Fault and Fold ppt

2. Presentation
Topic
FAULTS & FOLDS

3. GROUP MEMBERS
MOHAMMAD ZAMAN (BSCT01151010)
JAHAN ZAIB AFZAL (BSCT01153098)
BAZIL ARSHAD (BSCT01153035)
SAAD HASSAN (BSCT01153101)
M.HUZAIFA (BSCT01173111)

4. MOHAMMAD ZAMAN
BSCT01151010

6. Fault :
 A fault is a break in the rocks that make up the
Earth's crust, along which rocks on either side
have moved past each other. Not every crack in
the ground is a fault.

7. Faults
 A break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
Fault
Three parts of a Fault include;
1) Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane.
Hanging Wall

8. Faults
 a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
Fault
Three parts of a Fault include;
1) Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane.
2) Foot Wall - the bottom part of the rock below the fault plane.
Foot Wall

9. Jahan zaib Afzal
BSC
T01153098

10. Faults
 a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
Fault
Three parts of a Fault include;
1) Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane.
Fault Plane
3) Fault Plane - the surface that separates the two moving pieces.
2) Foot Wall - the bottom part of the rock below the fault plane.

11. Faults
 a break or crack in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
Fault
Three parts of a Fault include;
1) Hanging Wall - the top part of the rock above the fault plane.
Hanging Wall
Fault Plane
3) Fault Plane - the surface that separates the two moving pieces.
2) Foot Wall - the bottom part of the rock below the fault plane.
Foot Wall

12. Concept of hanging wall and
footwall along a fault

13. Faults
Different Types of Faults;
 Caused by tensional forces.
 Hanging wall drops in relation to the foot wall.
1) Normal Fault (dip-slip)
Hanging Wall
Foot Wall
2) Reverse Fault (dip-slip)
 Caused by compressional forces.
 Hanging wall moves upward in relation to the foot wall.

14. BAZIL ARSHAD
BSCT01153035

15. Faults
Different Types of Faults;
 Caused by Compressional forces.
 Hanging wall moves up over foot wall.
3) Thrust Fault (dip-slip)
 Low angle reverse fault.
Hanging Wall
Foot Wall
 Caused by shearing forces.
 Two plates slide side by side.
 No vertical movement.
4) Transform Fault (strike-slip)

16. Faults
Horst and Graben:
 An uplifted block of crust
bounded by two normal faults.
 Caused by tensional forces.
 A valley formed by the
downward displacement of a
block of crust bounded by
two faults.
 Caused by tensional forces.
Horst
Horst
Graben
Graben

17. Listric faults
• LISTRIC FAULTS ARE SIMILAR TO NORMAL
FAULTS.
• THE FAULT PLANE CURVES.
• THE DIP BEING STEEPER NEAR THE SURFACE.
• A MANNER THAT CREATES MULTIPLE LISTRIC
FAULTS.

18. Sample problem
With the aid of a clearly labelled diagram, describe the
difference between a normal fault and a reverse fault.
Answer:
A normal fault is formed when
tensional forces cause movement
within Earth’s crust.
Hanging Wall
Foot Wall
Tensional Forces
Compressional Forces
Foot Wall
WallHangingA reverse fault is formed when
compressional forces cause
movement within Earth’s crust .

19. .

20. Saad HassaN
BSCT01153101

21. A GEOLOGICAL FOLD OCCURS WHEN ONE OR A STACK OF
ORIGINALLY FLAT AND PLANAR SURFACES, SUCH
AS SEDIMENTARY STRATA, ARE BENT OR CURVED AS A RESULT
OF PERMANENT DEFORMATION.
Fold

22. Folds
 Caused by Compressional forces.
 Crust moves downward forming a valley.
 Referred to as a down-fold.
 Caused by compressional forces.
 Crust moves upward forming a hill.
 Referred to as an up-fold.
Parts of a Fold Include;
1) Anticline
Anticline
2) Syncline
Syncline

23. Folds Types:
 ANTICLINE: LINEAR, STRATA NORMALLY DIP AWAY
FROM AXIAL CENTER, OLDEST STRATA IN CENTER
IRRESPECTIVE OF ORIENTATION.
 SYNCLINE: LINEAR, STRATA NORMALLY DIP
TOWARD AXIAL CENTER, YOUNGEST STRATA IN
CENTER IRRESPECTIVE OF ORIENTATION.
 ANTIFORM: LINEAR, STRATA DIP AWAY FROM
AXIAL CENTER, AGE UNKNOWN, OR INVERTED.

24.  Antiform: linear, strata dip away from axial center, age
unknown, or inverted.
 Fault propagation folding:
 Fault propagation folds or tip-line folds are caused when
displacement occurs on an existing fault without further
propagation

25. M.HUZAIFA
BSCT01173111

26. Folds
 Point where limbs change angle of dip.
4) Fold Axis
 side part of a syncline or anticline
3) Limbs
Parts of a Fold Include;
 Direction of fold (axis)
5) Strike
 Angle of limb with the horizontal.
6) Dip

27. Flow folding:
 The depiction of the effect of an advancing ramp of rigid
rock into compliant layers. Top: low drag by ramp: layers
are not altered in thickness; Bottom: high drag: lowest
layers tend to crumple

28. Fold shape:
 A fold can be shaped as a chevron, with planar
limbs meeting at an angular axis, as cuspate with
curved limbs, as circular with a curved axis, or as
elliptical with unequal wavelength