Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Cardiovascular Care
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Cardiovascular Care
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Cardiovascular Care
- 1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Cardiovascular Care Dr. Nasir Mustafa
- 6. What is CPR? CPR combines rescue breathing and chest compressions Rescue breathing provides oxygen to the person's lungs Chest compressions keep oxygen-rich blood flowing until the heartbeat and breathing can be restored
- 7. Five Links in the Adult Chain of Survival
- 8. What is an Automated External Defibrillator (AED)? An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable device that checks the heart rhythm Learning how to use an AED and taking a CPR course are helpful
- 9. Check for Responsiveness Check for responsivenes s If there is no response, shout for help Carefully place the child on his or her back
- 10. Child Note Breathing Open the airway Look, listen and feel for breathing Continue CPR
- 11. First Aid Kit A good first aid kit should always be checked and periodically restocked
- 12. Using First Aid Caregivers should complete basic first aid training before beginning child care employment
- 13. Handling Medical Emergencies Diluting or removing poisons from the child’s body Preventing shock Treating burns properly Immobilizing head and back injuries Caregivers must be trained in first aid to handle medical emergencies such as: Preventing severe blood loss Helping the child to maintain breathing
- 14. First Aid Techniques Helping the Child to Maintain Breathing Time is very important when dealing with an unconscious child who is not breathing Permanent brain damage or even death can occur! Preventing Severe Blood Loss First aid for severe bleeding is to apply direct pressure firmly to the wound with a clean dressing held in place by the hand of an adult
- 15. First Aid Techniques Preventing Shock Keep the child laying flat on the back Use a blanket If the child is thirst, moisten the lips Get medical help as soon as possible Poisons It is important to dilute the poison or remove the poison from the body before the body absorbs it
- 16. First Aid Techniques Head and Back Injuries Do not move the child other than life- threatening circumstances Treat for shock Call for emergency medical assistance Treating Burns Properly Do not chill the burn or submerge the child in cold water Cover the burned areas with a loose, dry, sterile dressing Do not use ointments or antiseptics
- 18. References and Resources Images: American Accreditation Health Care Commission http://www.urac.org American Red Cross Conscious choking poster. http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m4240176_ConsciousChokingPoster_EN.pdf American Red Cross Hand washing poster. http://www.redcross.org/images/MEDIA_CustomProductCatalog/m4240174_HandWashingPoster_EN.pdf Microsoft Clip Art: Used with permission from Microsoft. National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/ Textbook: Decker, Celia. Child development; early stages through age 12. 7th. Tinley Park, IL: Goodheart-Willcox, 2011. Websites: American Heart Association What is CPR? http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/What-is-CPR_UCM_001120_SubHomePage.jsp
Editor's Notes
- CPR combines rescue breathing and chest compressions. Rescue breathing provides oxygen to the person's lungs. Chest compressions keep oxygen-rich blood flowing until the heartbeat and breathing can be restored.
- Each year, more than 250,000 Americans die from sudden cardiac arrest. According to medical experts, the key to survival is timely initiation of a "chain of survival,” including CPR. The five links in the adult chain of survival are: Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with an emphasis on chest compressions Rapid defibrillation Effective advanced life support Integrated post-cardiac arrest care American Heart Association The term Chain of Survival provides a useful metaphor for the elements of the ECC systems concept. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/AboutUs/Chain-of-Survival_UCM_307516_Article.jsp
- An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable device that checks the heart rhythm. If needed, it can send an electric shock to the heart to try to restore a normal rhythm. AEDs are used to treat sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). The American Heart Association notes that at least 20,000 lives could be saved annually by prompt use of AEDs. SCA usually causes death if it's not treated within minutes. In fact, each minute of SCA leads to a 10 percent reduction in survival. Using an AED on a person who is having SCA may save the person's life. If someone is having sudden cardiac arrest, using an AED and giving CPR can improve the person's chance of survival. AEDs are lightweight, battery-operated, portable devices that are easy to use. Each unit comes with instructions, and the device will even give you voice prompts to let you know if and when you should send a shock to the heart. Learning how to use an AED and taking a CPR course are helpful. However, if trained personnel aren't available, untrained people also can use an AED to help save someone's life. You often find AEDs in places with many people, such as shopping malls, golf courses, businesses, airports, airplanes, casinos, convention centers, hotels, sports venues and schools. You also can purchase a home-use AED. Some people are afraid to use an AED to help save someone's life. They're worried that something might go wrong and that they might be sued. However, Good Samaritan laws in each state and the Federal Cardiac Arrest Survival Act (CASA) provide some protection for untrained bystanders who respond to emergencies. Teacher note: You can arrange for the school nurse to come to class to demonstrate the use of an AED.
- 1. Check for responsiveness. Shake or tap the child gently. See if the child moves or makes a noise. Shout, "Are you okay?“ 2. If there is no response, shout for help. Send someone to call 911 and retrieve an automated external defibrillator (AED) if one is available. Do not leave the child alone to call 911 and retrieve an AED until you have performed CPR for about 2 minutes. 3. Carefully place the child on his or her back. If there is a chance the child has a spinal injury, two people should move the child to prevent the head and neck from twisting. Medline Plus CPR - Child 1 to 8 years old http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100215_1.htm
- 5. Open the airway. Lift up the chin with one hand. At the same time, push down on the forehead with the other hand. 6. Look, listen and feel for breathing. Place your ear close to the child's mouth and nose. Watch for chest movement. Feel for breath on your cheek. 7. If the child is not breathing: Cover the child's mouth tightly with your mouth. Pinch the nose closed. Keep the chin lifted and head tilted. Give two breaths. Each breath should take about a second and make the chest rise. 8. Continue CPR (30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths, then repeat) for about 2 minutes. 9. After about 2 minutes of CPR, if the child still does not have normal breathing, coughing, or any movement, leave the child if you are alone and call 911. If an AED for children is available, use it now. 10. Repeat rescue breathing and chest compressions until the child recovers or help arrives. If the child starts breathing again, place him or her in the recovery position. Periodically re-check for breathing until help arrives. Medline Plus CPR - Child 1 to 8 years old http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100215_1.htm
- A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid and can be put together for the purpose by an individual or organization or purchased complete. The American Red Cross recommends that a good first aid kit should be checked, restocked periodically and always contain the following items: 2 absorbent compress dressings (5 x 9 inches) 25 adhesive bandages (assorted sizes) 1 adhesive cloth tape (10 yards x 1 inch) 5 antibiotic ointment packets (approximately 1 gram) 5 antiseptic wipe packets 1 blanket (space blanket) 1 breathing barrier (with one-way valve) First aid instruction booklet 2 hydrocortisone ointment packets (approximately 1 gram each) 1 instant cold compress oral thermometer (non-mercury/non-glass) 2 packets of aspirin (81 mg each) 2 pair of non-latex gloves (size: large) scissors 1 roller bandage (3 inches wide) 1 roller bandage (4 inches wide) 5 sterile gauze pads (3 x 3 inches) 5 sterile gauze pads (4 x 4 inches) 2 triangular bandages tweezers Do you have a first aid kit in your home? In your car? American Red Cross Anatomy of a First Aid Kit. http://www.redcross.org/prepare/location/home-family/get-kit/anatomy
- Caregivers should complete basic first aid training before beginning child care employment. Only first aid used for life threatening injuries common to children is discussed in this lesson. In order to save lives and prevent further injury, a person using first aid must prevent severe blood loss, maintain breathing and prevent shock. After initial first aid is given and it is found that the sick or injured child can be safely moved, the child may be taken to an emergency room in the child care center. This room should contain the following items: A comfortable place for the child to lie down First aid supplies A blanket to cover the child Posted charts regarding first aid treatment, such as how to handle suspected poisonings, unconsciousness and disease symptoms Emergency numbers for ambulance, police, fire department and poison control center An emergency file for each child containing names and telephone numbers of the child’s doctor, hospital, parent(s) and other people the center staff is authorized to call in an emergency
- Caregivers must be trained in first aid to handle medical emergencies. First aid is used to save lives and prevent further injury. Examples of first aid procedures include the following: Preventing severe blood loss Helping the child to maintain breathing Diluting or removing poisons from the child’s body Preventing shock Treating burns properly Immobilizing head and back injuries
- Severe bleeding must be stopped immediately. A doctor or emergency medical team should be called. Shock and loss of consciousness may occur quickly in a child. First aid for severe bleeding is to apply direct pressure firmly to the wound with a clean dressing held in place by the hand of an adult. This method prevents blood loss without interference with normal blood circulation. If possible, raise the injured area above the level of the victim’s heart to slow the blood flow to the wound. If bleeding continues, apply direct pressure to the wound while applying pressure against pressure points. A first aid course will demonstrate exactly the correct procedures to be used. If a child stops breathing, immediate action should be taken by the closest caregiver. Permanent brain damage (followed by death) can result if breathing does not begin between four to six minutes after the heartbeat has stopped. Time is very important when dealing with an unconscious child who is not breathing. Permanent brain damage begins after only 4 minutes without oxygen, and death can occur as soon as 4 - 6 minutes later. Breathing can stop for any of the reasons listed below: Obstruction in the air passage Swelling due to damage of the air passage following the swallowing of a corrosive substance (such as lye) Acute asthma attack Lack of oxygen in the air (as in gas poisoning or being locked in an enclosed space such as an abandoned refrigerator) Suffocation due to a plastic bag or other materials blocking the mouth and nostrils Electrical shock Poisoning Drowning A child who has stopped breathing may be unconscious with no breathing movements of the chest or stomach. The child’s lips will likely be blue and the pupils will be dilated.
- As with other emergencies, quick and correct action is necessary when a child has swallowed a poison. It is important to dilute the poison or remove the poison from the body before the body absorbs it. The steps to take are as follows: If possible, identify the poison. Give first aid appropriate for that poison. Sources of information include the following: The label on the original container The poison control center hotline The poison first aid chart posted in the child care center A hospital emergency room Treat the child for shock Rush the child to the hospital or call for emergency medical services. Take the original poison container, if available, and a sample of any vomited material with you if the child has vomited. Why? These can help the doctor with diagnosis and treatment. Shock is a serious condition that follows injury or sudden illness; it can be fatal. Shock results from a depression of vital body functions. It is a sign that the body is overstressed. In all cases of shock, the blood flow to vital organs is reduced. The child will probably not be able to breathe well. Every victim of injury or illness should be treated for shock, even if symptoms of shock do not appear. The symptoms are as follows: Pale or bluish skin Cold, moist skin Weak, rapid pulse Shallow or deep breathing Weakness, dizziness, anxiousness or restlessness of the victim First aid for the treatment and prevention of shock includes the following steps: Keep the child lying flat on his or her back. In case of nausea or unconsciousness, turn the head to one side. Raise the feet eight to twelve inches unless doing so might further harm an injury. Place a blanket appropriate for the climate under and over the child to prevent chilling. If the child is thirsty, moisten the lips. Do not give fluids if the child is unconscious, is nauseated, has head or abdominal injuries, may require surgery or if medical help will arrive in less than one hour. Get medical help as soon as possible. Reassure and encourage the child.
- Severe burns may result from fire, electrical shock, scalding liquids or touching a hot object. Burns are very dangerous to a child. Because a child’s body surface is much smaller than that of an adult, a small burn may cause serious harm to a child. If ten percent or more of a child’s body is burned or if the child has a third degree burn, medical treatment is essential. In a third degree burn, blisters form on the burned area and the skin may be charred. If a burn is severe, do not chill the burn or submerge the child in cold water. These are appropriate techniques for minor burns. To do so for severe burns may cause shock. Appropriate first aid is to cover the burned areas with a loose, dry sterile dressing to help prevent infection. Do not touch the burned area. Use no ointments or antiseptics. Treat the child for shock and arrange to take the child to a hospital emergency room immediately. Children take most tumbles, falls and bumps without injury. However, caregivers should be alert for serious head, neck and back injuries. These are likely to occur if the child falls from a high place or falls on a hard surface, such as asphalt or concrete. Head injuries may show no immediate symptoms except a bump or bruises. However, head injuries may cause bleeding inside the skull. This could cause brain damage and even death. Symptoms which may occur later include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, blurred vision, vomiting and unconsciousness. If a neck or back injury is suspected, do not move the child unless there is danger of explosion, fire or other life-threatening circumstances. If the child must be moved for these reasons, move the child with caution and follow the procedure you will learn in first aid training. Treat for shock and other injuries. Call for an emergency medical team to move the victim to the hospital. In the case of head, neck or back injuries, the child should always be immobilized. To immobilize means to hold or fix so that a part of the body cannot move.