hormones affect growth and development as well as metabolism. Calcitonin secreted by the thyroid reduces blood calcium levels.
Anatomy -Thymus gland
The thymus gland is located behind the sternum and between the lungs. It produces the hormone thymosin, which is required for the development of T-lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity, and is only active until puberty when it begins to shrink and be replaced by fat. Several tissues produce local hormones like histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and erythropoietin that act near their site of secretion to carry out functions like mediating inflammation, contracting smooth muscle, increasing capillary permeability, and stimulating red blood cell formation. Gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin also influence secretion of digestive juices.
Anatomy - posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from the breast. During childbirth, stretching of the uterine cervix by the baby's head causes the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary via positive feedback. Oxytocin then causes stronger contractions to further dilate the cervix and force the baby out, after which oxytocin levels drop. Suckling also triggers oxytocin release to contract the breast and eject milk via positive feedback.
Antidiuretic hormone reduces urine production by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Its release from the posterior pituitary is stimulated by increased osmotic pressure in the blood, for example during dehydration. This helps the body retain
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How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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Macrolide antibiotics
- 1. PREPARED BY: USHA RANI KANDULA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF ADULT HEALTH NURSING, ARSI UNIVERSITY,ASELLA,ETHIOPIA, SOUTH EAST AFRICA.
- 2. Macrolides are antibiotics with a macrolytic lactone ring attached with sugars.
- 3. Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic drugs. By binding to the 50s subunit of the ribosome, they inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
- 5. Dose : -250-500 mg oral qid x 7-14 days
- 6. Dose : -150 mg bd oral
- 7. Dose : 250-500 mg oral bd x 7-14 days
- 8. 1st day 500 mg od ; 250 mg OD for next 3-4 days orally
- 10. As An alternative to pencillin in patients allergic to pencillin. Pneumonia due to mycoplasma. (Erythromycin is drug of choice).
- 11. Streptococcal infections of – pharingitis, tonsillitis, Staphylococcal infections Syphilis and gonorrhea
- 12. Gastroenteritis Clarithromycin is used along with omeprazole.
- 13. Prophylaxis and treatment of mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients.
- 15. In patients who have an allergic reaction to them.
- 17. Hepatitis with jaundice. Epigastric distress, nausea and vomiting. Allergic reactions as fever, skin rashes.
- 19. Macrolides are acid labile , hence should not be given with fruit juices or in empty stomach. Monitor for hepatotoxicity (LFT)
- 20. Pregnancy IV administration only after dilution in 100ml normal saline or sterile water.
- 22. Medicine to take with full glass of water Not to take with fruit juice
- 23. Notify if diarrhea, dark urine, allergic reactions , jaundice of eye or skin, severe abdominal pain. To take at intervals and to complete dose regimen.