The overall functional organizational structure of a large hospital is typically divided into major clinical and administrative departments. The clinical departments include areas like nursing, laboratory services, radiology, and specialty medical services. The administrative departments handle functions like finance, human resources, facilities management, and information technology. This structure aims to group positions with similar skills and expertise to efficiently deliver patient care and support services. However, some challenges can arise from rigid boundaries between departments.
1. 1.2 At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms
of their design principles.
Ans: –
1.Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It
is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion,
division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes.
2. There are different types of organisational structures. Two of them are Organic and Mechanistic.
Organic – An organic organisation is a kind of casual association represented by English scholars
Tom burns and George Stalker. As indicated by Blazes and Stalker, a natural association is one that
is especially changeable and has the capacity adjust well to changes. Its structure is special as having
little employment activity, few layers of administration, decentralized choice making and very little
direct supervision.
Mechanistic – A mechanistic organisation is an idea grew by English scholars Tom Burns and G.M.
Stalker in their work titled "the management of innovation" (1961). As indicated by them, qualities
of a mechanistic organisation mix a high level of learned many–sided quality, solution and
concentration.
3. Differentiation between Organic and Mechanistic structures
MechanisticOrganic
Individual specialization:
In this, employees mostly works separately on one taskJoint Specialization:
In this , employees
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2. Essay about Organizational Structure
Organizational Structure
MGT/230
Chipotle's Organizational Structure
The reporting structure is a very important tool in an organization. This structure is a chart that
serves as a roadmap of management levels and positions. Every business has a chain of command
and it is structured uniquely, depending on the organization. The structure of an organization, if not
built correctly can destroy the organization just like a building with poor architecture. The blueprints
clarify and build a strong foundation in which to grow or build an organization. Chipotle is a
Mexican Grill Restaurant in the fast food industry that started out with one location in Colorado
back in 1993. Today it has just more than 1,400 locations in the United...show more content...
Dividing the organization into divisions based on the geographic region makes it possible for each
region to purchase their ingredients locally and organically. This divisional structure also allows the
company to evaluate and compare the regions.
This divisional structure is very different from that of others. A functional structure is organized into
departments according to the business functions. In this structure each department has its own
expectations and responsibilities, they are not like that of any other department, so the tasks in each
department are different from one another. In this type of structure each department is built with
individuals that have the skills and expertise in relation to that department. All 1,400 plus Chipotle
restaurants are owned by the same corporation. If this was not the case and some stores were
franchised out, then a network structure would need to be created. A network organization looks for
ways for tasks to be completed outside of the organization by outsourcing. A store that agrees to
license contracts and franchises with the company would be responsible for delivering and
completing the goals at the specific location; these business functions include management,
employment, product ordering, etc. Chipotle would be cutting a lot of cost and making money by
contributing little in return. This is the main reason an organization would choose a network type of
structure. The responsible party for the
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4. Foundations of Organizational Structure
FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Overview
No other topic in management has undergone as much change in the past few years as that of
organizing and organizational structure. Traditional approaches to organizing work are being
questioned and re–evaluated as managers search out structural designs that will best support and
facilitate employees' doing the organization's work–ones that can achieve efficiency but also have
the flexibility that's necessary for success in today's dynamic environment. Recall that organizing is
defined as the process of creating an organization's structure. That process is important and serves
many purposes. The challenge for managers is to design an organizational structure that allows
employees to...show more content...
Mechanistic types of organizational structures tend to be efficiency machines, well oiled by rules,
regulations, standardized tasks, and similar controls. This organizational design tries to minimize the
impact of differing personalities, judgments, and ambiguity because these human traits are seen as
inefficient and inconsistent.
Although no pure form of a mechanistic organization exists in reality, almost all large corporations
and governmental agencies have at least some of these mechanistic characteristics.
In direct contrast to the mechanistic form of organization is the organic organization, which is as
highly adaptive and flexible, a structure as the mechanistic organization is rigid and stable. Rather
than having standardized jobs and regulations, the organic organization is flexible, which allows it
to change rapidly as needs require. Organic organizations have division of labor, but the jobs people
do are not standardized. Employees are highly trained and empowered to handle diverse job
activities and problems, and these organizations frequently use employee teams. Employees in
organic–type organizations require minimal formal rules and little direct supervision. Their high
levels of skills and training and the support provided by other team members make formalization and
tight managerial controls unnecessary.
When is a mechanistic structure preferable and when is an organic one more appropriate? Let's look
at the key contingency factors that influence the
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5. Organizational Structure Article Review Essay
Review
The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the article, "The manager's role in building an
innovative organization". I will give a brief description of the organizing function of management. I
will also relate the concepts to Aearo Company, while including my recommendations based on the
article.
Summary
The article discusses how organizations must change to survive in a competitive market. Companies
must change how they gather information, implement the information, and support the employees
that acquire the information.
Gathering Information
Management should use their employee's ideas as a resource, not only because it is less expensive
than outside information, but also it supports employee involvement. Using teams that...show more
content...
It is a manager's duty to create, support and strengthen the environment of a workplace. If the people
are not susceptible to change, then a new idea will be very difficult to implement. Employees need
to own some portion of the new idea, whether it is the layout, financing, time–line, etc.
Organizing Function of Management
When an organization makes a plan of action it needs to include the proper tools to help accomplish
their goal. The management needs to consider things such as:
1.) Employee scheduling
2.) Equipment needs
3.) Consumable needs
4.) Work space
5.) Training
If these items are kept organized through time lines, inventory lists, schedules and documentation,
the process will go much smoother. The items listed above are just a few of the things that a
company should keep organized. Time spent looking for something that should be easily accessible
is wasted.
Related Concepts
In reading the article, it keeps reiterating the subject of an organization's culture. I do not believe
Aearo Company has identified its culture. I understand Aearo to be a leader in their market. To
remain the leader they must develop an innovative style of organization. Buhler (2002) says,
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6. Essay on Organizational Structure
Case Study 02 – BoldFlash: Cross–Functional Challenges in the Mobile Division
Introduction:
In this case study Roger Cahill has been acting as the head of mobile division for less than a year.
Currently he is struggling as he faces great difficulties adapting BoldFlash to a changing
marketplace. The problem really started a year ago when Mr. Jim Harrison appointed the young
Roger Cahill to a VP position. Although Roger has led a research project in his previous work, he is
only 24 years old and inexperienced to manage a company at VP level. Positions at those levels
require years of strategic leadership and management skills. Nevertheless in the last 12 months, the
company focused primarily on the redundant production of customized...show more content...
The intent is to break down functional barriers among departments and create a more effective
relationship for solving ongoing problems.
The functional structure groups positions into work units based on similar activities, skills,
expertise, and resources (see Figure 1 for a functional organizational chart). Production, marketing,
finance, and human resources are common groupings within a functional structure.
But the functional
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7. HRM 500 Organizational Structure
Organizational Structure
Lakisha Sykes
Strayer University
HRM 500
Human Resource Foundations
August 10, 2015
Introduction
Job analysis is regularly employed in most work settings to forecast performance outcomes. A job
analysis is a process of getting detailed information about jobs (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, &
Wright, 2014). Personnel are the most valued part of the organization, so these individuals help the
organization in reaching the desired goals. There are three elements of job analysis: job description,
job specification, and job context. According to the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (n.d.), job
analysis data is used to:
establish and document competencies required for a job;
identify the job–relatedness of the tasks and competencies needed to successfully perform the job;
and
provide a source of legal defensibility of assessment and selection procedures.
Job Description. Job...show more content...
There are several ways that can be used for redesigning the job of a customer service
representative, and it will help resolve the existing issues that arise while designing the current
position. The human resource manager should thoughtfully examine the job and problems
associated with the job. The HR manager can apply the two strategies of job rotation and job
enlargement. In job rotation, the CSR employee will have a chance to gain experience in another
work area. This experience will have a personal and professional impact on the employee. The
employee will gain knowledge in another area, so the involvement will reduce the boredom of
doing one specific job all the time. Job enlargement is including additional responsibilities and tasks
in the current job. The job of customer service representative should be enlarged to give the
employee a better opportunity to interact with other employees in the organization. This approach
will help the employee expand their professional
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8. Organizational Structure Essay examples
{text:bookmark–start} Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL {text:bookmark–end} STRUCTURE
Organizational Structure Romanoff, T. Axia College of University of Phoenix MGT 330
Management: Theory, Practice and Application Peter Espeut October 26, 2009 Organizational
Structure Planning and organization are crucial for an organization to achieve maximum
effectiveness and success. Microsoft Company, for instance, has an organizational structure
consisting of board of directors who include Steve Ballmer as chief executive officer (CEO), senior
leaders, executives, and technical leaders. Founded in 1975, Microsoft has grown today into a
worldwide leader in software and services (Microsoft, 2009). The organizational structure of...show
more content...
Division of labor is a part of differentiation, which divides jobs into smaller tasks and when an
employee performs a specific task, it is known as specialization. In some cases, companies divide
organizational functions into divisional structure, which contain all the necessary resources required
to function. For example, a software company might have a division for home software and a
division for business software both providing development and support. Microsoft is the largest
software company in the world that offers services for home and business. The company also
provides entertainment through video games for Xbox and music for Zune. In the case of Microsoft
(2009) there are many different positions within the company from Business Services &
Administration to Software Engineering: User Experience and has locations throughout the world.
Since Microsoft's main function is to develop software, it would stand to reason that the largest
department within the company pertains to information technology with many specialized
departments from development to support. Microsoft has many divisions within the company that
include home software and business software and provide development and support. The function of
the human resources department is to organize the employees based on their qualifications. The
finance department's function is the flow of cash from accounts receivable to payroll. Microsoft is
known
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9. Organizational Structure
Task 01 1) Discuss different organization structures and identify the type of organizational structure
that do you thinks suitable for your selected organization?
Organizational structure Organizational structure is the way in witch an organization's activities
(job tasks) are divided, organized and coordinated. Organizational structure is the way in which and
work, authority resources of an organization have been divided among members.
Types of organizational structure в–Є Entrepreneurial structure в–Є Bureaucratic structure в–Є
Matrix structure
Entrepreneurial structure
Most organizations start life as an entrepreneurial structure in that...show more content...
A useful example is retail banking or the work of building societies. Here the operations have to be
standardized, not only in all branches of the same bank but also between competing banks, so that
customers find the system easy to deal with. The work of bank clerks and, in a different way, bank
managers requires knowledge, skill and accuracy, but it must be carried out strictly in accordance
with the rules and there is little scope for individuality apart from one's manner in talking with
customers and manual dexterity in counting banknote. Bureaucracy provides scope for economies of
scale and extensive specialization at the expense of flexibility and product innovation. Their
predictability provides a secure environment for the employee and a clear line of safe career
progression.
Chief Executive
The matrix structure
As the entrepreneurial and bureaucratic structures have such obvious drawbacks, a third general
mode has been evolved and used IV some situations: the matrix. The method is simply to overlay a
second set of hierarchical connections over a first, but at right–angles to it. This was first developed
in the American aerospace industry because of government demands for a single project manager
who would be responsible for the progress of each government contract and to whom government
officials could channel all their queries and instruction. Companies
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10. 1.2
At least two different organizational structures are identified, described, and compared in terms of
their design principles.
Ans: –
1.Organisational Structure – It is a structure which is used to elaborate ranking in an organisation. It
is also define as an organizational structure which defines how activities such as task portion,
division and guidance are directed towards the achievement of organizational purposes.
2. There are different types of organisational structures. Two of them are Organic and Mechanistic.
Organic – An organic organisation is a kind of casual association represented by English scholars
Tom burns and George Stalker. As indicated by Blazes and Stalker, a natural association is one that
is especially changeable and has the capacity adjust well to changes. Its structure is special as having
little employment activity, few layers of administration, decentralized choice making and very little
direct supervision.
Mechanistic – A mechanistic organisation is an idea grew by English scholars Tom Burns and G.M.
Stalker in their work titled "the management of innovation" (1961). As indicated by them, qualities
of a mechanistic organisation mix a high level of learned many–sided quality, solution and
concentration.
3. Differentiation between Organic and Mechanistic structures
MechanisticOrganic
Individual specialization:
In this, employees mostly works separately on one taskJoint Specialization:
In this , employees
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11. This analysis may be from recent literature or gathered from an actual organization!!! 1.Analyze the
overall functional structure of a traditional organization (including its business strategy) utilizing the
machine metaphor. good understanding of: The importance of organizational structure and the
concept of the "boundaryless" organization in implementing strategies. The growth patterns of major
corporations and the relationship between a firm's strategy and its structure. Each of the traditional
types of organizational structure: simple, functional, divisional, and matrix The relative advantages
and disadvantages of traditional organizational structure The different types of boundaryless
organizations–barrier–free, modular, and virtual–and their relative advantages and disadvantages
2.Evaluate the organization 's functions (marketing, operations, finance, and so on) and its values
and principles from a mechanistic frame. Demands may be placed on owner/ manager to obtain and
process information to run business Owners generally are not skilled in all specialties Accounting
Engineering Production Marketing Found where there is a single or closely related product or
service, high production volume, and some vertical integration Advantages: Enhanced coordination
and control Centralized decision making Enhanced organizational–level perspective More efficient
use of managerial and technical talent Facilitated career paths and development in specialized areas
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12. Hospital's Organizational Structure Hospitals have organizational structures that allows them to
carry out their duties efficiently and successfully. What separates the organizational structure of a
healthcare organization from a business, essentially that the hospital 's organization is chiefly
founded on the amalgamation of medical and administrative staff (Carayon, et al., 2014). The
organizational structure of the twenty–first century solutions in health care hospitals involves, both
divisional and hierarchical structure. In the of the chain of command hierarchy, there are various
levels of professional's that fall under other levels within the facility, and each staff member is
organized in regards to departments that are related to their (KSA's) skills, attributes and job duties
(Carayon, et al., 2014). Hospital organization philosophies is based on development of values and
ethics, with the understanding on moral principles relating to human conduct. These systems are
comprised with the processes in decision making and determining the best actions to consider
between the difficult alternatives when pertaining to patient care. Administrative staff remains at the
top– level of the organizational structure, formulated of individual's that have ownership
(stakeholders) with the functions of operations in the healthcare facility. These important individuals
are accountable for the enforcement on policies and regulations, with ensuring the implementation
for public
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13. ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE An organization is a
pattern of relationships–many interwoven, simultaneous relationships– through which people, under
the direction of managers, pursue their common goals. These goals are the products of the decision –
making processes. The goals that managers develop through planning are typically ambitious,
far–reaching, and open–ended. Managers want to ensure that their organizations can endure for a
long time. Members of an organization need a stable, understandable framework within which they
can work together toward organizational goals. The managerial process of organizing involves
making decisions about creating this kind of framework so that organizations can last from...show
more content...
As a result, the service department may be flooded with complaints. In short, a functional structure
can be a difficult setting in which managers must coordinate employees' activities. (2) PRODUCT
/MARKET ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Product or market organization, often referred to as
organization by division, brings together in one work unit all those involved in the production and
marketing of a product or a related group of products, all those in a certain geographic area, or all
those dealing with a certain type of customer. Most large, multi product companies, such as General
Motors, have a product or market organization structure. At some point in an organization's
existence, sheer size and diversity of products make functional departments too unwieldy. When a
company's depart metallization becomes too complex for coordinating the functional structure, top
management will generally create semiautonomous division. In each division, management and
employees design, produce, and market their own products. Unlike a functional department a
division resembles a separate business. The division head focuses primarily on the operations of
his or her division, is accountable for profit or loss, and may even compete with other units of the
same firm. But a division is unlike a separate business in one crucial aspect: the division manager
must still report to central
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14. Organizational Structures Essay
Introduction The design of a company affects every aspect of the business such as the way its
members communicate, how decisions are made, and how the work is delegated, etcetera
(Dictionary.com, 2006). This layout is known as the organization structure formally defined by
Wikipedia (2006) as, "the way in which the interrelated groups of an organization are constructed.
From a managerial point of view the main concerns are ensuring effective communication and
coordination." In respects to project management there are three primary organizational break downs
they are functional structure, pure project structure, and matrix structure. We will take a look into
each of these structures to better identify the similarities and...show more content...
If there happened to be a fluctuation in the workload this arrangement is unable to easily respond to
the changes. Functional output tends to be the primary objective of this type organization.
Functional people stick to their own specialization and avoid being involved in cross–functional
activities. (Wikipedia, 2006).
Pure Project Structure A pure project organization is a self contained section or unit within an
otherwise purely functional structure. (Cogeco, 2006). In this organizational structure the flow of
communication channels through fewer people thus making it flexible and easily adaptable to
change leaving room for innovation and evolution. According to the Cogeco Module (2006), "This
type of structure is typically used for projects that are difficult to plan accurately and where resource
requirement and provision levels cannot be accurately established beforehand." The project manager
maintains complete line authority over the whole project (Kerzner, 2003).With informal lines of
communication in place it is suggested that a more centralized direction is needed in this structure.
Pure project structure may create a sense of competition between the various project teams so when
project deadlines approach members may be likely to take shortcuts to maintain good performance
records. If this happens then the
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15. As known each organization has a set objective to be achieved. Hence depending on the objective
& to achieve those objectives, an organization can be structured in many difference ways: the 2
basic division, is the division of labour& coordination & supervision. These are done to be in–line
with the organizational objective.
Defining and identifying an organization structure affects the organization in two big ways – it
provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest and it determines
which individuals get to participate in which decision making process.
For the ease of operations, the organization structure is further divided into:
Tall organization structure – for large & complex companies
Flat organization structure – mid–size organisations.
Virtual organization structure – companies that are dependent on communication technology for
their day to day working.
Boundary less organization structure – a contemporary format of working.
Introduction to organizational culture:
Organizational culture is the heart of the organization performance it is critical for organizational
success. It is a culture in which the core values are intensely and widely shared among the
employees and stake holders.
Some of the characteristics are:
Innovation – some organization encourage its employees to be creative and generate new ideas.
Stability – some organization emphasize on maintaining a stable & predictable environment.
People oriented – organizations
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16. Mg/561 Organizational Structure
Date: January 18, 2013
To: MG 561 Class
From: Jessica Rushing
Subject: "Organizational Structure"
Introduction:
Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and
responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined
by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding
environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organization. In this memo,
I will briefly discuss the importance of organizational structure, give examples of some major
organizational structures, and provide factors influencing the choice of organizational structure.
Importance of Organizational...show more content...
For organizations which produce standardized goods and services, a functional service is beneficial.
Within this structure, employees perform very specialized tasks (Naoum, 2001). For example, an
engineering department would be staffed with only software engineers. Divisional structures, also
known as product structures, groups each function into a division. Automobile industries typically
use this divisional structure. Within this industry, divisions may include: SUVs, subcompact cars,
and sedans. Although not discussed in detail in this memo, other organizational structures include:
organizational circle, team, network, lattice, and virtual ("Organizational Structure", 2013).
Factors influencing the choice of Organizational Structure
The following factors can affect the type of structure which an organization may use: strategy,
characteristics, management, operation, and environment. Strategy is the most important factor
influencing type of structure. According to Phillips and Gulley in their book Organizational
Behavior: Tools for Success, higher performance will be achieved if structure and strategy are
directly related). Organizational characteristics include the age and size of the organization. If the
organization is small, there is less need for formal structure as communication
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17. Organizational Structure Essay
Organizational Structure
Introduction In this paper we will be talking about organizational structure and cultures, and what
strategies Ken Dailey will have to consider as he starts building on the team concept in the company.
We will also talk about how to keep Green River moving forward in the facility and organizing the
planning to make them successful.
Organizational Structure Organizational structure is a formal relationship between management and
the employees. It is a way to motivate the employees and get them to working. It is also away to
get employees to follow the company goals, and work together as a team. To make an organization
work they need to have an organized structure to be able to run the company. The mission...show
more content...
There has been many company failures do to taking to change the organizational culture. This is
because of miscommunication on how the changes will affect the values the company wants.
Strategic values are just as important as the mission statement and vision of the company. Ken
Dailey will have to keep this in mind if he is determined to make the team concept work in his
plant. We all know that he will not be able to make a mirror image of Aberdeen at the Green River
plant. But there are a lot of things that can be done to make his company a team concept place.
And with the new plants that are getting built he will be able to mirror Aberdeen as these will be
new, where as Green River has been opened for a long time. So he will have the new companies to
look forward to making in to team concept plants.
Recommendations
Ken Dailey will have to have strategies to consider as he works on building intergroup relationship.
1.He will have to develop communications better than what the plant how's now, to get through to
the union and employees.
2.He will need to communicate to them all as to how the restructuring will be done so that they all
understand. They will need to know how this will affect the jobs they are doing.
3.After getting the communication going hopefully that employees will be motivated and
encouraged to get some input about this processes.
4.Diversity and
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18. PARDEEP SINGHND15345UNIT– 9735 1.2 At least two different Organisational structures are
identified, described, and compared in terms of their design principles. Answer: 1.Organisational
structure is a system used to define a hierarchy within an Organisation. It identifies each job and its
function and where it reports to within the Organisation. This structure is developed to establish how
an Organisation operates and assists an Organisation in obtaining its goals to allow for future growth.
Organisational structure is particularly important for decision making. It is also important that
responsibilities are clearly defined. Each person has a job description that outlines duties, and each
job occupies its own position on the company Organisation chart. 2. There are two different types of
Organisational structure: Centralization and Decentralization structures Centralization: Centralized
Organisational structures rely on one individual to make decisions and provide direction for the
company. Small Businesses often use this structure since the owner is responsible for the company's
business operations. Decentralization: Decentralized Organisational structures often have several
individuals responsible for making business decisions and running the business. Decentralized
Organisations rely on a team environment at different levels in the business. Individuals at each
level in the business may have some autonomy to make business decisions 3. Centralization
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19. Organizational Structure Paper
Organizational Structure Paper MGT/230 02/18/2013 University of Phoenix Organizational
Structure Paper When it comes to business as any organizations it requires a structure, based on the
resources and demands organization can changed or modify their structure. The most common two
structures are vertical and horizontal structure which we see every business organization in global
market (Bateman & Snell, 2011). In today's any business organization theirs and important trait is
not only the structure, it is the functions within the organization. An organizing function in
management highlights the practices individuals use to interact and work with each other. There are
many business organizations that are very successful in their own...show more content...
This strong organization structure has allowed Facebook to grow and continue to be strong in a
competitive marketplace where the product is your personal life. Facebook organization has a
horizontal structure, which give each individual to empower with their ideas. This structure is
the best for Facebook since it is based on ideas and their job is to keep users attracted to their site
day to day (theofficialboard.com, 02/1) . As a very popular social networking site Facebook
constantly require them to come up ways they can attract their users. Facebook organization
understood early on if they want to stay in business they must keep their clients attracted they
why their horizontal structures help them to come with ideas to keep their clients happy. They
introduced online games for free like "Farmville or Cityville" so users can entertain themselves
while they are in social networking site. If Facebook had a vertical structure it might be difficult
to comes with new ideas because then company will be running by set of rules and guidelines
which have very less room for middle lever or frontline management to invent ideas. Facebook
gave its employees freedom to invent ideas and when they present it top level management can
take these and decide which one is the best one they can use for the site. Facebook organization is
one of the best companies to work for because of the benefits it's give to their employees and
freedom to express ideas (The
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20. Organizational Structure Essay
Each organizations when its start any type of business, they have goal to achieve to success their
organizations, in additional of the organizational to reach the goal will need a group of people to
help them to success the missions. The organization will create organizational structure to make the
group of people in these organizations to understand their duties and responsibilities. This
organizational structure will be chart display in the organization to illustrate the positions of each
people in the organization and the relationship, coordination and the ranks between them in terms of
work progress. The highest person on the organizational structure is always on the top of the chart
he / she will be the decision maker and the leadership...show more content...
Avoids duplications of effort:– formal organization help in avoiding duplication of effort due the
clarity in the rules and duties of each member.
Unity of command: – in formal structure the unity of command through the formal organization it
has been establish by the top management as chain of command on the organization so the
employees will know who reports to whom.
Achievements of objective: – formal structure leads to effective accomplishment of goals and
achievements through systematic allocation of duties and responsibilities to each employee.
Stability: – due the business development any business can face any changes of work progress,
formal organization provide stability to an organization, so a business enterprise can keep operating
in spite of changes in work force.
Example of formal organization: – airline company such as Oman air.
Example of informal organization: – Oman air football
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