The document discusses language diversity around the world. It notes that the greatest concentration of indigenous languages is found in Melanesia, where over 1,500 languages exist in a small geographic area. The text explores the social factors that influence dialects, explaining that regional dialects indicate where one is from while social dialects indicate one's social identity. It also examines how communicative competence and an identifying speech community determine what constitutes a language versus a dialect.

1. Reflection.
It is hard to know how many languages exist all over the world and how many dialects the
English language has. First of all we have to be aware that language and dialect are
fundamentally social and not a linguistic matter as everybody could imagine. The term
“dialect” is a subordinate variety of a language which is often of a social nature. The
English language has many dialects and some are regional dialects or social dialect. The
regional dialect is associated with a place and says where we come from and the social
dialect says who we are. The text talks about indigenous languages where the greatest
concentration is found in Melanesia, a nation of Papua New Guinea, where we can found
1500 languages. The larger island in New Guinea is Britain where people some people live
in small villages and all of them speaks four or five languages. There are two major
families in Papua New Guinea: Austronesian and Non-austronesian. Austronesian people
speaks: Bibling, Siassi and Whiteman, while Non-austronesian people speaks: Anem. The
text also talks about endemic diseases which restricted not only mobility but also
population growth.
The important of social factors is crucial because they decide what counts as a language
or dialect. Pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary vary from other dialects of the same
language. The regional and social dialects are concerned of the variation in a language.
The style depends on the range of the situation from informal to informal, social context,
relationship, sex, age, among others. The existence of a language depends on the speech
community and the communicative competence. The speech community depends on the
availability of a social group who claims a variety as their own, and communicative
competence are the conventions that social groups share about their speech.
Language helps us to make sense of the world. When we start to classify things, we
impose a structure and language helps us to construct a model of our own world.