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A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry
Cultivation
Tanushree Mondal1* and Debashish Das2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Scientific Officer, Soil Research and Development Institute, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the
selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The
selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area,
annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact,
strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and
practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages
(Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested
interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and
percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple
regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers
on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of
the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3%
farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers
had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on
strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience,
age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had
significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute
63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are
satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given
in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up
the positive attitude of the farmers.
Keywords: Attitude, Descriptive statistics, Farmer, Interview schedule, Pretest, Strawberry, Stepwise Multiple
Regression
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is mainly an agro-based country and
agriculture plays a vital role for ensuring food security,
employment generation, poverty alleviation, raising
standard of living and increasing export earnings. Many
developing countries like Bangladesh benefited from the
green revolution in cereal production in the past but were
not able to substantially reduce poverty and malnutrition.
Fruits and Vegetables production can help farmers to
generate income which eventually alleviate poverty and
reduce malnutrition (DAE, 1999). Strawberry, a nutritious
and delicious exotic fruit has recently been adapted in
Bangladesh and it has already drawn an attention of the
Government, farmers as well as some businessmen.
Strawberry is a new fruit crop and its cultivation technique
is fairly new in Bangladesh whereas cultivation area is
increasing day by day.
Commercial production of strawberries is possible in a
wide climatic range including subtropical areas like
Bangladesh (Barney,1999). Although strawberry normally
produced in countries having cold weather particularly in
*Corresponding Author: Tanushree Mondal; Assistant
Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and
Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Email: tanushree09sau@gmail.com
Co-Author Email: debashish221@gmail.com
Research Article
Vol. 6(2), pp. 350-355, June, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2167-0432
International Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
Mondal and Das 351
west, however country’s weather is favorable for the
production of high-quality strawberries in terms of
photoperiod, temperature and humidity and it is cultivated
during the month of October to April then harvested from
the month of last November (Hossan et al., 2013). In
Bangladesh, it is grown commercially in limited districts
such as Tangail, Rajshahi, Joypurhat, Bogra, Kumilla,
Sathkhira, Khagrachari and Coxbazar (Khatun et al.,
2019). The edible portion of fruit is about 98 percent and
contains various nutritionally important elements.
Strawberry has great dietetic value and is one of the
potential sources of vitamin C. Strawberries mainly consist
of water (91%) and carbohydrates (7.7%). They contain
only minor amounts of fat (0.3%) and protein (0.7%)
(www.healthline.com). Due to its deep red color, it is a rich
source of anthocyanin possessing high antioxidant activity
(Sun et al., 2002). A potential anti-cancer compound
known as ellagic acid is also found in strawberry (Basu, et
al., 2014).
Now, an enormous number of people, mostly unemployed
young people, have become dependent on strawberry
farming to earn a living, as its cultivation is easier and its
fruits can be obtained early in the seasons where there is
no fresh fruit in the market, its marketability is high and it
can bring back the investment in a short period. Along with
the income per unit area is higher in strawberry cultivation
compared to some other quick growing seasonal fruits.
(Hossan et al., 2013). The youths are supplying
strawberries to different markets across the country as the
soft fruit is being used in preparing ice-cream, jam, jelly,
pickles, chocolates and biscuits (The Daily Star, 2015).
Most of the people of Bangladesh like strawberry flavor in
food, accordingly strawberry has high demand as the food
manufacturing industries. To meet the increasing demand
in our local market dealers Bangladesh imports large
amounts of strawberry from different foreign countries.
Describing strawberry as ‘nutritious fruit’ and also a ‘cash
crop’ and strawberry could play an important role in
fulfilling nutrition and also earning foreign currency through
exports (The daily observer, 2016). Numbers of growers
are becoming interested in strawberry cultivation in spite
of facing several problems such as, less sweetness, short
shelf-life, color degradation and damage during
transportation. Strawberry is genetically a perishable fruit,
which cannot tolerate stress like hot weather, direct
sunlight and overloaded condition during transportation.
Besides, the strawberry growers need to count about 25
percent loss for post-harvest crop (The daily observer,
2016).
Above problems are the great constraints of commercial
strawberry production in Bangladesh. Though in
Bangladesh, some varietal trials of strawberry have been
conducted but the number of sustainable strawberry
cultivars is absent for the country’s climate (Hossan et al.,
2013). So, People’s favorable attitude, proper knowledge,
appropriate guidelines and application of sustainable
technologies are required to find suitable cultivar(s) for
quality commercial strawberry production in Bangladesh.
People’s favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation
can make a great opportunity to unemployed young and to
export this crop Bangladesh will be more economically
resourceful. Keeping in view the above facts and
importance of this potential fruit crop, evaluation of
farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation has taken
as a research focus with the following objectives: i) to
explore the attitude of the farmer regarding strawberry
cultivation and ii) to determine the contribution of the
selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area, Population and Sample Size:
Two villages named Shahapur and Mirkamari were
purposively nominated from Yusufpur union under
charghat upazila of Rajshahi district. The study area is
located on the alluvial plains of the Padma River. The pH
of the soil ranges from 6.0 to 7.5. Here average
temperature in the winter season (October to March) is
31.9°C(89.4°F) to 10.2°C(50.4°F) (www.banglapedia.org).
So, the environment of the study area is suitable for
strawberry cultivation. The strawberry farmers of selected
two villages were considered as the population of the
study. Strawberry farmer’s list was prepared with the help
of Sub Assistant Agriculture Officers (SAAO) of that area.
Total strawberry farmers of this area were 160.
There are several methods for determining the sample
size; at this time, to make a relevant sample size from the
population following formula was used which developed by
(Kothari, 2004):
n = Z2 P QN / (N-1) e2 + Z2 P Q
[Where, n = Sample size, Z = Table value at 1 df (1.96), P
= Probability (assume 0.5), Q= Remaining from probability
(1-P), N =Total population, e = Level of precision (5%)]
By using this formula, 113 strawberry farmers were
selected proportionately and randomly as the sample of
the study.
Figure 1: The map of Bangladesh showing (circled area)
Rajshahi district
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 352
Figure 2: Map of Rajshahi district showing the study area
(Charghat Upazila)
Data Collection Procedure
A semi-structured interview schedule was used for data
collection. It was prepared keeping the objectives of the
study in mind. The prepared interview schedule was pre-
tested with 10 sample respondents from the study area.
After making necessary corrections on the basis of pre-
test, data were collected through personal interviewing.
Collection of data took 26 days from 3 January to 28
January 2019. Collected data from the respondents was
analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the objectives
of the study. The analysis of data was implemented using
statistical treatment with SPSS (Statistical Package for
Social Sciences) computer program, version 20.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Measurement of Attitude regarding Strawberry
Cultivation
Attitude of a respondent regarding strawberry cultivation
was measured by Five-point Likert Scale method where
summated ratings were used to find out the strawberry
farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Thirteen
(13) statements expressing positive and negative feelings
regarding strawberry cultivation were constructed. A
statement was considered positive if it indicated a
favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. If the
case was reversed, it was considered as a negative
statement. Out of these thirteen statements seven were
positive and six were negative. Scoring was done by
assigning 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 scores to the five alternative
responses as "strongly agreed", "agreed", "undecided",
"disagreed", and "strongly disagreed" respectively in case
of a positive statement. Reverse score was assigned for a
negative statement. However, the attitude towards
strawberry cultivation of a farmer was obtained by
summing up his/her scores for all thirteen (13) statements
in item no. 13 of the interview schedule. Attitude score,
thus, obtained for a respondent could range from zero (0)
to 52, where zero (0) indicated a very unfavorable attitude,
26 indicated neutral attitude and ‘52’ indicated the highest
level of favorable attitude.
Attitude score of the respondents towards strawberry
cultivation could theoretically range from 0 to 52. However,
the observed range was 25 to 45 with an average of 36.29,
standard deviation of 3.72. Based on the attitude scores,
the respondents were placed under five categories namely
unfavorable, neutral, low favorable, medium favorable and
high favorable. The distribution of the respondents under
each of the five categories has been shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Distribution of the farmers according to their
attitude regarding strawberry cultivation
Categories Basis of
categori-
zation
(score)
Farmers Mean Standard
Deviation
Number Percent
Unfavour-
able
< 26 1 0.9
36.29 3.72
Neutral 26 2 1.8
Low
favourable
27-35 46 40.7
Medium
favourable
36-43 58 51.3
High
favourable
44-52 6 5.3
Total 113 100
Source: Author’s estimation
Data presented in Table 1 reveal that an overwhelming
97.3 percent of the respondents had a low to high
favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where,
40.7 percent low favorable attitude, 51.3 percent medium
favorable attitude and 5.3 percent farmers had high
favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Rest
1.8 percent and 0.9 percent of the farmers had neutral and
unfavorable attitudes respectively regarding strawberry
cultivation. Farmers of the study area have more or less
positive attitude towards strawberry cultivation as its easy
cultivation procedures, high demand, approximately
double profit and less disease and pest infestation.
Contribution of the selected characteristics of the
strawberry farmers on their attitude regarding
strawberry cultivation
For measuring contribution of the selected characteristics
of the strawberry farmers on their attitude regarding
strawberry cultivation,12 characteristics were considered
which includes: age (x1), level of education (x2), farm size
(x3), strawberry cultivation area (x4), annual family income
(x5), income from strawberry cultivation (x6), Training
exposure(x7), extension contact (x8), strawberry cultivation
experience (x9), problem faced in cultivation (x10),
knowledge on strawberry cultivation (x11) and practice on
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
Mondal and Das 353
Table 2: Measurement techniques of the selected characteristics of the strawberry farmers
S/N Characteristics Score Technique
1. Age 1 for each complete year of age of the respondent
2. Level of education 1 for each year of school education,0 for illiterate and o.5 for can sign only
3. Farm size 1 for each hectare of land
4. Strawberry cultivation area 1 for each hectare of land
5. Annual family income 1 for each (‘000’ Taka) income in a year
6. Income from strawberry cultivation 1 for each (‘000’ Taka) income in a year
7. Training exposure 1 for each day training participation
8. Extension contact 0 for no contact, 1 for rarely contact, 2 for occasionally contact and 3 for
regularly contact
9. Strawberry cultivation experience 1 for each year of cultivation experience
10. Problem faced in strawberry
cultivation
0 for no problem, 1 for low problem, 2 for moderate problem and 3 for severe
problem
11. Knowledge on strawberry cultivation 0 for no/wrong answer, 1 for partial answer and 2 for full answer
12. Practice on strawberry cultivation 0 for no practices, 1 for rarely practices, 2 for occasionally practices and 3 for
regularly practices
(n=113)
strawberry cultivation (x12). Attitude towards strawberry
cultivation (x) was a dependent variable in this case.
Then full model regression analysis was also run with
selected 12 independent variables where the dependent
variable was attitude strawberry cultivation. It was
observed that the full model regression results were
misleading due to the existence of interrelationships and
multicollinearity among the variables. Therefore, in order
to avoid the misleading results and to determine the best
explanatory variables, the method of stepwise multiple
regressions was administered and 12 independent
variables were fitted together in stepwise multiple
regression analysis. Table 3 shows the summarized
results of stepwise multiple regression analysis with 12
independent variables on the farmers’ attitude towards
strawberry cultivation. It was observed that out of 12
variables 6 independent variables namely knowledge on
strawberry cultivation (x11), problem faced in strawberry
cultivation (x10), strawberry cultivation experience (x9), age
(x1), level of education (x2) and income from strawberry
cultivation (x6) were entered into the regression equation.
Other six variables were not entered into the regression
equation. The regression equation so obtained is
presented below:
X = 22.31 + 0.439X11 -0.210X10 + 0.204X9 + 0.238X1 +
0.186X2 + 0.140X6
Table 3 Summary of stepwise multiple regression analysis showing the contribution of selected characteristics
of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation
Variable entered Standardized
Partial ‘b’
Coefficients
Value of ‘t’ (with
probability level)
Adjusted
R2
Increase
in R2
Variation
Explains in
%
Knowledge on strawberry cultivation (x11) 0.439 5.957(.000) 0.516 0.516 51.6
Problem faced in strawberry cultivation (x10) -0.210 - 3.216(.002) 0.570 0.054 5.4
Strawberry cultivation experience (x9) 0.204 3.139(.002) 0.578 0.018 1.8
Age (x1) 0.238 3.504(.001) 0.601 0.013 1.3
Level of education (x2) 0.186 2.650(.009) 0.620 0.019 1.9
Income from strawberry
Cultivation (x6)
0.140 2.275(.025) 0.634 0.014 1.4
Total 0.634 63.4
Multiple R = 0.831 R-square = 0.690
Adjusted R-square = 0.634 F-ratio = 18.53
Standard error of estimate = 2.20 Constant = 22.31
The multiple R and R2 values were found to be 0.831 and
0.690 respectively and the corresponding F-ratio was
18.53 which were significant at 0.000 levels. For
determining a unique contribution on farmers’ attitude
towards strawberry cultivation, each of the six variables'
increase in R2 value was determined. These six variables
together explained 63.4 percent of the total contribution on
attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Knowledge on
strawberry cultivation had the highest contribution (51.6
percent of the variation) followed by Problem faced in
strawberry cultivation (5.4 percent), Strawberry cultivation
experience (1.8 percent), age (1.3 percent), level of
education (1.9 percent) and income from strawberry
cultivation (1.4 percent) on attitude towards strawberry
cultivation.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 354
Table 3 showed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation,
Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry
cultivation experience, age, level of education and income
from strawberry cultivation had significant contribution on
attitude towards strawberry cultivation i.e. the farmers
having more knowledge on strawberry cultivation, less
problem faced in strawberry cultivation, high strawberry
cultivation experience, age, level of education and high
income from strawberry cultivation were found to have
more positive attitude towards strawberry cultivation and
in this connection, some predictive importance has been
briefly discussed below:
Knowledge on strawberry cultivation on attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation
Knowledge on strawberry cultivation of the strawberry
farmers had the highest contribution (51.6%) on their
attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Practically
knowledge and attitude are dependent on each other.
Attitude could be positive or negative but it depends on
knowledge. To any new innovation, at first farmers gather
knowledge then take decisions to adopt or reject the
innovation. Mandal (2016) found a positive significant
relationship between knowledge and attitude towards
watermelon cultivation.
Problem faced in strawberry cultivation on attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation
Problem faced in strawberry cultivation had the 2nd
highest contribution (5.4%) on their attitude towards
strawberry cultivation. Problem faced in strawberry
cultivation and attitude towards strawberry cultivation has
an inverse relationship. With the increase of problems, an
unfavorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation may be
formed and with the decrease of problems, a more
favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation may be
formed. If a farmer faces different problems and he/she
can’t achieve expected production and profit then this
situation may distract him/her from strawberry cultivation
and vice-versa. Mandal (2016) found a significant negative
relationship between problem and attitude towards
watermelon cultivation.
Strawberry cultivation experience on attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation
From stepwise multiple regressions, it was found that
strawberry cultivation experience of the strawberry farmers
had 3rd highest contribution (1.8%) on their attitude
towards strawberry cultivation. Knowledge of experience
is much greater than theoretical knowledge. So,
experience of strawberry cultivation helps farmers to
increase their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation.
Islam (2012) found that farmer’s attitude has positive
significant relationship with farming experience.
Age on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation
Age of the strawberry farmers had 4th contribution (1.3%)
on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation.
Generally, the young generation has a strong mentality to
take any challenge. So, young people can adopt any
innovation more easily than older. In these Research table
2 showing 53.36% young aged farmers are cultivated
strawberry. After observing the result older people form
positive or negative attitudes regarding innovation. Shing
(2019) found a significant positive relationship between
age and attitude towards maize cultivation.
Level of education on attitude regarding strawberry
cultivation
From the findings it was found that the level of education
of the strawberry farmers had 5th contribution (1.9%) on
their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Education
creates a favorable mental atmosphere for accepting new
practice. It produces change in knowledge, attitude and
skill by widening people’s mental horizons and by
developing favorable mental looks. Education is the most
influencing force-factor in adoption of innovation (Bhuiyan,
2012). Islam (2016) found that education background had
significant contribution at 5% level of significance on their
attitude towards commercial cultivation of cut flowers.
Shing (2019) also found a significant positive relationship
between level of education and attitude towards maize
cultivation.
Income from strawberry cultivation on attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation
Income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry
farmers had 6th contribution (1.4%) on their attitude
towards strawberry cultivation. The main purpose of
strawberry cultivation is to be self-reliant. So, more income
increases a more favorable attitude regarding strawberry
cultivation. According to Mandal (2016) and Shing (2019)
the finding was that attitude has positive significant
relationship with watermelon cultivation and maize
cultivation respectively.
CONCLUSION
The finding shows that the majority 97.3% of the
respondents had a low to high favorable attitude regarding
strawberry cultivation. Farmer’s six characteristics
knowledge, problem, strawberry cultivation experience,
age, level of education and income from strawberry
cultivation has significant contribution on their attitude
regarding strawberry cultivation and the contribution is
63.4%. Therefore, it may be concluded that farmers’
attitude towards strawberry cultivation are good enough in
the study areas of Bangladesh. So, proper steps should be
taken to keep it up and try to spread it in other potential
areas of Bangladesh through different extension activities
like training, farm visit, demonstration etc. The role of
Extension agents is very important in such cases.
A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation
Mondal and Das 355
RECOMMENDATIONS
The study recommended that strawberry production and
positive attitude of the farmers towards strawberry
cultivation will be improved through low cultivation cost
and maximum economic returns, availability of high
yielding varieties, proper storage facilities, and good
market access of this crop. Government and non-
government organizations like different Universities,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Department of
Agricultural Extension, Horticultural Research Centre etc.
have to put effort to allocate resources and encourage both
rural and urban people to undertake strawberry cultivation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to express special thanks of gratitude
to the Charghat Upazila Agriculture Officers and
strawberry farmers for the endless support on the research
work.
CONFLICT INTEREST
We hereby declared that no conflict of interest exists in the
study between the authors. Both authors are contributed
equally in data collection, data analysis and report writing.
REFERENCES
Barney DL (1999). Growing strawberries in the Inland
Northwest and Intermountain West. University of
Idaho’s Sandpoint Research and Extension Center,
Moscow, pp. 1-25.
Basu A, Nguyen A, Betts NM and Lyons TJ (2014).
Strawberry as a functional food–an evidence based
review. Critical Reviews Food Science Nutrition, 54 :
790-806.
Bhuiyan MH (2012). Generation and diffusion of
agricultural innovation. First edition. Gurpukur
Research Institute. Dhaka, Bangladesh, Pp:99-100.
DAE (1999). Agricultural Extension manual. Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of the people’s Republic of
Bangladesh. Khamarbari, Dhaka.
Hossan MJ, Islam MS, Ahsan MK, Mehraj H and Uddin
AFMJ (2013). Growth and yield performance of
strawberry germplasm at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural
University. Journal of Experimental Biosciences,
4(1):89-92.
Islam MR, Biswas MJH, Akanda MGR, Amin MR, Hasan
IM, Asif A , Sheheli S and Sharif MN (2015). Attitude of
the farmers towards climate change effect on
agriculture. Asian J. Med. Biol, 1 (2), 367-379.
Islam MA (2016). Farmers’ attitude towards commercial
cultivation of cut flowers. M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of
Agricultural Extension and Information System, SAU,
Dhaka.
Khatun M, Rashid MA, Khandoker S, Kundu ND and Matin
MA (2019). Resource Use efficiency analysis in
strawberry production in the selected areas in
Bangladesh. SAARC. J. Agric., 17(1):180-200.
Kothari CR (2004). Research methodology methods &
techniques. Second Edition, New Delhi: New Age
International publisher, P. 39.
Mandal S (2016). Farmers’ knowledge, attitude and
practice Regarding watermelon cultivation. M.S.
Thesis, Dept. Of Agricultural Extension and Information
System, SAU, Dhaka.
Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X and Liu RH (2002). Antioxidant and
anti-proliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 7449-7454.
Shing RR (2018).Knowledge and attitude of the farmers
towards maize cultivation in selected area of gaibandha
district. M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Agricultural Extension
and Information System, SAU, Dhaka.
The daily observer (2016). Commercial strawberry
Cultivation on the rise in Rajshahi,
https://www.observerbd.com.
The Daily Star (2015). Strawberry farming gains
momentum in Rajshahi, https://www.thedailystar.net.
WWW.healthline.com (2019).Strawberries 101: Nutrition
Facts and Health Benefits.
WWW.banglapedia.org.,Rajshahi Division.
Accepted 25 June 2020
Citation: Mondal T, Das D (2020). A Survey Study on
Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation.
International Journal of Agricultural Education and
Extension, 6(2): 350-355.
Copyright: © 2020 Mondal and Das. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original author and source are cited.

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A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation

  • 1. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Tanushree Mondal1* and Debashish Das2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Scientific Officer, Soil Research and Development Institute, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh The major objective of this study was to explore the attitude and determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. The selected characteristics were age, level of education, farm size, strawberry cultivation area, annual family income, income from strawberry cultivation, training exposure, extension contact, strawberry cultivation experience, problem faced in strawberry cultivation, knowledge and practice on strawberry cultivation. Data were collected from 113 farmers from two villages (Shahapur and Mirkamari) of Charghat Upazila under Rajshahi District by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables under consideration. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to examine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation using SPSS software. Overwhelming 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 51.3% farmers had a medium favorable attitude, 40.7% had a low favorable attitude and 5.3% farmers had a high favorable attitude. Stepwise multiple regressions exposed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had significant contribution on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation and which contribute 63.4% of the total variation. The percentages of favorable attitudes among the farmers are satisfactory but the study recommended that proper support of extension agents should be given in each step of strawberry cultivation, postharvest management and marketing period to keep up the positive attitude of the farmers. Keywords: Attitude, Descriptive statistics, Farmer, Interview schedule, Pretest, Strawberry, Stepwise Multiple Regression INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is mainly an agro-based country and agriculture plays a vital role for ensuring food security, employment generation, poverty alleviation, raising standard of living and increasing export earnings. Many developing countries like Bangladesh benefited from the green revolution in cereal production in the past but were not able to substantially reduce poverty and malnutrition. Fruits and Vegetables production can help farmers to generate income which eventually alleviate poverty and reduce malnutrition (DAE, 1999). Strawberry, a nutritious and delicious exotic fruit has recently been adapted in Bangladesh and it has already drawn an attention of the Government, farmers as well as some businessmen. Strawberry is a new fruit crop and its cultivation technique is fairly new in Bangladesh whereas cultivation area is increasing day by day. Commercial production of strawberries is possible in a wide climatic range including subtropical areas like Bangladesh (Barney,1999). Although strawberry normally produced in countries having cold weather particularly in *Corresponding Author: Tanushree Mondal; Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: tanushree09sau@gmail.com Co-Author Email: debashish221@gmail.com Research Article Vol. 6(2), pp. 350-355, June, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 2167-0432 International Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension
  • 2. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Mondal and Das 351 west, however country’s weather is favorable for the production of high-quality strawberries in terms of photoperiod, temperature and humidity and it is cultivated during the month of October to April then harvested from the month of last November (Hossan et al., 2013). In Bangladesh, it is grown commercially in limited districts such as Tangail, Rajshahi, Joypurhat, Bogra, Kumilla, Sathkhira, Khagrachari and Coxbazar (Khatun et al., 2019). The edible portion of fruit is about 98 percent and contains various nutritionally important elements. Strawberry has great dietetic value and is one of the potential sources of vitamin C. Strawberries mainly consist of water (91%) and carbohydrates (7.7%). They contain only minor amounts of fat (0.3%) and protein (0.7%) (www.healthline.com). Due to its deep red color, it is a rich source of anthocyanin possessing high antioxidant activity (Sun et al., 2002). A potential anti-cancer compound known as ellagic acid is also found in strawberry (Basu, et al., 2014). Now, an enormous number of people, mostly unemployed young people, have become dependent on strawberry farming to earn a living, as its cultivation is easier and its fruits can be obtained early in the seasons where there is no fresh fruit in the market, its marketability is high and it can bring back the investment in a short period. Along with the income per unit area is higher in strawberry cultivation compared to some other quick growing seasonal fruits. (Hossan et al., 2013). The youths are supplying strawberries to different markets across the country as the soft fruit is being used in preparing ice-cream, jam, jelly, pickles, chocolates and biscuits (The Daily Star, 2015). Most of the people of Bangladesh like strawberry flavor in food, accordingly strawberry has high demand as the food manufacturing industries. To meet the increasing demand in our local market dealers Bangladesh imports large amounts of strawberry from different foreign countries. Describing strawberry as ‘nutritious fruit’ and also a ‘cash crop’ and strawberry could play an important role in fulfilling nutrition and also earning foreign currency through exports (The daily observer, 2016). Numbers of growers are becoming interested in strawberry cultivation in spite of facing several problems such as, less sweetness, short shelf-life, color degradation and damage during transportation. Strawberry is genetically a perishable fruit, which cannot tolerate stress like hot weather, direct sunlight and overloaded condition during transportation. Besides, the strawberry growers need to count about 25 percent loss for post-harvest crop (The daily observer, 2016). Above problems are the great constraints of commercial strawberry production in Bangladesh. Though in Bangladesh, some varietal trials of strawberry have been conducted but the number of sustainable strawberry cultivars is absent for the country’s climate (Hossan et al., 2013). So, People’s favorable attitude, proper knowledge, appropriate guidelines and application of sustainable technologies are required to find suitable cultivar(s) for quality commercial strawberry production in Bangladesh. People’s favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation can make a great opportunity to unemployed young and to export this crop Bangladesh will be more economically resourceful. Keeping in view the above facts and importance of this potential fruit crop, evaluation of farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation has taken as a research focus with the following objectives: i) to explore the attitude of the farmer regarding strawberry cultivation and ii) to determine the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area, Population and Sample Size: Two villages named Shahapur and Mirkamari were purposively nominated from Yusufpur union under charghat upazila of Rajshahi district. The study area is located on the alluvial plains of the Padma River. The pH of the soil ranges from 6.0 to 7.5. Here average temperature in the winter season (October to March) is 31.9°C(89.4°F) to 10.2°C(50.4°F) (www.banglapedia.org). So, the environment of the study area is suitable for strawberry cultivation. The strawberry farmers of selected two villages were considered as the population of the study. Strawberry farmer’s list was prepared with the help of Sub Assistant Agriculture Officers (SAAO) of that area. Total strawberry farmers of this area were 160. There are several methods for determining the sample size; at this time, to make a relevant sample size from the population following formula was used which developed by (Kothari, 2004): n = Z2 P QN / (N-1) e2 + Z2 P Q [Where, n = Sample size, Z = Table value at 1 df (1.96), P = Probability (assume 0.5), Q= Remaining from probability (1-P), N =Total population, e = Level of precision (5%)] By using this formula, 113 strawberry farmers were selected proportionately and randomly as the sample of the study. Figure 1: The map of Bangladesh showing (circled area) Rajshahi district
  • 3. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 352 Figure 2: Map of Rajshahi district showing the study area (Charghat Upazila) Data Collection Procedure A semi-structured interview schedule was used for data collection. It was prepared keeping the objectives of the study in mind. The prepared interview schedule was pre- tested with 10 sample respondents from the study area. After making necessary corrections on the basis of pre- test, data were collected through personal interviewing. Collection of data took 26 days from 3 January to 28 January 2019. Collected data from the respondents was analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the objectives of the study. The analysis of data was implemented using statistical treatment with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) computer program, version 20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Measurement of Attitude regarding Strawberry Cultivation Attitude of a respondent regarding strawberry cultivation was measured by Five-point Likert Scale method where summated ratings were used to find out the strawberry farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Thirteen (13) statements expressing positive and negative feelings regarding strawberry cultivation were constructed. A statement was considered positive if it indicated a favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. If the case was reversed, it was considered as a negative statement. Out of these thirteen statements seven were positive and six were negative. Scoring was done by assigning 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 scores to the five alternative responses as "strongly agreed", "agreed", "undecided", "disagreed", and "strongly disagreed" respectively in case of a positive statement. Reverse score was assigned for a negative statement. However, the attitude towards strawberry cultivation of a farmer was obtained by summing up his/her scores for all thirteen (13) statements in item no. 13 of the interview schedule. Attitude score, thus, obtained for a respondent could range from zero (0) to 52, where zero (0) indicated a very unfavorable attitude, 26 indicated neutral attitude and ‘52’ indicated the highest level of favorable attitude. Attitude score of the respondents towards strawberry cultivation could theoretically range from 0 to 52. However, the observed range was 25 to 45 with an average of 36.29, standard deviation of 3.72. Based on the attitude scores, the respondents were placed under five categories namely unfavorable, neutral, low favorable, medium favorable and high favorable. The distribution of the respondents under each of the five categories has been shown in Table 1. Table 1: Distribution of the farmers according to their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Categories Basis of categori- zation (score) Farmers Mean Standard Deviation Number Percent Unfavour- able < 26 1 0.9 36.29 3.72 Neutral 26 2 1.8 Low favourable 27-35 46 40.7 Medium favourable 36-43 58 51.3 High favourable 44-52 6 5.3 Total 113 100 Source: Author’s estimation Data presented in Table 1 reveal that an overwhelming 97.3 percent of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Where, 40.7 percent low favorable attitude, 51.3 percent medium favorable attitude and 5.3 percent farmers had high favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Rest 1.8 percent and 0.9 percent of the farmers had neutral and unfavorable attitudes respectively regarding strawberry cultivation. Farmers of the study area have more or less positive attitude towards strawberry cultivation as its easy cultivation procedures, high demand, approximately double profit and less disease and pest infestation. Contribution of the selected characteristics of the strawberry farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation For measuring contribution of the selected characteristics of the strawberry farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation,12 characteristics were considered which includes: age (x1), level of education (x2), farm size (x3), strawberry cultivation area (x4), annual family income (x5), income from strawberry cultivation (x6), Training exposure(x7), extension contact (x8), strawberry cultivation experience (x9), problem faced in cultivation (x10), knowledge on strawberry cultivation (x11) and practice on
  • 4. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Mondal and Das 353 Table 2: Measurement techniques of the selected characteristics of the strawberry farmers S/N Characteristics Score Technique 1. Age 1 for each complete year of age of the respondent 2. Level of education 1 for each year of school education,0 for illiterate and o.5 for can sign only 3. Farm size 1 for each hectare of land 4. Strawberry cultivation area 1 for each hectare of land 5. Annual family income 1 for each (‘000’ Taka) income in a year 6. Income from strawberry cultivation 1 for each (‘000’ Taka) income in a year 7. Training exposure 1 for each day training participation 8. Extension contact 0 for no contact, 1 for rarely contact, 2 for occasionally contact and 3 for regularly contact 9. Strawberry cultivation experience 1 for each year of cultivation experience 10. Problem faced in strawberry cultivation 0 for no problem, 1 for low problem, 2 for moderate problem and 3 for severe problem 11. Knowledge on strawberry cultivation 0 for no/wrong answer, 1 for partial answer and 2 for full answer 12. Practice on strawberry cultivation 0 for no practices, 1 for rarely practices, 2 for occasionally practices and 3 for regularly practices (n=113) strawberry cultivation (x12). Attitude towards strawberry cultivation (x) was a dependent variable in this case. Then full model regression analysis was also run with selected 12 independent variables where the dependent variable was attitude strawberry cultivation. It was observed that the full model regression results were misleading due to the existence of interrelationships and multicollinearity among the variables. Therefore, in order to avoid the misleading results and to determine the best explanatory variables, the method of stepwise multiple regressions was administered and 12 independent variables were fitted together in stepwise multiple regression analysis. Table 3 shows the summarized results of stepwise multiple regression analysis with 12 independent variables on the farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation. It was observed that out of 12 variables 6 independent variables namely knowledge on strawberry cultivation (x11), problem faced in strawberry cultivation (x10), strawberry cultivation experience (x9), age (x1), level of education (x2) and income from strawberry cultivation (x6) were entered into the regression equation. Other six variables were not entered into the regression equation. The regression equation so obtained is presented below: X = 22.31 + 0.439X11 -0.210X10 + 0.204X9 + 0.238X1 + 0.186X2 + 0.140X6 Table 3 Summary of stepwise multiple regression analysis showing the contribution of selected characteristics of the farmers on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Variable entered Standardized Partial ‘b’ Coefficients Value of ‘t’ (with probability level) Adjusted R2 Increase in R2 Variation Explains in % Knowledge on strawberry cultivation (x11) 0.439 5.957(.000) 0.516 0.516 51.6 Problem faced in strawberry cultivation (x10) -0.210 - 3.216(.002) 0.570 0.054 5.4 Strawberry cultivation experience (x9) 0.204 3.139(.002) 0.578 0.018 1.8 Age (x1) 0.238 3.504(.001) 0.601 0.013 1.3 Level of education (x2) 0.186 2.650(.009) 0.620 0.019 1.9 Income from strawberry Cultivation (x6) 0.140 2.275(.025) 0.634 0.014 1.4 Total 0.634 63.4 Multiple R = 0.831 R-square = 0.690 Adjusted R-square = 0.634 F-ratio = 18.53 Standard error of estimate = 2.20 Constant = 22.31 The multiple R and R2 values were found to be 0.831 and 0.690 respectively and the corresponding F-ratio was 18.53 which were significant at 0.000 levels. For determining a unique contribution on farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation, each of the six variables' increase in R2 value was determined. These six variables together explained 63.4 percent of the total contribution on attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Knowledge on strawberry cultivation had the highest contribution (51.6 percent of the variation) followed by Problem faced in strawberry cultivation (5.4 percent), Strawberry cultivation experience (1.8 percent), age (1.3 percent), level of education (1.9 percent) and income from strawberry cultivation (1.4 percent) on attitude towards strawberry cultivation.
  • 5. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Int. J. Agric. Educ. Ext. 354 Table 3 showed that knowledge on strawberry cultivation, Problem faced in strawberry cultivation, Strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation had significant contribution on attitude towards strawberry cultivation i.e. the farmers having more knowledge on strawberry cultivation, less problem faced in strawberry cultivation, high strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and high income from strawberry cultivation were found to have more positive attitude towards strawberry cultivation and in this connection, some predictive importance has been briefly discussed below: Knowledge on strawberry cultivation on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Knowledge on strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had the highest contribution (51.6%) on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Practically knowledge and attitude are dependent on each other. Attitude could be positive or negative but it depends on knowledge. To any new innovation, at first farmers gather knowledge then take decisions to adopt or reject the innovation. Mandal (2016) found a positive significant relationship between knowledge and attitude towards watermelon cultivation. Problem faced in strawberry cultivation on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Problem faced in strawberry cultivation had the 2nd highest contribution (5.4%) on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Problem faced in strawberry cultivation and attitude towards strawberry cultivation has an inverse relationship. With the increase of problems, an unfavorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation may be formed and with the decrease of problems, a more favorable attitude towards strawberry cultivation may be formed. If a farmer faces different problems and he/she can’t achieve expected production and profit then this situation may distract him/her from strawberry cultivation and vice-versa. Mandal (2016) found a significant negative relationship between problem and attitude towards watermelon cultivation. Strawberry cultivation experience on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation From stepwise multiple regressions, it was found that strawberry cultivation experience of the strawberry farmers had 3rd highest contribution (1.8%) on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation. Knowledge of experience is much greater than theoretical knowledge. So, experience of strawberry cultivation helps farmers to increase their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Islam (2012) found that farmer’s attitude has positive significant relationship with farming experience. Age on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Age of the strawberry farmers had 4th contribution (1.3%) on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Generally, the young generation has a strong mentality to take any challenge. So, young people can adopt any innovation more easily than older. In these Research table 2 showing 53.36% young aged farmers are cultivated strawberry. After observing the result older people form positive or negative attitudes regarding innovation. Shing (2019) found a significant positive relationship between age and attitude towards maize cultivation. Level of education on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation From the findings it was found that the level of education of the strawberry farmers had 5th contribution (1.9%) on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Education creates a favorable mental atmosphere for accepting new practice. It produces change in knowledge, attitude and skill by widening people’s mental horizons and by developing favorable mental looks. Education is the most influencing force-factor in adoption of innovation (Bhuiyan, 2012). Islam (2016) found that education background had significant contribution at 5% level of significance on their attitude towards commercial cultivation of cut flowers. Shing (2019) also found a significant positive relationship between level of education and attitude towards maize cultivation. Income from strawberry cultivation on attitude regarding strawberry cultivation Income from strawberry cultivation of the strawberry farmers had 6th contribution (1.4%) on their attitude towards strawberry cultivation. The main purpose of strawberry cultivation is to be self-reliant. So, more income increases a more favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. According to Mandal (2016) and Shing (2019) the finding was that attitude has positive significant relationship with watermelon cultivation and maize cultivation respectively. CONCLUSION The finding shows that the majority 97.3% of the respondents had a low to high favorable attitude regarding strawberry cultivation. Farmer’s six characteristics knowledge, problem, strawberry cultivation experience, age, level of education and income from strawberry cultivation has significant contribution on their attitude regarding strawberry cultivation and the contribution is 63.4%. Therefore, it may be concluded that farmers’ attitude towards strawberry cultivation are good enough in the study areas of Bangladesh. So, proper steps should be taken to keep it up and try to spread it in other potential areas of Bangladesh through different extension activities like training, farm visit, demonstration etc. The role of Extension agents is very important in such cases.
  • 6. A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation Mondal and Das 355 RECOMMENDATIONS The study recommended that strawberry production and positive attitude of the farmers towards strawberry cultivation will be improved through low cultivation cost and maximum economic returns, availability of high yielding varieties, proper storage facilities, and good market access of this crop. Government and non- government organizations like different Universities, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Department of Agricultural Extension, Horticultural Research Centre etc. have to put effort to allocate resources and encourage both rural and urban people to undertake strawberry cultivation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors would like to express special thanks of gratitude to the Charghat Upazila Agriculture Officers and strawberry farmers for the endless support on the research work. CONFLICT INTEREST We hereby declared that no conflict of interest exists in the study between the authors. Both authors are contributed equally in data collection, data analysis and report writing. REFERENCES Barney DL (1999). Growing strawberries in the Inland Northwest and Intermountain West. University of Idaho’s Sandpoint Research and Extension Center, Moscow, pp. 1-25. Basu A, Nguyen A, Betts NM and Lyons TJ (2014). Strawberry as a functional food–an evidence based review. Critical Reviews Food Science Nutrition, 54 : 790-806. Bhuiyan MH (2012). Generation and diffusion of agricultural innovation. First edition. Gurpukur Research Institute. Dhaka, Bangladesh, Pp:99-100. DAE (1999). Agricultural Extension manual. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the people’s Republic of Bangladesh. Khamarbari, Dhaka. Hossan MJ, Islam MS, Ahsan MK, Mehraj H and Uddin AFMJ (2013). Growth and yield performance of strawberry germplasm at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. Journal of Experimental Biosciences, 4(1):89-92. Islam MR, Biswas MJH, Akanda MGR, Amin MR, Hasan IM, Asif A , Sheheli S and Sharif MN (2015). Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agriculture. Asian J. Med. Biol, 1 (2), 367-379. Islam MA (2016). Farmers’ attitude towards commercial cultivation of cut flowers. M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Agricultural Extension and Information System, SAU, Dhaka. Khatun M, Rashid MA, Khandoker S, Kundu ND and Matin MA (2019). Resource Use efficiency analysis in strawberry production in the selected areas in Bangladesh. SAARC. J. Agric., 17(1):180-200. Kothari CR (2004). Research methodology methods & techniques. Second Edition, New Delhi: New Age International publisher, P. 39. Mandal S (2016). Farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practice Regarding watermelon cultivation. M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Agricultural Extension and Information System, SAU, Dhaka. Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X and Liu RH (2002). Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 7449-7454. Shing RR (2018).Knowledge and attitude of the farmers towards maize cultivation in selected area of gaibandha district. M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Agricultural Extension and Information System, SAU, Dhaka. The daily observer (2016). Commercial strawberry Cultivation on the rise in Rajshahi, https://www.observerbd.com. The Daily Star (2015). Strawberry farming gains momentum in Rajshahi, https://www.thedailystar.net. WWW.healthline.com (2019).Strawberries 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits. WWW.banglapedia.org.,Rajshahi Division. Accepted 25 June 2020 Citation: Mondal T, Das D (2020). A Survey Study on Farmers’ Attitude Regarding Strawberry Cultivation. International Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 6(2): 350-355. Copyright: © 2020 Mondal and Das. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.