7. Standardization Phases Diffusion Adoption BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Ratification Development Inception

19. BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Business Process Management Business Process Automation Business Process Innovation Business Process Monitoring Notation Standard Integration Standards Interaction Standards Standard Metrics Audit Standards

20. The Workflow Reference Model BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Process Definition Tools Administration & Monitoring Tools Interface 1 Interface 4 Interoperability Interface 5 Workflow Enactment Service Other Workflow Enactment Service(s) Worklist Handler Interface 3 Interface 2 Invoked Applications Tool Agent Process Definition Import/Export Client Apps Workflow Engine(s) Workflow Engine(s) see: www.wfmc.org/standards/docs/tc003v11.pdf Typically Web Services BPMN XPDL Wf-XML SOAP BPEL

21. Process Design Ecosystem BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Vendor B Vendor C Design Tool Design Tool Modeling Tools Optimization Tools Simulation Tools Execution Engine Execution Engine BPEL or some engine specific format BPEL or some engine specific format Process Repository Vendor A Vendor D ASAP Wf-XML

22. BPMN - Modeling Notation BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

24. Practical Use of BPMN Symbols BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

25. Symbols per Diagram BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

28. BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

32. BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

34. BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

35. Trading Partner Agreements BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

36. Tight Coupling BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

39. Process and Activity Decomposition BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Request Purchase Approval Initiate Purchase Purchase Supplies

41. Wf-XML Interaction BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

42. Loose Coupling (REST) BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

44. PRR Taxonomy PRR Focus BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

46. BMM - Means and Ends BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

47. BMM - Means and Ends BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

48. Standards should be discovered, not invented BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Vincent Cerf, in: Haffer, Lyon: “Where the Wizards stay up late”, 1998 p. 254

49. Complexity BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Group Standard Year Version Pages W3C WSCL 2002 1.0 22 DAMLSC DAML-S 2002 0.9 26 W3C WSDL 2002 1.2 30 NIST PSL 1998 0.98 32 OASIS ASAP 2003 0.1 34 WfMC Wf-XML 2002 1.1 57 W3C XML 2000 1.0 59 IETF HTTP 1996 1.0 60 IETF FTP 1980 1.0 70 IETF HTML 1995 2.0 70 WfMC XPDL 2003 1.0 87 OMG Wf-Facility 1997 1.0 95 BPMI BPML 2002 1.0 103 IBM WSFL 2001 1.0 108 W3C SOAP 2003 1.2 128 OASIS BPEL 2003 1.1 136 OASIS BPSS 2001 1.01 136 RosettaNet RN Implementation Framework 2002 2.00.01 143 ISO SGML 1986 1.0 155 IETF HTTP 1999 1.1 176 OASIS BTP 2002 1.0 188 OMG UML 2003 1.5 736

52. BPM 1990: Workflow in the Brain BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Background Check Conformance Guidelines Application Logic in Monolithic Program UI “ Screens” Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct Swenson (2007)

53. BPM 1993: Task Management BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. background check create account check guidelines Launches UI User accesses original UI directly Human BPM/Workflow: Background Check Conformance Guidelines Application Logic in Monolithic Program UI “ Screens” Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct Swenson (2007)

54. BPM 1996: Workflow Routing BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. background check Launches UI User accesses original UI directly Human BPM/Workflow: Background Check Conformance Guidelines Application Logic in Monolithic Program UI “ Screens” Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct create account check guidelines Swenson (2007)

55. BPM 2002: Services Integration BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Enter Information Background Check Conformance Rules Application Logic and SOA Services Interfaces Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct Review rules check backgr. check create account UI connects user to BPMS, not the back-end applications Swenson (2007)

56. BPM 2007: Composite Services BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Enter Information Background Check New Rules Application Logic and SOA Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct Review Check Create account ESB/BPEL Composite Service Swenson (2007)

57. BPM 2007: Composite Services BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Enter Information Background Check New Rules Application Logic and SOA Enterprise Application “ Account Management” list Accts new Acct update Acct delete Acct Review Check Create account ESB/BPEL Composite Services Swenson (2007)

60. Learning from History BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Products Academia Standards

66. Genealogy of BPM Standards BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

67. “ Rough Consensus and Running Code” BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Sir Tim Berners-Lee in: “Weaving the Web”, 1999

68. Mobility of Standards Makers BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

70. Standardization Venues BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. IETF OASIS OMG W3C WfMC Entrance Barrier Low ($0) Low-High ($250-45,000) Medium-High ($500-70,0000) Medium-High ($635-63,500) or invitation Medium ($500-5000) or fellowship WG formation 2 BOF + Charter, approval required 3 members, max cycle 30 days Ad hoc, DTC charters topics Only within current W3C activities Ad hoc, TC charters topics Procedural Rules Strict Formal Strict Strict Relaxed IP Rules RAND RAND RAND W3C License Royalty-free license Conceptual Framework Areas None MDA WS Architecture WfMC Reference Model Interest in BPM None Individual WGs BEIDTF + BPMI WS-CDL Focus Implementation Required Yes Yes, not enforced Yes, not enforced Yes No

71. Social Movements: Individuals BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

72. BPMN Working Group BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

73. Attendance: Power-Law at work BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. # of BPMN meetings attended 2001-2006, all attendees

75. Developing a Theory of Social Ecology BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

77. Contrasting Explanations BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved. Example Economical Explanation Ecological Explanation New industry groups submit their standards to older bodies (for example, IBM et al. submit to OASIS; WfMC submits to IETF) Vendors need a branded standard that will attract more adopters. Vendors migrate to habitats that can confer the greatest legitimacy. A standards effort is rejected by an established institution (for example, IETF prevents the formation of a working group around the WfMC proposal) The institution doesn’t believe the standard will increase market size. The institution is protecting its niche; its criteria for rejection are an expression of its values. Attempts to control IP (for example, the W3C proposal to change IP policy in vendors’ favor) Economic self-interest of vendors favors privately owned IP. Companies will try to protect their niches. Attempts to make IP public (for example, the W3C decision not to change IP policy in vendors’ favor) Shared IP is in the long run better for companies, as it reduces legal costs associated with disputes and expands markets. The Internet emerged as an ecosystem where resources are shared, and this ethos persists.

79. Publications BPM Standards Tutorial © 2007 Michael zur Muehlen. All Rights Reserved.

80. Thank You – Questions? Michael zur Muehlen, Ph.D. Center of Excellence in Business Process Innovation Howe School of Technology Management Stevens Institute of Technology Castle Point on the Hudson Hoboken, NJ 07030 Phone: +1 (201) 216-8293 Fax: +1 (201) 216-5385 E-mail: [email_address] Web: http://www.cebpi.org