KERALA LAND REVENUE COMMISSIONERATE MANUAL - Vol I of Kerala Land Revenue Manual - Everything under the sun embraces the duties and responsibilities of Kerala land Revenue Officer - upload from James joseph Adhikarathil Kumaranalloor Kottayam

1. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amzÂ
hmeywþI
I½ojWtdäv amzÂ
em³UvdhyqhIp¸v, tIcfw
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Vol.I

2. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 II
KERALALAND REVENUE MANUAL Vol. I
(Issued by the authority of the Government of Kerala)
Printed and Published by:
The Commissioner Of Land Revenue
First Edition:
February, 2019
Typeset and Layout by:
A.R. Helen
Printed At:
Compiled by:
Sri. G.Balachandran Pillai
Sri.V.T. Gholly and
Smt. Sreelatha Nair.S
No. Of Copies :
Price:
© Copyright reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, printed or
distributed in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the
publisher.
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3. I½ojWtdäv amzÂIII
tIcfem³UvdhyqamzÂ
hmeyw þ I
I½ojWtdäv amzÂ
DffS¡w
BapJw
`mKwþ I
dhyq `cW Ncn{Xw
1. ]Ým¯ew
2. s]cp-amÄ Im-e-L«w
3. A[n-Imcw AYhm `c-W-{Iaw
4. Ah-Im-i-_Ôw
5. ImgvN AYhm Np¦w
6. mSp-hm-gn-¯-Imew
7. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ DZbw
8. sIm¨n cmPy-¯nsâ DÛhw
9. ae-_mÀþ DZbw
10. ]g-b-Im-es¯ ImkÀtKmUv
11. `qn-Ip-Xn-bpsS DÛhw
12. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdqw `qn-Ip-Xnbpw
13. em³Uv dh-yq hIp¸v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ
14. sIm¨n-bn dhyq hIp-¸nsâ {]hÀ¯m-cw`w
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4. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 IV
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5. I½ojWtdäv amzÂV
BapJw
kwØms¯ dhyq `cW¯nv qäm­pIfpsS Ncn{XamWpÅXv.
`qanbn AhImi§fpw tImbvaIfpw DSseSp¡pIbpw ImÀjnIhnfIfpsS
hnlnXw F¶ nebn nIpXnIÄ BhnÀ`hn¡pIbpw sNbvXtXmsSbmWv
dhyq `cW¯nv XpS¡amIp¶Xv. `qanbn³taepÅ P·mhImi§fn n¶pw
P·n¯, mSphmgn¯ `cW{Ia§fnte¡pw XpSÀ¶v {]mtZinI
m«pcmPy§fnte¡papÅ hfÀ¨bneqsS em³Uv dhyq `cW{Iaw AXnsâ
]cnWma¯nsâ hnhn[ L«§Ä ]n¶nSpIbmbncp¶p. `qanbn³taepÅ
AhImi§fpw `qanbn³ta Npa¯s¸« nIpXnIfpw am{Xw DÄs¡mÅp¶
]cnanXhpw F¶m XnI¨pw hyhØm]nXhpamb `cW{Iaambncp¶p ]gbIme
tIcf¯nsâ `cW kwhn[mw F¶p ImWmhp¶XmWv. {]mtZinI
`q{]`p¡·mcn n¶pw mSphmgnIfnte¡pw m«pcmPy§fnte¡pw Hs¡bpÅ
amähpw C¶p ImWp¶ B[pnI `cW kwhn[m¯nte¡pÅ amä§fpsams¡
]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ hyhØm]nXamb `cW{Iaw cq]oIrXamb BZy
Imebfhn em³Uv dhyq `cW{Iaw am{Xambncp¶p nen¶ncp¶Xv F¶p
ImWmw. m«p `cWIqS§fn n¶pw cq]s¸« XncphnXmwIqÀ, sIm¨n, ae_mÀ,
ku¯v Imd F¶n§sbpÅ hyhØm]nX `cWIqS§fn n¶pamWv C¶p
ImWp¶ sFIytIcfw cq]oIrXambn«pÅXv.
`cWIqSamä§Äs¡m¸w nen¡pIbpw sNdnb sNdnb amä§Ä¡p
hnt[bamsb¦nepw C¶pw nen¡pIbpw sNbvXpt]mcp¶ `cWIqS
k{¼Zmb§fpsS BZna cq]amWv em³Uv dhyq `cW kwhn[mw. em³Uv
dhyq AUvannkvt{Sjsâ {]mKv cq]¯n n¶mcw`n¨v “em³Uv dhyq hIp¸v”
F¶ C¶s¯ AhØbnte¡pÅ dhyq `cW¯nsâ amä§fpsSbpw
mgnI¡ÃpIfpsSbpw Hcp tcJmNn{Xw “dhyq `cW Ncn{Xw” F¶ t]cnÂ
Cu amzensâ 1þmw `mKambn DÄs¡mÅn¨ncn¡p¶p. hIp¸nsâ
Ncn{XKXnsb¡pdn¨v Adnbmm{Kln¡p¶ Poh¡mÀ¡pw aäpÅhÀ¡pw CXv
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Vol.I

6. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 VI
D]Imc{]ZamIpsa¶v IcpXp¶p.
tIcf¯nsâ `qanimkv{X]camb AXncpIÄ¡pÅn sFIytIcf
cq]oIcW¯np ap¼v nehnep­mbncp¶ XncphnXmwIqÀ, sIm¨n, ae_mÀ,
ImkÀtKmUv F¶nhnS§fn hyXykvX§fmb dhyq `cW{Ia§fpw
AhbpsS S¸nem¡enmbn hyXykvX§fmb dhyq S]SnkwlnXIfpw
nehnep­mbncp¶p. F¶m sFIytIcf cq]oIcWtijw
kwØm¯nsm«msI _m[Iamb Hcp GIoIrX em³Uv dhyq amzenmbn
]Xnäm­pIfmbn kzoIcn¨ph¶ S]SnIÄ 2019 emWv AXnsâ A´na
L«¯nse¯nbXv. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amzensâ IV, VI hmey§Ä
CXntmSIw AwKoIcn¨v S¸n hcp¯n¡gnªn«pÅXmWv. {]kvXpX em³Uv
dhyq amzensâ BZyhmeyhpw I½ojWdpsS Imcymeb¯nse S]SnIÄ
{]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xpamb ]pkvXIamWv Ct¸mÄ {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv.
1998 Pq¬ 30 hsc kwØms¯ em³Uv dhyq hIp¸nsâ `cW
nb{´Ww dhyq t_mÀUn n£n]vXambncp¶p. kwØm kÀ¡mÀ
S¸nem¡nb tIcf dhyq t_mÀUv nÀ¯em¡Â nbaw, 1996 {]Imcw
30.06.1998 XobXn {]m_ey¯n dhyq t_mÀUnsâ {]hÀ¯§Ä
Ahkmn¸n¡pIbpw 1.7.1998 {]m_ey¯n XÂØm¯v em³Uv dhyq
I½ojWtdäv nehn hcnIbpw sN¿pIbp­mbn. dhyq t_mÀUv nÀÆln¨p
h¶ncp¶ `mcn¨ D¯chmZn¯§fmWv CtX XpSÀ¶v hIp¸p Xehs¶
nebn em³Uv dhyq I½ojWdn n£n]vXambXv.
kwØm s]mXp`cW¯n³ IognepÅ PnÃm `cWIqS§fpsS
nb{´Whpw GtIm]hpw nÀÆln¡pI, kwØm dhyq `cW¯np
Np¡m³ ]nSn¡pI F¶n§sbpÅ D¯chmZn¯§Ä ndthäp¶ kwØm
dhyq hIp¸nsâ BØm ImcymebamWv “em³Uv dhyq I½ojWtdäv”.
em³Uv dhyq I½ojWdpsS Imcymebw, aäv D]Imcymeb§fmb PnÃm
IfIvt{SäpIÄ, dhyq UnhnjWÂ Hm^okpIÄ, Xmeq¡v Hm^okpIÄ, hntÃPv
Hm^okpIÄ F¶nhnS§fn nÀÆlnt¡­ sshhn[y]qÀ®hpw
k¦oÀ®§fpamb H«h[n S]Sn{Ia§fpw nba§fpamWpÅXv. C¯cw
S]Sn{Ia§Ä t{ImUoIcn¨v kwØms¯ FÃm dhyq Hm^okpIÄ¡pw
_m[IamI¯¡hn[¯n Hcp em³Uv dhyq amz X¿mdm¡p¶
S]SnIÄ¡v kÀ¡mÀ XpS¡anSpIbpw {]kvXpX “tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz”
sâ VI- mw hmeyamb “hntÃPv Hm^okv amz” 22.1.2019 se k.D. (A¨Sn)
¼À 10/2019/dhyq {]Imcw AwKoIcn¨psIm­pw BbXv kwØms¯
hntÃPv Hm^okpIfn {]m_ey¯n hcp¯ns¡m­pw kÀ¡mÀ
D¯chmIpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. {]kvXpX kÀ¡mÀ D¯chp {]Imcw em³Uv
dhyq amzensâ Ahtijn¡p¶ hmey§Ä AwKoIcn¨p S¸nem¡p¶Xnv
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Vol.I

7. I½ojWtdäv amzÂVII
em³Uv dhyq I½ojWsd NpaXes¸Sp¯pIbpap­mbn.
em³Uv dhyq I½ojWtdän ssIImcyw sNbvXphcp¶ hnhn[
nba§Ä, N«§Ä F¶nh kw_Ôn¨ {]hÀ¯ S]SnIÄ
hniZoIcn¡p¶Xpw em³Uv dhyq amzensâ Iþmw hmeyhpamb “em³Uv dhyq
I½ojWtdäv amz” BWv Ct¸mÄ X¿mdm¡n AwKoIcn¡pIbpw S¸nÂ
hcp¯pIbpw sNbvXn«pÅXv. {]kvXpX amz X¿mdm¡p¶Xn {io.
hn.än.tLmfn, {io. Pn. _meN{µ³ ]nÅ, {ioaXn. {ioeX mbÀ, {io.
sI.Pn.ss_Pp F¶nhcpsS `mK¯p n¶pw ÇmLobamb {]hÀ¯§fmWv
D­mbn«pÅXv F¶Xpw FSp¯p ]dtb­Xmbn«p­v. nba§fnepw
N«§fnepw `cWcwK§fnepw D­mb ImenI amä§Ä DÄs¡m­psIm­v
X¿mdm¡nbn«pÅ tIcf em³Uv dhyq amzensâ Iþmw hmeyamb “em³Uv
dhyq I½ojWtdäv amz” s ASnØmam¡nbpÅ S]Sn{Ia§fmWv
Cn apX em³Uv dhyq I½ojWtdän AphÀ¯nt¡­Xv. nba§fntem
N«§fntem ]n¶oSp­mIp¶ t`ZKXnIÄ¡pkrXambn amzen th­
amä§Ä hcp¯p¶Xnv em³Uv dhyq I½ojWÀ S]SnIÄ
ssIs¡mÅp¶Xmbncn¡pw.
Xncph´]pcw F.än. sPbnwkv, sF.F.Fkv
25. 02. 2018 em³Uv dhyq I½ojWÀ
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8. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 VIII
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9. I½ojWtdäv amzÂIX
dhyq `cW Ncn{Xw
1. ]Ým¯ewþ (1) XncpþsIm¨n, a{Zmkv {]knU³knbpsS `mKambncp¶
ae_mÀ, a{Zmkv {]knU³knbpsS Xs¶ `mKambncp¶ ku¯vImd
PnÃbnepÄs¸« Ct¸mgs¯ ImkÀtKmUv F¶nh DÄs¸Sp¯nbmWv 1956 Â
tIcf kwØmw cq]oIcn¨Xv. XncpþsIm¨n {]tZi¯p Xs¶ Xncph´]pcw
PnÃbnse A©psX§v, sImÃw PnÃbnse X¦tÈcn, FdWmIpfw PnÃbnse
`t^mÀ«vsIm¨n’ F¶o {]tZi§Ä a{Zmkv {]knU³kn¡p IognÂs¸«
{]tZi§fmbncp¶p. C§s hyXykvX§fmb mep {]tZi§fnepw kwØm
cq]oIcW¯np ap¼v `qanbpambn _Ôs¸«v hyXykvX§fmb Ap`h
{Ia§fpw nIpXnLSbpw dhyq `cWkwhn[mhpsams¡bmWv
nen¶ncp¶Xv. kwØm cq]oIcW¯np ap¼v, XncphnXmwIqÀ, {_n«ojv
`cW¯nv Iognembncp¶ ae_mÀ F¶o {]tZi§fnse hntÃPv Hm^okpIÄ
{]hÀ¯n¨ph¶ncp¶Xv bYm{Iaw "XncphnXmwIqÀ hntÃPv amzÂ,"Awiw
DtZymKØcpsSbpw Irjn¡mcpsSbpw amzÂ' F¶nhsb ASnØm
s¸Sp¯nbmbncp¶p. IqSmsX XncphnXmwIqÀ {]tZi¯v XncphnXmwIqÀ `em³Uv
dhyq amzÂ’, sIm¨n {]tZi¯v `sIm¨n³ em³Uv dhyq s{]mkoPnbÀ’
F¶nh FÃm Xe¯nepapff dhyq `cWkwhn[m¯nmbn S¸nÂ
hcp¯nbncp¶p. C¶p ImWp¶ dhyq hIp¸mbncp¶nà ]gb Ime¯v
XncphnXmwIqÀ, sIm¨n, ae_mÀ {]tZi§fn nen¶ncp¶sX¦nepw C¶pw
XpSÀ¶p hcp¶ _lp`qcn]£w NpaXeIfpw IÀ¯hy§fpw A¡me¯v
nehnep­mbncp¶hbpsS XpSÀ¨ Xs¶bmWv. A¡me¯v kwØms¯
`qanIÄ P·namcpsStbm t£{X§fpsStbm nb{´W¯nembncp¶p.
mSphmgnIfmIs« P·namcn n¶pw D¸¶¯nsâ nÝnX `mKw
cmPt`mKambn CuSm¡nbncp¶p. s]mXp`cWhpambn _Ôs¸« aäv H«h[n
NpaXeIfpw ndthäphmp­mbncps¶¦nepw `qanbpambn _Ôs¸«
IW¡pIfpw tcJIfpw X¿mdm¡n kq£n¡pI, `qanbn n¶v CuSm¡mpÅ
nIpXnIÄ CuSm¡pI F¶nhsbms¡¯s¶bmbncp¶p A¡mes¯bpw
dhyq hn`mK¯nsâ apJy NpaXeIÄ.
(2) nehn tIc-f kw-Øm-s¯ `-c-W-]-cam-b ku-I-cy-¯n-m-bn PnÃ-
I-fm-bpw PnÃ-I-sf d-h-yq Un-hn-j-p-I-fm-bp-am-Wv Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. `-c-W-kw-hn-
[m--¯n-sâ A-SnØm- GI-Iw PnÃ-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ-¯s¶ -Un-hn-j-p-Is-f
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10. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 X
Xm-eq-¡p-I-fm-bpw, Xm-eq-¡pI-sf hn-tÃ-Pp-I-fmbpw hn-`Pn-¨pw, Hm-tcm-¶npw A-[n-
Im-c-§fpw D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§fpw n-jv-IÀ-jn-¨p-am-Wv s]m-Xp-`-c-W-sa-¶ {]-{In-b
-S-¸n-em¡nbn«pffXv. `m-jm-Sn-Øm--¯n tIc-fw H-cp kw-Øm--am-bn cq-]w
sIm-Åp-¶-Xnpw ap-¼p Xs¶, s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-m-bn C¯-cw hn-`P--§Ä n-e-
hn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶p. Im-en-Iam-b am-ä-§-Ä¡p hnt[bambn C-¶p Im-Wp-¶ X-c-¯n-
epf-f Hm-^o-kp-IÄ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-tXm-sS C-h-bp-sS {]m-Kvcq-]-§-fn ]-eXpw A-
{]-k-à-am-hp-I-tbm hn-kv-ar-X-am-hp-Itbm sN-bvXp. ]t£, C-¶pw ]m-en¨p-t]m-cp-
¶ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-sf-bpw `-c-W-co-Xn-I-sf-bpw a--Ên-em-¡-W-sa¦n-tem A-h-bp-sS
k¯-sb ]m-en-¡-W-sa¦n-tem A-h-iy-L-«-§-fn-se k-µn-Kv-[X-sb a-dn-I-S-¡-W-
sa¦ntem C-h-tbm-tcm¶pw F-§s D-cp-¯n-cn-ªp h-¶p-sh-¶pw C-h-bp-sS A-Sn-
Øm--sa-s´¶p-ap-f-f Np-cp§n-b A-dn-sh-¦nepw Hmtcm dhyq Po-h--¡m-c-pw
B-h-iy-amWv. hn-tÃ-Pv Hm^okv ap-XÂ em³Uv dhyq I-½o-j-W-td-äv h-sc-bpf-f
Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-se {]-hÀ-¯--§Ä-¡v amÀ-Ktc-J-sb-¶ n-e-bn am-z-ep-IÄ X-
¿m-dm-¡p-t¼mÄ-¯s¶, C-h-bp-sS ap³-Im-e-§-sf-¸-än-bp-f-f G-I-tZ-i-[m-c-WIÄ
cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯m-mhiyamb Npcp§nb hnhc§fpw Po-h--¡mc-v e`yamt¡­Xp­v
F-¶ Im-gv-N¸m-tSm-sS-bmWv Cu D]{Iaw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXv.
(3) C-¶-t¯-Xn n¶pw XnI¨pw hy-Xy-kv-X-ambn ]­p Ime§fn n-
Ip-Xn-h-c-hn-sâ Htc-sbm-cp t{kmX-Êv `q-an-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-m d-h-yq Ft¶m I-f-
ÎÀ F-t¶m H-s¡-bp-f-f t]-cp-IÄ {]m-Y-an-I-am-bn n-Ip-Xn ]n-cn-hpw J-P-m-hn-
te¡p-Å h-chp-sam-s¡-¯-s¶-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶, o-
Xn-nÀ-Æ-lWw, {I-a-k-am-[m--]m-ew, s]m-Xp-hn-Xc-Ww XpS-§n `-c-W-¯n-sâ ka-
kv-X -ta-J-e-I-fnepw D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§-fp-­m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw {]kvXpX
`cW{Ia¯nsâ tI-{µ-_n-µp `q-an-bpw A-Xn-sâ ]-cn-]m-e--hpw A-Xp-am-bn _-Ô-
s¸-« A-p-_-Ô- {]-hÀ-¯--§-fp-sams¡ Xs¶bmbn-cp¶p.Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ
D¯chmZn¯§fpsSbpw A[nImc§fpsSbpw hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Whpw hn-`P-hpw
`cWkwhn[m§fn hyXykvX LSI§fpsS cq]h¡cW¯np
hgnsXfn¡pIbpw AtX XpSÀ¶v hy-Xykv-X h-Ip-¸p-I-Ä cq]oIrXamIpIbpw
sN¿pIbp­mbn. `q-an-bp-sS A-Xn-cp-I-fpw hn-`mK-§-fpw, Hmtcm hn-`Pn-X-`m-K-¯n-
sâbpw D-S-a-Ø-X, ssI-Im-cy--w F¶nh am{Xw d-hyq h-Ip-¸n-tâ-Xm-bn A-h-ti-jn-
¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS, h-Ip-¸n-sâ t]-cv d-hyq F-¶-Xn n¶pw em³-Uv dhyq
F-¶m-bn am-dn-sb-¦nepw `q-anbpw A-Xn-sâ `-c-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v q-äm-­p-I-
fneq-sS cq-]-s¸«v, n-e-n-¶p-h-¶ hm-¡p-Ifpw {]-tbm-K-§fpw am-ä-anÃm-sXbpw,
Hcp]-t£ am-äm-m-hm-sX X-s¶bpw C¶pw XpSÀ¶p t]mcp¶Xmbn ImWmw.
]m«w, ]-­m-ch-I, P-a F-¶p Xp-S§n, kÀÆ-[m ]-cn-Nn-Xam-b Xm-eq-¡pw X-lknÂ-
Zmcpw X-]mep-sam-s¡-¯-s¶bpw Cu Ncn{Xhpw ]m-c-¼cyhpw t]-dp-¶-h-bmWv.
C¯cw Ncn{X ti-jn-¸p-I-fn-eq-sS k-©-cn¨p-sIm-­p am-{Xta C¶-s¯ dhyq
hIp¸n-sâ N-cn-{X-tam DÂ-¸-¯n-tbm ]-cnWm-atam H-s¡ a--Ên-em-¡phm-pw AXn-
sâ k-¦oÀ-®-X-I-sfbpw A--y-X-tbbpw DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-hmpw km-[n¡p-I-bp-ffp.
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Vol.I

11. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXI
e-`yam-b h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn-epw A-dn-hp-I-fnepw Du¶nbpff C-¯-c-wA-tzj-W§Ä
kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw sN-¶p n-Â-¡p-¶Xv Cu Un-¸mÀ-«v-saân-sâ Øm-bnbm-b D-¯-
c-hm-Zn-¯am-b `q-an-bn-epw `q-an-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«p Nn-c-]-cn-Nn-Xsa-¦nepw tem-I-
s¯-§p-ap-f-f A-p-`-h-{I-a-§-fn A-Xy-´w A-]qÀ-Æ-hpam-b `P·w’ F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-
ep-amWv. D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p ]-g-¡hpw {]-tbm-Kn-¨v ]-cn-N-bhpw h-¶n-«p-s­-¦n-epw, a-e-
bm-f-m-«n-se `q-an-bp-sS F¶Ã, tI-c-f-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-s¯ X-s¶ H-cp ]-t£ ]qÀ-
®-am-bpw DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶-Xpw A-tX-ka-bw X-s¶ `qanbnt·epff apjysâ
B[n]Xy¯nte¡pff clky§fpsS hm-Xn Xp-d-¡p-¶Xpam-b ]-Z-am-Wv `P·w’.
CXp-t]m-sebp-f-f A-t-Iw hm-¡p-Ifpw {]-tbm-K-§fpw DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ ]-Z-k-©-
b-s¯-bpw A-h-bp-sS -ssh-hn-[y-§-sf-bpw N-cn-{X-]mT-§-fn-eq-sS am-{X-ta A-Sp-
¯p-n-¶p a--Ên-em-¡m-m-Iq F-¶-Xn-m dhyq hIp¸ns kw_Ôn¨
ka{Kamb ]Tw qäm­pIÄ¡¸pd¯p n¶pXs¶ XpSt§­Xp­v.
2. s]-cp-amÄ Im-eL-«w-þ (1) q-äm-­p-IÄ ]n-¶nte--¡p t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ tIc-fw
F-¶v C-¶v A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶ `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b A-XnÀ-¯n-¡I-¯v Ip-tdtbsd
m-Sp-I-fpw AhbpsS c£m ]pcpj·mcmb mSphmgnIfpamWv D­mbncp¶Xv.
CtX¡pdn¨dnbm³ F-gp-X-s¸-« n-ba-§tfm N«-§-tfm ZpÀ-e-`-amsW¶XmWv
bmYmÀ°yw. {]m-Ir-X-cpw m-tSm-Sn-I-fpam-b B-Zn-a-n-hm-kn-I-fn n¶pw ImÀ-jn-
I-hr-¯n ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ Øn-c-Xm-a-k-¡mcm-b ]qÀ-Æn-I-cn-te¡pff cq]m´c
t¯mSpIqSnbmWv `q-an BZyambn H-cp hy-h-Øm-]n-Xam-b D-]-tbm-Km-hØbnte¡v
F¯nt¨cp¶Xv. D-S-a-Ø-X-bpw A-p-`-h-{I-a-§fp-sam-s¡ ]nÂ-¡me-¯p am-{X-ta
cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶pf-fp F-¶p h-¶mÂ-¯-s¶-bpw Ir-jn-bp-sS kw-c-£-W-hpw ImÀ-jn-I-
hr-¯n-bp-sS k-a-b-{I-a-w ]m-en-¡epw hn-f-hn-sâ ho-Xw-h-bv-¡ep-sam-s¡ kzm-`m-hn-
I-ambpw H-cp t-Xr-Øm--¯n-sâ D-cp-¯n-cn-b-en-p I-f-sam-cp-¡n-bn-«p-­m-IWw.
`m-c-X-¯n-sâ s]m-Xphm-b N-cn-{XKXnbnÂ, F-¶m Z-£n-tW-´y-bp-sS X-s¶
aäp `m-K§-sf A-t]-£n-¨p t]mepw q-äm-­p-I-fp-sS Im-e-Xm-a-k-¯n-p ti-jw
am{XamWv ½psS {]-tZ-i-§-fn c-£m-]p-cp-j-·m-cpw m-«p-S-b-h-cpw D-bÀ-¶ph-
¶Xv F-¶p N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p. h-S-¡³ `m-K-§-fn n¶pw F.Un.
5-6 q-äm-­p-I-fn-em-bn -S-¶ hym-]-Iam-b Ip-Sn-tb-ä-¯np-sam-s¡ tijw D-t±-
iw F.Un. 7-8 q-äm-­p-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv C-¯-cw kmaqlnI hy-h-Ø-IÄ {Iao-Ir-
X-am-bn-¯p-S-§p-¶Xv. A-[n-Im-cw F-¶Xn-tm-sSm¸w `q-an-bp-sS A-Xn-cp-IÄ F-¶
k-¦Â-¸hpw C-¡m-e-¯pX-s¶ cq-]-s¸-«n-cn-¡m-sa-¦n-epw A-{X kv-]-ã-am-bn C-Xp
]m-en-¡-s¸-«n-cpt¶m F-¶p-d-¸n-¨p ]-d-bm-m-InÃ. Xp-SÀ-¶p-f-f Im-es¯ (F.Un.
9-12 q-äm-­p-IÄ) kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv F-¶p hn-e-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-Å s]-cp-amÄ tc-
J-I-fn-epw F.Un. 11þmw q-äm-­n-te-sX-¶p I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ aq-j-I-hw-iw F-¶ Im-
hy-¯nepw m-Sp-I-fp-sS A-XnÀ-¯n-I-fpw m-Sp-IÄ X-s¶-bpw, ]-e-t¸mgpw hy-Xy-kv-
X-§-fm-sW-¦nepw G-sd-¡p-sd `q-an-im-kv-{X-]--c-am-b A-XnÀ-¯nI-sf A-Sn-Øm--
s¸-Sp-¯n-b hn-`-P--§-fn-eqsS cq-]-s¸-«n-cp-¶ m-SpI-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-hp-¶ hn-[-
¯nepff kqNIÄ ImWmw. A-h-bn {]-[m--s¸«h th-WmSv (Xn-cp-h--´-]p-
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12. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XII
c¯nsâ hS¡³ {]tZi§fpw sImïnsâ sX¡³ {]tZi§fpw), Hm-S-mSv
(I-cp-m-K-¸-ffn, am-th-en-¡-cþImÀ-¯n-I-¸f-fn Xm-eq-¡p-IÄ), âp-ssg-m-Sv ( Xn-
cphÃ, N-§-m-tÈ-cn), ap-ªp-mSv (tIm«-bw), sh-s¼m-en-mSv (ssh¡w, ao--¨nÂ),
Io-gv-a-sse-mSv (sXm-Sp-]p-g, aq-hm-äp]pg), ImÂ-¡-ssc-mSv (F-d-Wm-Ip-fw), s-Spw-
]p-ssd-mSv (X-e-¸n-ffn, ]m-e-¡mSv, Nn-äqÀ), h-f-fp-h-mSv (s]m¶-mn, s]-cn-´Âa-
®, Xn-cqÀ), G-dmÄ-mSv (G-d-m-Sv {]-tZ-iw), t]m-f-mSv (tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv), Ip-dpw]p-
ssd-mSv (hS-s¡ h-b-m-Spw, Kq-UÃq-cpw) F¶-n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. s]-cp-amÄ-¡m-eL-
«w F-¶p N-cn-{X-¯n tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-« Cu Im-e-b-f-hnÂ, sImÃ-¯n-p sX-
¡pw I-®q-cn-p h-S-¡p-ap-f-f {]-tZ-i-§-Ä s]-cp-am-fp-sS A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-¡pw ]p-d-
¯m-bn-cp¶p1
. taÂ-¸-d-ª m-Sp-IÄ X-s¶bpw s]-cp-amÄ Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ A-h-
km--t¯mSSp-¸n-¨mI-Ww `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-ambpw A-[n-Im-c-]-c-ambpw hy-Xn-cn-à-
am-hp¶-XpX-s¶.
(2) Xr-ÈqÀ PnÃ-bn sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Xm-eq-¡n-ep-f-f C¶-s¯ sIm-Sp-§Ãq-
cnepw k-ao-{]-tZ-i-¯p-am-bn n-e-n-¶n-cp-¶p F-¶p IcpXs¸-Sp-¶ a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw
F-¶ -K-cw B-Øm--am-¡n tIc-fw `-cn-¨n-cp-¶ Ip-e-ti-J-c s]-cp-am-fpsS Im-ew
F-¶ n-e-bn-em-Wv F.Un. 9 ap-XÂ 12 h-sc-bp-f-f q-äm-­p-I-sf (F.Un. 800 ap-
XÂ 1124 hsc) s]-cp-amÄ Im-eL-«w F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. C-¡m-e-t¯-sX-¶p I-
cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ en-Jn-X-§Ä a-lm-`q-cn-`m-Khpw e-`n-¨n-«p-ff-Xv t£-{X-§-fn n-¶p-am-
I-bm s]-cp-amÄ tc-JI-sf t£-{X-tc-J-IÄ F¶pw ]-d-bm-dp­v. C-h-bn kq-Nn-
X-am-Ip-¶ {]-tZ-iw ]-t£ Ir-Xy-ambn C¶-s¯ tI-c-faÃ. sImÃw ap-XÂ G-sd-
¡p-sd I-®qÀ h-scsb-¶p am-{X-ta C-t¸m-gp-f-f A-dn-hp h¨v s]-cp-am-fp-sS cm-Py-
s¯ IÂ-¸n¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bp-f-fp. t£-{X-tc-JI-sf Iq-Sm-sX Cu Im-e-L-«-
¯n-te-Xm-bn I-cp-Xn-h-cp-¶Xpw N-cn-{X-c-N--bn G-sd {]m-amWyw t-Sn-bn-
«pffXpamb c-­p tc-J-IÄ X-cn-km-¸f-fn sN-t¸-Spw, Pq-X-¸-«-b-hp-am-Wv. C-h-
bn n¶pw `q-an-sb-bpw A-Xn-sâ ssI-Im-cy-s¯-¸-änbpw e`n-¡p-¶ A-dn-hp-IÄ
hy-Xykv-X ho-£-W§-sf DÄ-s¡mf-fp¶p F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.
(3) F.Un. 861þse Xn-cp-hm-äp-hm-bv sN-t¸-SnÂ2
“B-hWn-tbm-W-¯n-p
1. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ h-S-¡³ A-Xn-cn-s¸än ]m-tS hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-I-fm-Wv n-e-hn-ep-f-fXv. `m-kv-I-cc-hn F-¶
s]-cp-am-fp-sS (F.Un. 962þ1021) Imes¯ kw_Ôn¨p am-{X-amWv Im-kÀ-tKm-Un--Sp¯pff ]pÃqÀ Ip-Sh-ew t£-{X-
¯n n-¶-pw Hcp imk-w e-`n-¨n-«p-f-fXv. ]-Xn-aq¶mw i-X-I-¯n-sâ A-´y-¯n tIc-fw k-µÀ-in-¨ d-jo-Zp-±o³,
tIm-e-¯p-m-Sn-sâ hS-s¡ A-XnÀ-¯n aw-K-em-]p-chpw sX-t¡ A-XnÀ-¯n ]-´-emb-n sImÃ-h-pam-sW¶p tc-J-s¸-
Sp¯nbn«p­v. t-{Xm-h-Xn- Znbm-bn-bm-bn-cp-¶p 14þmw q-äm-­ph-sc Xp-fp-m-Sn-tbpw tI-c-f-t¯bpw thÀ-Xn-cn-¨n-cp¶-
Xv. F.Un. 1515þse _À-t_m-k-bp-sS hn-h-c-W-{]-Im-cw slm-km-h-c-¯n-p hS-¡p ap-X-em-Wv Xp-fp-m-Sv B-cw-`n-¡p¶Xv
F¶pw Ip-¼-f ap-XÂ a-e-_m-dm-sWpw Im-Wp¶p. F.Un. 16,17 q-äm-­p-I-fn-se hn-tZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS Ip-dn-¸p-I-fnÂ
Ip-´m-]p-c-¯n-p sX-¡p-f-f `m-K-t¯-bm-Wv Xp-fp-m-sS¶-p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. F-¶m N-{µ-Kn-cn-¸p-g-bv-¡v hS-¡v tKm-IÀ-®w
h-sc-bp-f-f {]-tZ-i-s¯-bm-Wv Xp-fp-m-sS¶v tI-c-f-¯n ]cmaÀin¨p I­n«pffXv.
[Cfw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-ff þ sX-c-sª-Sp-¯ Ir-XnIÄ, tIcf kÀÆIemimeþ A´mcmjv{S tIcf ]TtI{µw,
2005. t]-Pv þ550]
2. Cu tc-J-bn Xo-cp-am--sa-Sp-¡p¶-Xv Xn-cp-hm-äp-hm-bv k-`bpw A-Sn-IÄ-amcpw Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶mWv. Zm-w In«n-b `q-an-bn-
se B-Zmbw-sIm­v Du-cn-se ssh-Zn-I-{_m-ÒWÀ (DuÀ-a-ssd-bmÀ) Hm-Ww B-tLm-jn-¡-Ww F¶Xv Cu tc-J-bn-se
{]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-§-fn H-¶mWv.
[]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ þ -tI-c-f- Ncn{X¯n-sâ A-SnØm- tc-JIÄ, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2007. t]-Pv þ11]
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13. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXIII
tN¶-³ i-¦-c³ F-s¶m-cmÄ Xn-cp-hm-äp-hm-bv t£-{X-¯n-v `q-an Â-Ip-
¶Xmbn”]cmaÀiap­v. F.Un. 900þse s-Spw-]p-dw3
X-fn t£-{X-tc-J-bn D-{K-
aw-K-ehpw Cu-im--aw-K-ehpw t£-{X-s¨-e-hn-v `q-an Zm-w sN-¿p-¶Xmbn
]cmaÀin¨ncn¡p¶p. Zm-Xm-hn-p `q-an-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ A-h-Im-i-s¯-bpw D-S-a-Ø-
X-tbbpw Ip-dn-¨v A-dn-bp-hm³ km-[n-¡p-¶nsÃ-¦n-epw Zm-w e`n-¨ h-kv-Xp F-{]-
Imcw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-Ww F-¶ hy-h-Ø tc-J-I-fn DÄ-s¡m-f-fn-¨n-«p-ffXmbn
ImWmw. {]kvXpX `q-an-bn-se B-Zm-bw D-]-tbm-Kn¨v t£-{X-Po-h--¡mÀ-¡p thXw
Â-I-W-sa-¶pw -t£-{X-¯n-se a-äv n-Xy-s¨-e-hp-IÄ -S-¯-W-sa-¶p-am-Wv hyh-
Ø. t£-{X-hpw t£-{X-kz-¯p-¡-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸« X-fn-bmcpw A-[n-Im-ccpw hy-
h-Ø-IÄ ew-Ln-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n 25 Ig-©v am-tä-dnb s]m-¶v ]n-g-sbm-Sp-
¡Wsa¶pw cm-Pm-hv Imc-Ww B-cm-[- ap-S-§n-bm 12 Im-Ww s]m¶-v cm-Pm-hv
]n-g-sbm-Sp-¡Wsa¶p-w hy-h-Ø-Ifp­mbncp¶p. F.Un. 910þse Xr-¸-t§mSp t£-
{X-¯n-se X-h-c-qÀ I-¨-¯nÂ4
(I-¨w F-¶m N«w) Xr-¸-t§mSv tZh-sâ n-Xy-
s¨-e-hn-v nÝ-bn¨ `-q-an-bn Du-cm-f-tm s]m-Xphmtfm {]-th-in-¡p-I-tbm XS-
Êw nÂ-¡p-I-tbm sN-¿p-I-bm-sW-¦n s]-cp-amfnv 25 I-g-©pw, BÄ-t¡m-bn-
env 12.5 I-g-©pw s]m¶-v ]n-g-sbm-Sp-¡p-hmpw Xo-cp-am-w ew-Ln--¡p-I-bm-sW-
¦n X-h-c-qÀ Du-cn-v ]p-d-¯m¡phmpw hy-h-Ø sN-¿p-¶p-­v. ]nÂ-¡m-e-¯vv
A-{]-am-Zn-Xz-amÀ-¶ A-[n-Im-c-Øm-]--am-bn t£{Xw h-f-cp-¶-Xn-pw tZ-h-kz-sa-¶
aq-e-[--¯n-sâ cq-]o-I-c-W¯npw ASn¯dsbmcp¡p¶hbmbncp¶p C¯cw
hyhØIÄ F-¶p Im-Wmw. tZ-hkzw F-¶ C--¯nsâ am-{XaÃ, C-¶p kÀ-Æo-kv
Cmw F-¶p tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ A-p-`-h-{I-a-¯n-sâ DÂ]-¯nbpw Cu tc-J-IfnÂ
n¶pw hmbns¨-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. t£-{X-s¨-e-hn-p-f-f Cu `q-an “Im-cm-× e-`n¨
sIm-e-hm-epw Ah-sâ k-´-Xn-¡p-aÃm-sX a-säm-cp-¯À-¡v Im-cm× sIm-Sp-¡p-
Ibpw ]m«w C-Sp-I-bpw ssI-¡q-en sIm-f-fp-Ibpw ]m-SnÔ F¶- Cu tcJbnse
hy-h-Ø- tIcf¯nse tcJs¸Sp¯s¸« BZy Ap`h{Iaw IqSnbmWv.
(4) X-cn-km-¸-f-fn sN-t¸-Sn-sâbpw Pq-X-¸-«-b-¯n-sâbpw hm-b--IÄ
hn`n¶§fmb AdnhpIfmWv {]Zmw sN¿p¶Xv. th-Wm-Sv m-Sp-hm-gn A-¿-Sn
Xn-cp-h-Sn-bp-sS D-S-a-Ø-X-bn-ep-f-f `q-an 72 A-h-Imi-§-tfmsS `X-cn-km-¸f-fn’¡p
Zm-w sN-bvXp-sIm-­pff X-cn-km-¸-f-fn- ]«bw F.Un. 849þte-sX-¶m-Wv I-cpX-
s¸Sp¶Xv. `-c-Wm-[n-Imcnsb¶p I-cp-Xmhp¶ Bfmbn s]-cp-am-fp-sS {]-Xn-n[n
3. Zm-w e-`n-¡p-¶ `-q-an-bn-se B-Zm-bw sIm-­v t£-{X-s¨-e-hp-IÄ nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-hm-pw ]m-«p-ImÀ¡pw À-¯-In-
amÀ¡pw thX-w Â-Ip-hmpw hy-h-Ø sN-¿p¶p. X-fnbpw X-fn-b-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw m-Sp-hm-gnbpw tNÀ-¶v ssIs¡m--
Åp-¶ Xo-cp-am--¯n `I-cW³’ F-¶ I-W-s¡-gp-¯p tPm-en-¡m-c-s-¡p-dn-¨p-f-f ]-cm-aÀ-iw {i-t²-b-amWv. t£-{X-
¯n-se I-W-s¡-gp-¯p-Im-c³ F-¶ n-e-bn-emWv `I-c-W³’ B-Zy-Im-e-tc-J-I-fn {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
[]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ þ -tI-c-f Ncn{X-¯n-sâ A-SnØm- tc-JIÄ, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2007. t]-Pv þ28;
Fw.Pn.Fkv. m-cm-bW³ þ Perumals of Kerala, tImkvtam _pIvkv, 2013. t]-Pv þ439]
4. Xr-{]-t§m-Sv ]-c-ssS-bmcpw ]«mcpw BÄ-t¡m-bn-epw (cm-P-{]-Xn-n-[n) B-Wv Xo-cp-am--sa-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. i-àam-b hy-
h-Ø-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ H-cp I-¨-am-WnXv. s]-cp-amÄ Im-e-L-«-¯n-se a-äp I-¨-§Ä aq-gn-¡p-fw I¨w, I-S-§m-«v
I¨w, i-¦-c-aw-Ke-¯p I¨w, ssI-X-hmc-¯v I-¨w F-¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p.
[]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ þ -tI-c-f-¯n-sâ A-SnØm- tc-JIÄ, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2007. t]-Pvþ 32;
Fw.Pn.Fkv. m-cm-bW³ þ Perumals of Kerala, tImkvtam _pIvkv, 2013. t]-Pv þ216]
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14. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XIV
(tImhn-e-[n-Im-cn F-¶ Øm--t¸-cp-f-f hn-P-b-cm-K-tZh³) Cu tc-J-bn h-cp-¶p.
m-Spw cm-Pyhpw F-¶ `-c-W-{I-a-¯n-sâ-bpw m-Sp-hm-gnbpw cm-Pmhpw F-¶ A-[n-
Im-c-t{i-Wn-bp-tSbpw kq-N-IÄ CXn n¶pw hmbns¨Sp¡mmIpw. ssI-am-dp-
¶ `q-an-sb C-s¶-¶-t]m-se hy-àam-b A-Xn-cp-I-tfmsS (F-ep-I) Xs¶bmWv
{]kvXpX ]«b¯n ]-cm-aÀ-in-¨n«pffXv. In-g-¡vþh-b-¡mSv, sX-¡p-Ing-¡v þ
tIm-hn-e-I-apÄ-s¸-sS Nn-d-hm-XnÂ-¡Â a-XnÂ, ]-Sn-ªm-dv þ ISÂ, hS-¡v þ tXm-c-
W-t¯m«w, h-S-¡p-Ing-¡v þ ]p-¯-e A-­n-e³ tXm«w F-¶n-§sbmWv
AXncpIsf¡pdn¨pff ]cmaÀi§Ä. A-h-Im-i-§Ä F-{X-Im-e-t¯-s¡-¶ Dd-
¸v (D-eIpw N-{µm-Zn-Xy-cpw D-f-f mÄ h-sc) `q-an-bn Zm-Xm-hn-p-f-f ]-cn-]qÀ-
®amb D-S-a-Øm-h-Im-i-s¯bpw kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v. Cu sN-t¸-Sv Â-Ip-¶ a-säm-
cp {]-[m--s¸-« A-dn-hv n-Ip-Xn-sb-¸-än-bp-f-f-XmWv. Zmw sN-¿p¶- `q-an-bn X-cn-
km-¸-f-fn-¡p e-`n-¡p¶- A-h-Im-i-§-fn {]-[m--s¸«-Xv Nc-¡nv hn-e-bn-Sp¶-n-
S¯pw a-äp-ap-f-f kzm-ao-Im-cyw,5
A¶¶p ]n-cn-bp¶- Np¦w, m-ep-hm-Xn-eI-¯v `q-
an hnÂ-¡p-I-tbm Im-cm-×-bv-¡p sIm-Sp-¡pI-tbm sN-¿p-t¼mÄ cm-Pm-hn-p-ff tIm-
¸-X-hmcw (]¯n-sem¶v), tIm-bn-en-sâ A-h-Imiamb ]-Xn-¸-X-hmcw Xp-S§n-
b Np-¦-§fmsW¶v kqNn¸n¨ncn¡p¶p. A-tX-ka-bw X-s¶ `qn-IpXn (Land
Revenue)sb¸-än Cu sNt¸Sn bm-sXm¶pw ]-cmaÀin¡p-¶nà F-¶Xpw
{it²bamWv. F¶ncp¶mÂIqSnbpw A-¡me-s¯ `-c-Wkwhn[mw, n-Ip-Xn-hy-
h-Ø F¶nh-sb-¸-än-bpw Im-cm-× Xp-S§n-b A-h-Im-i-{I-a-§-sf-¸-änbpw Cu
sNt¸SpIÄ H«h[n hn-e-s¸-« kq-N--IfmWv ÂIp¶Xv. F.Un. 1000þte-
sX¶v Im-e-nÀ®-bw sN-bv-Xn-«p-ff Pq-X-¸«-b-¯n atlm-Z-b-]pc-s¯ I-¨-h-Sm-
h-Im-iw 72 A-h-Imi-§-tfm-sS tPmk-^v d-ºm-v Â-Inbncn¡p¶p. Np-¦hpw Xp-
em-¡q-en-bpw {]-tXy-Iw F-Sp-¯p ]-d-bp¶-p-s­-¦nepw `q-n-Ip-Xn-bn--¯n s]-cp-
amfn-tm G-sX-¦nepw m-Sp-hm-gnt¡m sN-tÃ-­ hn-ln-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Cu tc-Jbpw
nÈ-Ð-X ]m-en-¡p-¶p.
(5) A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-§sf¶ n-e-bn-epw {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ tI-{µ-
Øm--§-sf-¶ n-e-bn-epw t£-{X-§Ä-¡p ssI-h-¶ taÂss¡ Im-c-W-am-I-Ww,
e-`n-¨n-«p-f-f ]p-cm-tc-J-I-fn `q-cn-`m-Khpw tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-{]-Im-c-hpw AÃm-sX-bp-
ap-ff {Km-a-t£-{X-§-fn n-t¶m A-h-bp-sS Np-äp-h-«-§-fn nt¶m B-bXv. A-
[n-Im-cw hnn-tbm-Kn¡p-¶-Xn-pw `c-Ww -S-¯p-¶-Xn-p-ap-f-f n-jv-IÀ-jIÄ Cu
tc-J-I-fn n¶pw hm-bn-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡pw. D-tZym-K-t{i-Wn-IÄ cq-]-s¸-«n-
cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw k-`-I-Ä F-¶ n-e-bn H-¯p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp¶ {Km-a-hm-kn-I-fpw ({]mtb-
W {_m-lvv-aWÀ) A-[n-Im-cw ssI¿m-fn-bn-cp-¶p F-¶p I-cp-X-Ww. `k-ss`’ F¶pw
`]-c-ssS’ F-¶pw ]-d-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ I-½n-än-I-fn-eq-sS t£-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw A-Xp-am-bn
_Ôs¸« `q-an-I-fp-sS-bpw `c-Ww -S¶p-t]m¶ncp¶p. k-`mw-K-§-Ä-¡p t£-{X-`-c-
W-¨pa-X-ebn Xp-eymhImi§fmWp­mbncp¶Xv. t£-{X`-c-W¯nv
5. N-c-¡v hn-e-bn-Sp-¶ k-a-b-¯p-f-f kzm-an-Imcyw F¶-Xv cm-Pm-hn-p Â-tI-­ n-Ip-Xn-bmWv. AÀ-°-im-kv-{X-¯n-
se k-]v-Xmw-K-NÀ-¨-bn cm-Pm-hn-s-¡p-dn¡p-¶ i-Ð-am-Wv kzman.
[tIi-h³ sh-fp-¯m«v, Fw.BÀ. cm-L-h-hm-cyÀ þ X-cn-km-¸f-fn ]-«bw, kmlnXy{]hÀ¯I klIcW kwLw,
2013. t]Pvþ 118]
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ntbmKn¡s¸«ncp¶ D-tZym-K-ØÀ A-[n-Imcn, {]-IrXn, s]m-Xp-hmÄ F¶-n-
§-s-bp-f-f t]-cp-I-fn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp¶-Xv. ssZ-wZn- `-c-W-Im-cy-§Ä nÀ-
Æ-ln-¡p¶Xn-v Np-a-X-e-s¸« Im-cy-ZÀ-in-Øm--am-bn-cp¶p “s]m-Xp-hmÄ” F¶Xv.
Nn-e t£-{X-§-fn c-­p t]-cpÄ-s¸-« nÀ-Æm-l-I-k-an-Xn-I-sfbpw n-b-an-¨n-cp¶p.
sX¡³ -Zn-¡p-I-fn Cu nÀ-Æm-l-I-k-an-Xn¡v “hm-cyw” F-¶m-Wp ]d-ªp h-
¶n-cp¶-Xv. t£-{X-`-c-W-k-`-IÄ AX-Xp m-«nse Iq«-§Ä¡p (Du-cm-f-k-anXn)
hn-t[-b-hpam-bn-cp¶p. tZ-i-hm-gn-IÄ¡pw m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ¡pw t£-{X-§-fp-sS-taÂ
NnÃ-d A-[n-Im-c-§Ä D-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbpw ImWmw. -S-¯n-¸nmbn Du-cmf-sc
GÂ-¸n-¨n-cp¶ t£-{X-`q-anIÄ Hän-sIm-Sp-¡p-I, H-än-hm§p-I F-¶n-h-bv-¡v hn-e-¡p-
IÄ D-­m-bn-cp¶p.
(6) `qan-bp-sS D-S-a-Ø-X-bn h-¶ tI-{µo-Ir-Xm-[n-Im-cw kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b ]-
cn-W-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS P-·n/{]-`p k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâ L-S- {]m-]n-¨-tXmsS `q-an-bn n-
¶p-ap-f-f B-Zm-bw n-Ýn-X-Im-e¯v n-Ýn-Xamb tXm-Xn e-`n-¡-W-sa-¶p-f-f n-
jv-IÀ-j-Ifpw D-S-se-Sp¯p. C-Xn-m-bn cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b N-«-§fpw n-_-Ô--I-fp-am-
Wv s]m-Xp-hn in-em-en-Jn-X-§fpw a-äp-am-bn I-s­-Sp-¡-s¸-«n-«p-f-fXv. t£-{X-§Ä-
t¡m k-`-IÄt¡m ssI-h-¶ `q-anI-fpsS -S-¯n-¸n-m-bn Du-cm-f-sc-bpw Ir-
jn¡mbpw aäpw Im-cm-f-scbpw GÂ-¸n-¡Â, Im-cm-fÀ-¡v GÂ-¸n¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-
¶ `q-an-bn n-¶p-f-f B-Zm-b-¯n-sâ hn-`-Pw, D-S-aØ-X-tbm Im-cm-×-tbm ]m-
en¨p-t]m-cp-¶-Xnpw ssI-am-d-p-¶-Xn-p-ap-f-f A-cp-Xp-I-fpw AcpXmbvaIfpw
F¶nhsbms¡bmWv Cu en-Jn-X-§-fp-sS D-f-f-S-¡-§-fpsS s]m-Xp-kz-`mhw. sIm-
¯n-h-¨ hm-¡p-I-fp-sS s]m-cp-fp-IÄ-¡n-S-bn n¶pw A-¶v Xm-c-X-tay- A-{]-[m-
-hpw C-¶v G-ähpw {]-k-à-hpam-b `-c-W-{I-a-hpw A-[n-Im-c-t{i-Wn-bpw A-h-Im-i-
_-Ô-hp-saÃmw Hmtcm hm-b--bnepw IqSpXÂ IqSpXÂ sh-fn-s¸-«p h-cp-¶p. B-
hÀ-¯n-¨p h-cp-¶ hm-¡p-I-fn n¶pw {]-[m--ambpw A-[n-Im-c-hpw A-h-Im-i-_-
Ô-hp-am-Wv Gdn-b ap³-K-W--bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv.
3. A[n-Im-cw AY-hm `-c-W-{Iawþ B-s«6
F-¶ hm-¡p-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v B-ss«-
t¡mÄ, B-ss«-¯n-d F¶o {]-tbm-K§sf -¼q-Xn-cn {Km-a-§-fn-se taÂ-tIm-bv-am-
[n-Im-c-¯n-pw kw-c-£-W-¯n-p-am-bn A-hÀ cm-Pm-hntm m-Sp-hm-gn-t¡m Â-
In-bn-cp-¶ hmÀjn-I n-Ip-Xn-sb¶ AÀ-°-¯n-em-Wv ]pcmtcJIfn D]tbmKn¨p
ImWp¶Xv. cm-P-{]-Xn-n-[nIfmb n-gÂ, q-äp-hÀ F-¶n-h-cneqsS {Km-a-§Ä¡pw
t£-{X-§Ä¡pw GÀs¸Sp¯nbncp¶ kwc-£-W-¯n-sâ {]-Xn^ew F¶ n-e-
bv-¡ÃmsX, {Km-a-§-fn-se hn-f-hn-sâ H-cp ]-¦m-bn-t«m t£-{X-`q-an-bn-se B-Zm-b-
¯n-se nÝn-X hn-ln-Xamtbm C-Xn-s I-W-¡m-¡m-m-InÃ. A-hn-«-¯qÀ tc-J,
Xr-¡m-¡-c tc-J, am-¼nf-fn ]-«bw, Xn-cp-hà sN-t¸-Sv F-¶n-h-bn c£m-t`mK-
6. Bss« F-¶ -hm-¡n-sâ th-cv X-an-gn-se B-­mWv. B-«-¸n-d-¶mÄ, B-«-hn-ti-jw F-s¶m-s¡ ]-d-bp¶-Xv B-­nÂ
am{Xw D-­m-Ip-¶ hn-ti-j-Zn-h-k§-sf kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. t£-{X-tc-J-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«p Im-Wp-¶ `B-ss«-t¡mÄ’
F-¶ hmÀjnIhn-ln-Xw D-Õ-h-§-fp-am-bn A-sÃ-¦n t£-{X-hnti-j Zn-h-k-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«v s]-cp-amÄ-¡p Â-In-
bn-cp-¶ hn-lnX-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv.
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16. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XVI
sa¶ hm¡p-sIm-­v AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶-Xpw kw-c-£-W-¯n-p-f-f {]-Xn-^-e-s¯- -Xs¶-
bmWv. mSp-hm-gn¡p-f-f-Xnepw I-hn-ª kzm-[o--hpw B-[n-]-Xy-hpw ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-
cp¶ {_Ò-kzw, tZ-hkzw A-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-b {_m-Ò-W-k-`-IÄ-¡v mSp-hm-gn-IÄ
DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-ffhÀ `q-an hn-s«m-gnªp sImSp-¯ncp-¶p-sh¶pw, A-Xn-p {]-Xn-^-e-
am-bn c£m-t`m-Kw Â-In-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p-amWv Cu tc-J-I-fn-se ]cm-a-Àis¯ A-
Sn-Øm--s¸-Sp-¯n I-cp-Xn-h-cp-¶Xv.
4. AhIm-i-_Ôwþ (1) Xr¡m-¡-c t£-{X-¯n-se F.Un. 962þte-sX-¶p I-cp-
X-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp tc-J-bn Im-cm-×-bm-bn ÂIn-b `q-an-bn n-¶p-f-f hmÀ-jn-Im-
Zm-b-hn-ln-Xw F-¶ AÀ-°-¯n I-Sssa F-¶ ]-Zw D]tbmKn¨n«pffXmbn
ImWmw. Cu hn-lnXw, ]-t£ t£-{X-¯n-sâ sÂ-¸p-c-bn-te-¡m-Wv t]m-Ip-¶-
sX-¶-Xn-m n-Ip-Xn-bmbÃ, G-sd-¡p-sd A-h-Im-im-p-a-Xn- F¶ nebnepff
hm-cw F-¶p am-{X-ta I-Sssa F-¶ hm-¡ns I-W-¡m-¡-m-m-Ip-I-bp-ffp. ¼q-Xn-
cnam-scm-gn-sI-bp-f-f P--§Ä Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ tN-cn-¡Â `q-an-bn-se Xm-a-k-¡m-cnÂ
n¶v Du-cmfÀ BcpwXs¶ IpSn-a Cu-Sm-¡-cp-Xv F-¶ A-hn-«-¯qÀ tc-J-bn-se ]-
cm-aÀiw, IpSn-a F-¶ hn-ln-X-t¯-bpw Ip-Sn-bm-bv-a- F-¶ A-h-Im-im-p-`-h-¯n-
sâ kq-N--sbbpw Â-Ip¶p. `q-an-bn ho-Sph-¨p Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f ho-«pI-cw
F-¶ AÀ-°-¯n-em-Wv Ip-Sn-a- F-¶ hm-¡n-s hn-e-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-f-fXv. tNcn-¡-Â
`qanbmbpw Im-cm-bv-am-h-Im-iw sIm-Sp-¯v ImÀ-jn-I-hr-¯n-bn sIm-­p-h-¶ `q-an-
bmbpw X-§-fp-sS t-cn-«p-f-f A-p-`-h-¯n-epÄs¸Sm¯-Xpw F¶m hn-kv-Xr-Xn-
bn a-lm-`q-cn]-£w h-cp-¶-Xp-am-b h-kv-Xp-¡fn n¶pw C¯c¯nepff hn-ln-
X-§-fn-eq-sS e-`n-¨ B-Zm-bw {_m-Ò-W-k-`-I-fpsS h-cp-am-- amÀ-K-am-bn- XoÀ¶ncp-
¶p-sh-¶pw Cu hy-h-Ø-IÄ k-¼-¯n-sâbpw A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw h³-tXm-Xn-ep-
f-f-Xpw A-p-]m-X-c-ln-Xhp-amb- tI-{µo-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS {_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯np
(^-e-¯nÂ, {_-Ò-kz-¯n-tâbpw tZ-h-kz-¯n-tâ-bpw) Im-c-W-am-sb-¶p-am-Wv n-co-
£n¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
(2) F.Un. 819þse X-cn-km-¸f-fn imkw ]-eX-cw Ip-Sn-bm-bv-a-I-fp-sS H-
cp k-¦-e--amWv. A-Xn-se `C-¶I-cw I-­ o-c-ä a-cp-hm³ k-]ocn-sim’ F-¶ {]-
tbm-K-¯nse `I-­’ F-¶ kq-N- ImW-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v o-co-£n-¡-
s¸-«n-«p­v. `oc-ä’ F-¶ hm-¡v ssX-em-`n-tjIw, D-Z-I-]qÀÆw F-¶o hm-¡pI-sfbpw
Ip-dn-¡p¶p. tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-bn ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ ]-c-ip-cm-a-Z-¯am-b `q-an -¼q-
Xn-cn-amÀ-¡v Zm-w sN-¿p¶Xv `D-Z-I-]qÀ-Æ’ambmWv (oÀ ho-gv-¯ns¡m­v). a-cp-
hm³ k-]ocn-sim-bv-¡v Â-Ip-¶ Zm--¯n-se a-säm-cp {]-tbm-K-amWv `A-«n-t¸-dv’.
`t]dv’ F-¶-Xv P-·-¯n-v k--a-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ {ZmhnU ]ZamWv. A-«n-t¸-dm-
bn In-«nb-Xv F-¶-Xn-À-°w P-·-am-bn In-«nb-Xv F-¶XmWv. A-«n-t¸-dv Â-Ip-¶
`qan Cu tem-I-hpw kq-cy-N-{µ-·mcpw n-e-nÂ-¡p-¶n-S-t¯m-fw im-iz-Xam-b ]m«w
F¶ nebv¡mWv ssI-am-äw sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. ‘Im-W-¡m-c-m-b’ a-cp-hm³ k-]o-
cn-sim-bv¡v Cu `q-an a-äp-f-f-hÀ-¡v Im-cm-bv-abm-tbm a-äp Ip-Sn-bm-bv-abmtbm Â-Im-
mIpambncp¶p. Zm-w Â-Ip-t¼mÄ `A-©p-h-®hpw a-Wn-{Km-a-hpw’ F-¶-dn-b-
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17. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXVII
s¸-«n-cp-¶ I¨-h-S kwL-s¯ Im-cm-f-cm-bn-«v Im-Wn-¨n-«p-ff-Xv Iq-Sm-sX Ip-Sn-I-fp-sS
ta-ep-f-f D-S-a-Øm-h-Im-i-hpw Zm--¯n-eq-sS ]-f-fn-¡p e-`n-¡p¶p. C-Xn n¶pw
Im-Ww AY-hm D-S-a-Øm-h-Imiw, Im-cmbv-a AY-hm Ap`h{Iaw(Tenure), IpSn-a
AY-hm Ip-Sn-I-fp-sS ta-ep-f-f A-h-Im-iw F-¶n-h-bm-Wv kn-²n¡p-¶Xv. ]qÀ-®m-h-
Im-i-ap-f-f h-kv-Xp-¡Ä-¡m-Wv B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn `ImWw’ F-¶p ]-d-ªn-cp-¶-sX-
¶v X-an-gv-m-«n-se ‘ImWn’ F-¶ ]Z-s¯ ap³-nÀ-¯n n-co-£-W-§Ä D-­m-bn-«p-
­vv. hfsc Ime§Ä¡p tijamWv Im-Ww `q-an H-gn-¸n-¡-¯-¡-Xm-sW-¶ coXn
h-¶p tNÀ-¶-sX¶pw AXn-p-k-cn-¨v hy-h-Ø-IÄ cq-]-s¸-«-sX-¶p-ap-f-f N-cn-{X-
hn-Nm-cw7
n-e-hn-ep-f-f-XmWv. -¼q-Xn-cn-amcm-b Ir-jn-¡mÀ-¡v A-¡me-¯v t£-{X-
k-`-IÄ Â-Inh¶ im-iz-Xm-h-Imi-s¯ Im-Ww F-¶Ã Du-cm-× F-¶m-Wp hn-
fn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. {_-Òkzw `q-anIÄ Du-cm-f-cp-sS C-S-bn hn-`-Pn-¡p-t¼mÄ H-cp Ip-Spw-
_-¯n-p e-`n-¨n-cp-¶ hn-lnXs¯ ‘]-SIm-cw’ F-¶pw hn-fn-¨n-cp¶p.
5. Imgv-N AY-hm Np¦w-þ (1) X-cn-km-¸f-fn ]-«-bw (9þmw q-äm-­v), Pq-X-¸-«bw
(F.Un. 1000), C-cn-§m-e¡p-S tc-J (10þmw q-äm-­v), Xm-sg-¡m-«p en-Jn-Xw (11þmw
q-äm­v) F-¶n-h-bnse h-c-¯n-epÂIv, A-gn-hpÂ-Iv F-¶o hm-¡p-I-fnse “DÂIv”
F-¶ {]-tbmKs¯ Np¦w8
, n-IpXn, {]-Xn^-ew F¶-s¡ AÀ-°w h-cp-¶
“ip¡w” AYhm “Np¦w” F-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X ]-Z-¯n-sâ `m-jm-t`-Zambm-Wv I-
W-¡m-¡p-¶Xv. Customs Duty F-¶ AÀ-°-¯n-emWv Cu hm-¡p-I-Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-
cn-¡p¶-Xv F-¶ hn-e-bn-cp-¯-en n¶pw A-¡me-¯v -K-c-§-fn I-¨-h-S-¡m-
cn n-¶pw Np-¦w Cu-Sm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p F¶v Apamn¡mhp¶XmWv. `DÂIv’ Cu-
Sm-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f Cfhv Cu tc-J-I-fn {]-tXy-Iw F-Sp-¯p ]-d-bp-¶pap-­v. c-­p
X-c-¯n-ep-f-f Np-¦-§Ä tc-J-I-fn ]-cm-aÀinXamIp-¶p-­v. BZyt¯Xv h-c-¯nÂ
DÂ-Iv AYhm C-d-¡p-a-Xn-¨p-¦hpw c­mat¯Xv A-gn-hpÂ-Iv AYhm I-b-äp-a-Xn-
¨p¦hpambncp¶p. C¯-cw DÂIpIÄ Cu-Sm-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f A-[n-Im-cw m-Sp-hm-gn-
7. Cfw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-f-f þ P-·n-k-{¼-Zm-bw tI-c-f-¯nÂ, Fw.Pn.Fkv. m-cm-b-W³ þ Perumals of Kerala
tImkvtam _pIvkv, 2013 (t]-Pv þ317) F-¶n-h-bn Cu k-¦Â-¸w NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶p. F-¶mÂ, I-®v þ ImWpI þ Im-
Ww F-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ, ImWp-I AY-hm taÂ-tm-«w h-ln-¡p-I F-¶-bÀ-°-¯n-em-Wv hneyw tem-K³ Im-Ww F-¶
A-h-Im-i-{Ia-s¯ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn-«p-f-fXv.
8. BÄ-¡m-iv þ A-Sn-a-bv-¡p Â-tI-­ ]-Ww
]m-Ip-Sw þ hm-l--§Ä-¡p-f-f n-Ip-Xn
Xp-em-¡q-en þ Xp-em-kn Xq-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f Iq-en
n-d-Iq-en þ A-f-hp-n-IpXn (Xq-em-¡q-enbpw n-d-Iq-enbpw H-cp-an-¨m-Wv {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-f-fXv)
X-f-¡m-Ww þ sX§pw ]--bpw I-b-dm-p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ X-f-¸n-p Â-tI-­ ]n-cn-hv
G-Wn-¡m-Ww þ sX§pw ]-bpw I-b-dm-p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ G-Wn-¡p Â-tI-­ ]n-cn-hv
ass tabv-]m³ sIm-ffpw Cssd þ ho-Sp ta-bm³ Â-tI-­ I-cw
ta-n-s¸m-¶v þ B-`-c-W-a-Wn-bm³ Â-tI-­ I-cw
C-chp-tIm þ ku-P-y-am-bn Â-Ip¶ tNm-dv
Ip-S-m-gn þ If-fp sN-¯p n-Ip-Xn
X-ehne þ B-Wn-s A-Sn-a-sIm-f-fp-t¼mÄ Â-Ip-¶ hn-e
ap-ehne þ s]-®n-s A-Sn-a-sIm-f-fp-t¼mÄ Â-Ip-¶ hn-e
]-´Â-¡m-Ww þ Xm-ÂIm-en-I-am-bn sj-Ív h-¨p sI-«p-¶-Xn-p-f-f ]-Ww
X-«m-c-¡q-en þ Øn-cam-b sI-«n-Sw ]-Wn-bp-¶-Xn-p-f-f Iq-en
Hm-W-s þ Hm-W-¯n-p `q-hp-S-a-bv-¡p Â-tI-­ sÃv
]-S-b-Wn-s þ ]-S-b-Wn-¡p Â-tI-­ sÃv-
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18. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XVIII
I-fn n-£n-]v-X-am-bncp¶p. C¯cw Np¦§Ä Iq-Sm-sX BÄ-¡miv, ]m-IpSw,
Xp-em-¡qen, n-ssd-¡qen, X-ssf-¡mWw, G-Wn-¡mWw, ass tabv-]m³
sIm-ffpw Cssd, ta-n-s¸m¶v, C-chp-tImÂ, Ip-S-mgn, X-e-hn-e, ap-e-hn-
e, ]-´Â-Im-Ww, X-«m-c-Iqen, Hm-W-sÂ, ]-S-b-Wn-s F-¶o Np¦-§fpw
Cu-Sm-¡p-I-tbm Cf-hp Â-Ip-Itbm sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p.
(2) s]-cp-amÄ tc-J-I-fn [m-cm-f-am-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp¶- `q-an- kw-_-Ôam-b
]-Z-§-fm-Wv ]m«w9
, Hän, ]-ssWbw, ta-semSn, Io-goSv, amh-d sIm­v ap-Xe-d A«n-
sIm-Sp-¡p-I10
, s]-cp-h-bÂ-`qan, ]-Xn-¸-X-hmcw, tIm-¸-X-hmcw, ]-X-hmcw, Im-cmfÀ,
Im-cm-×, C-ssS-bo-Sv ap-X-emb-h. DStbmÀ¡v n-Ýn-X Ime-¯v Â-tI-­ n-
ÝnX AÀ-°w F-¶ AÀ-°-¯n hm-cw F-¶ hm-¡pw, ]m«w, Hän, ]-Wbw XpS-
§n-b-hbpw ]nÂ-¡m-e§fnepw Xp-SÀ-¶ph¶vv, 1963þÂ `q-]-cn-jvI-c-W n-b-a-t¯m-
fw n-e-nÂ-nÂ-¡p-¶p-­v. F-¶mÂ, A-[n-Im-c-Øm-§-sf Ip-dn-¡p¶ tIm³,
]Xn Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-§Ä ]nÂ-¡m-e-§-fn AÀ-°-t`-Z-t¯m-sS am{Xw
nen¶ncp¶Xpw H-cp L-«-¯n-p ti-jw Ayw n¶p-t]m-bXpamb A-[n-Im-c-
Øm--§-fp-sS Im-em-p-kr-Xam-b am-ä-¯n-te-¡p-f-f A-n-tj-[yam-b kq-N-Ifpw
X-cp¶p. F.Un. 1124þp ti-jw s]-cp-am-fn-tâ-Xm-b bmsXmcphn[amb tcJ-I-fpw
e`yaÃm¯XpamWv. 12þmw q-äm-­p ap-X-ep-f-f tI-c-f-¯n-sâ Ncn{Xw
]cntim[n¨m t_m[yamIp¶XmIs«, t-c-t¯ -X-s¶ n-e-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶-
m«p-cm-Py-§-fn Nne-Xv {]-_-e-am-Ip-Ibpw Nne-Xv CÃm-Xm-Ip-I-b-pw sN-
¿p¶psh¶pff hkvXpXIfmWv.
(3) 12þmw q-äm-­nse C¯c¯nepff {]_eamb m-Sp-I-fp-sS t]-cp-I-
tfm A-XnÀ-¯n-I-tfm n-Ýn-X-am-bn A-dn-bp-hm-p-X-Ip-¶ A-¡m-e-t¯Xmb tcJ-
I-sfm¶pw Xs¶ C-Xph-sc I-s­¯mmbn«nÃ. G-Xm-pw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-
se ]-cm-aÀ-i-§sfm-gn-¨p nÀ-¯n-bm (Cu Ir-Xn-I-fn-se c-N-m-Ime-s¯ AhbnÂ
]-d-bp¶ kw-`-h-§-fp-sS Im-e-am-bn I-cp-Xmpw nÀ-Æm-l-anÃ) Cu Im-e-t¯-Xv F-
¶p XoÀ-¯p ]-d-bm-hp-¶ aäp kq-N-I-sfm¶pw e-`y-hpaÃ. ]n-¶oSv, Ir-Xyam-b
AXnÀ¯n kqNn¸n-¨v tI-c-f-sa¶- {]-tZ-iw GXm-sW¶v kv-]-ã-am-bn kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-
9. {_m-Ò-W {Km-a-¯nse-tbm {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS am{Xw D-S-a-Ø-X-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶ t£-{X-§-fpsS-tbm `p-an Im-cm-fÀ-
¡v ]m-«-¯n-p Â-Ip-¶-Xn-p-f-f k-{¼-Zmbw 9þmw q-äm-­p ap-XÂ Im-Wp-¶p­v. learned brahman F-¶mWv `-«
F-¶ kw-kvIr-X hm-¡n-sâ AÀ-°w. `«-sb `m-« F¶pw {]tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. sshZn-I {_m-Ò-W-À AY-hm `-
«-cpsS `q-an ssIh-iw h-¨v Ir-jn sN-¿p-t¼mÄ Im-cm-fÀ Â-tI-­ hn-lnX-s¯bmhmw B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn `m-«w F-
¶p hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. C-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv ]m-«w F-¶m-bn am-dn-b-Xm-Imw. Im-cm-f-n n¶pw `]m«w’ ti-J-cn-¡p-¶ D-tZym-KØ-
s `]m-«-amf³’ F-¶p hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶p. kmaq-Xn-cn-tc-J-I-fnÂ, t£{Xw ]n-cn-hp-tZym-K-Ø-s “]m-«-amfn” F-¶m-Wv hn-ti-
jn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. ]m-«-hpw, ]m-«-¡m-c-pw, ]m-«-am-fpw D-­mb-Xv H-tc aq-e-¯n n-¶m-sW-¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv.
[Fw.Pn.Fkv. m-cm-bW³ þ Perumals of Kerala, tImkvtam _pIvkv, 2013 t]-Pv þ317;
F³.Fw. -¼q-Xn-cn þ a-e-_mÀ ]T-§Äþ kmaqXncnmSv, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v,2013,t]-Pv 119]
10. A-¡me-¯v ap-gp-h³ A-h-Im-ihpw Xo-dp Â-Ip-¶-Xn-s hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cp¶-Xv `amh-d sIm-­v apX-e-d A-«n sIm-
Sp-t¯³’ F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. C-{]-Im-cw Xo-dp Â-Ip-t¼mÄ h-kv-Xp-¡fpw A-Xn-ep-f-f ta-ep-`bw, Io-gp`bw, IÃv, I-«,
Im-ªncw, Ipän, ap-ffv, ap-cSv, aqÀ-J³-]m¼v, BÄ-t]mIpw hgn, oÀ-t]mIpw NmÂ, am³-sh«pw ImSv, tX³-sh«pw tNm-
e, oÀ, n[n, In-Wdv, A-h-Imiw, ]m-Xm-fw ap-X-emb-Xv D-e-Ipw kq-cy-N-{µ-·mcpw D-f-f Im-e-t¯m-fw ssIh-iw h-bv-
¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f A-p-a-Xn-bm-bn Im-Wp¶p.
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¶ H-cp tc-J-bp-­m-hp¶Xv 16þmw q-äm-­n-p-ti-jw F-gp-X-s¸-«-sX-¶p I-W-¡m-
¡s¸Sp¶ tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-I-fn-emWv. sF-Xn-ly-§fpw A-Xn-i-tbm-àn-Ifpw n-
d-ª-sX-¦n-epw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X -c-N--bv-¡pff D-]m-Zm--§-fn H-¶mbn N-cn-{X-Im-c-
·mÀ Ch-sb C-t¸mÄ I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-¶p­v. C-Xn tKm-IÀ-®w ap-X s]-
cp¼p-g h-sc Xp-fp-cm-Pyw, s]-cp¼p-g ap-XÂ ]p-Xp-]«-Ww h-sc Iq-h AY-hm aq-
jn-I-cm-Pyw, ]p-Xp-]«-Ww ap-X I-t-¶ä-n h-sc tI-c-f-cm-Pyw, I-t-¶än ap-X I-
ym-Ip-am-cn h-sc Iq-]-I-cmPyw F-¶n-§-s- m-ev cm-Py-§-sf ]dªn-«p-f-f-XnÂ
]p-Xp-¸«-Ww ap-X I-t¶-än11
h-sc-bp-f-f {]-tZ-i-§-fnse 32 {Km-a-§-fm-bmWv tI-
cfs¯ ASbm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ffXv. s]-cp-amÄ-¡me-s¯ A-h-Im-im-[n-Im-c§Ä
]-cn-W-an-¨pw s]-cp-am-fp-sS Xn-tcm-[m--t¯msS km-aq-lnIþkm-¼¯n-I Øn-Xn-I-
fnep­mb hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-¯n-sâ B-p-Iq-ey-¯mepw t£-{X-§Ä A-[n-Im-c-tI-
{µ-§fmIp-¶-Xpw Ah-sb D-]-Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶ a-e-bm-f -{_m-Ò-WÀ `q-kz-¯mÀ-Ön¨v
‘{_-Ò-kzw’ h-kv-Xp-¡Ä cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw {Km-a-§-fmbn s]-cp-Ip-¶Xp-sam-s¡ tI-
c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-I-fn-se A-´À-[m-c-I-fmWv. Ht¶m ct­m A-]-hmZ-§-sfm-gn-¨m þ
A-Xpw, ]nÂ-¡me-¯v þ -¼q-Xn-cnamtcm t£-{X-§tfm t-cn-s«m-cp `-c-W-hy-h-
Ø-bn-tet¡m cm-{ã-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-te-t¡m hn-I-kn-¨nà F¶XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.
-¼q-Xn-cn {Km-a-§Ä {]m-tZ-in-Iam-b A-[n-Im-cw, ]-e-t¸mgpw Pm-Xym-Sn-Øm--¯nÂ
X-s¶, ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS Øm--t¯¡v {Ita-W D-
bÀ-¶p h¶-Xv {]-_-e-·mcm-b m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-bp-sS Ime-
¯np XpSÀ¨sbt¶mWw qäm­pIÄ¡n¸pdw, IrXyambn ]dªm ]-Xn-tgmw
q-äm-t­m-sS sX-¡p Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw, a-²y-¯n sIm¨nbpw, hS-¡v a-e-_mdpw
cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-bn-se cm-Py-§-fn Xp-fp-cmPyw G-Xm-­p ap-gp-h-
mbpw Xs¶ Cu m-«p-cm-Py-tI-c-f-¯n-p ]p-d-¯m-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.
6. m-Sp-hm-gn-¯-Im-ewþ (1) ]{´­mw q-äm-­p h-sc a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw B-Øm--am-
bn H-cp tI-{µoIr-X `c-Ww n-e-n-¶n-cp-¶p F-¶ k-¦Â-¸-¯n n-¶p X-s¶-bm-
Wv m-«p-cm-Py-§-fp-sS D-cp-¯n-cn-b-en-sâ D-Z-b-¯npff kqNIÄ e`n¡p¶Xpw.
Ipe-ti-J-c-s¸-cp-am-sf¶ tI-{µm-[n-Im-cw CÃm-Xm-b-tXm-Sp Iq-Sn m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ kz-
X-{´-cm-sb-¶pw B m-Sp-IÄ-¡p-ffn-tem H-¶n-e-[n-Iw m-Sp-I-fn ]-SÀt¶m ]-c-
am-[n-Im-c-ap-f-f t£-{X-k-t¦-X-§Ä DSse-Sp¯p-sh-¶p-ap-f-f H-cp Nn-{X-am-Wv 12 ap-
XÂ G-I-tZ-iw 16 h-sc-bp-f-f q-äm-­p-Ifnse h-sc tI-c-f-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-f-fXv. s]cp-
amÄ Im-e-L-«-¯n Zm--§-fn-eq-sS-bpw s]-cp-amÄ-¡m-e-¯n-p ti-j-ap­m-b A-
hy-h-Ø-bn ]p-Xp-Xm-bn Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¯-Xn-eq-sSbpw t£-{X-§Ä h³-tXm-XnÂ
`q-an-bp-sS D-S-a-ØX ssI-¿m-fn-bn-cp¶p. kt¦-X-§Ä F-¶-dn-b-s¸-« Cu t£-{Xm-
[nIm-c {]-tZ-i§Ä Hcp cm-Pm-hn-pw cm-Pm-[n-Im-cw -S-¯p-hm³ A-h-Im-i-an-Ãm-
Xn-cp-¶- nÝnX A-XnÀ-¯n-IÄ¡I¯pff ¢n]vX {]-tZ-i-§fmbncp¶p F¶m-
Wv I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. G-Xv cm-PymXnÀ-¯n-¡-I-¯v k-t¦-X-§Ä DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶mepw
icnXs¶ {]kvXpX {]tZis¯ cm-Pm-hn-v k-t¦X¯n-p-f-fn c£I-Øm--
11. [tIih³ shfp¯m«v þ Brahmin Settlements in Kerala, kÔy ]»nt¡j³kv, 1978 t]-Pv þ21þ22]
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20. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XX
aÃmsX aäp bm-sXm-cphn[ A-[n-Im-c-§fpw D-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. alm-`q-cn]-£w `q-an-
bp-sS A-h-Im-ihpw D-S-a-Ø-X-b-pw t£-{X-§Ä-¡pw A-Xph-gn t£-{X-`-c-Wm-[n-
Im-cnIfm-bn-cp-¶ Du-cm-fÀ AY-hm tbm-K-¡mÀ-¡p-am-bncp¶Xnm C-§-s-bp-
ff c-£-I-Øm--t¯¡v tbm-K-¯n-ep-f-f {_m-Ò-W-cp-sS C-ãw t]m-se G-Xp cm-
Pm-hn-t-bpw n-Ý-bn¡mambncp¶p.kÀ-Æ-m[n-Im-chpw kz-X-{´-am-bn tbm-K-¡mÀ
h-ln-¨p-t]m-¶ncp-¶-Xn-m c-£-I-Øm--t¯-¡p h-¶n-cp-¶ cm-Pm-hn-sâ {]-hr-
¯n tZ-h-kzw kz-¯p-¡-sf Im-¯p c-£n-¡p-I-bpw tZ-h-kz-¯n-sâ A-h-Im-i-§Ä-
¡p o-¡p-t]m-¡pw Xm-gv-N-bpw ho-gv-N-bpw h-cm-sX tm-¡p-I-bpw am{X-am-bn-cp¶p.
c-£-I-Øm-w h-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-v £-Wn-¨p-sIm-­p-h-cp-¶ km-a-´,-£-{Xn-b cm-Pm-
¡-·m-sc tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-cn-IÄ F-¶m-Wv hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. C§s cmP-Øm-hpw
tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-chp-sam-s¡ A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sm-sa-¦n-epw `q-an-bn n-¶p-f-f t-cn-«p-f-f
h-cp-am-sam¶pw mSp-hm-gnt¡m cm-Pmhntm sN-¶n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶n-Ã12
. hnti-
jn¨v A-[n-Im-c-sam¶pw CÃm-¯ Cu Xp-eym-h-Ø-bn taÂss¡ I-¸n-s¨-Sp-
¡p-¶-Xn-m-bn s]-cp-am-sf-¯-s¶-bm-Wv m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ B-{i-bn-¨p Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-
Xv c-­p hn-[-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-c-Ømw s]-cp-am-fn n¶pw ]m-c-¼-
cy-am-bn e-`n-¨-Xm-sW-¶pw m-Sp `-cn-¡m-p-f-f A-h-Im-iw s]-cp-am-fn-sâ A--´-cm-
h-Im-in-sb-¶ n-e-bn t-cn-«p e-`n-¨-Xm-sW-¶p-ap-f-fhbmbncp¶p
hyXykvX§fmb C¯cw A-hIm-ihm-Z-§-Ä.
(2) taÂ-ss¡-bp-f-f t£-{X-§-fp-sS tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw
D-¶-X-cm-bn I-cp-X-s¸-«p. a-tlm-Z-b-]pc-s¯ B-Øm--t£-{Xamb Xn-cp-h-©n-¡p-f-
¯nsâ tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-cn-sb-¶ n-e-bn s]-cp-¼-S-¸v (sIm¨n) cm-Pm-hn-sâ _n-cp-
Z-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp-¶ Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-cp-t¡m-hn-e-[n-Im-cn-IÄ H-cp-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv. A-{X {]m-[m-y-apff t£-{X-§-Ä A-Xy-]qÀ-Æ-am-b--Xn-m cm-P-Øm--
¯n-sâ {]m-am-Wy-¯n-m-bn c­mas¯ A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-am-Wv þ X-§Ä-¡v s]-cp-am-
fn n-¶p-am-Wv cmPyw e-`-n¨-Xv F-¶Xv þIqSp-X t]cpw D-¶-bn-¨Xv. th-Wm-Spw,
tIm-e-¯p-m-Spw km-aq-Xn-cn-bpw s]-cp-¼-S-¸p(sIm-¨n)apÄs¸sS tI-c-f-¯n-se H«p-
an-¡ m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fpw C-¯-c-¯n s]-cp-am-fn n-¶pw A--´-cm-h-Im-i-ambn cm-
Pyw e-`n-¨-h-cm-sW-¶v ]nÂ-¡me¯v A-h-Im-i-s¸-«p Im-Wp-¶p­v. C¯c-¯nÂ,
t£-{X-k-t¦-X-§-sf-¶ Xp-cp-¯p-I-fpw A-h-bv-¡n-S-bn s]m-«p-IÄ t]m-se m-a-
am-{Xam-b {]-tZi-¯v AÂ-¸m-[n-Im-cw {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fp-am-bn ]m-tS
ZpÀ-ºeamb cmjv{So-b-L-S--bn-eqsS Cu `q-hn-`m-Kw I-S¶p-t]m-bncp¶ Im-e-L-«-
12. `q-an-bn n-¶p-f-f h-cp-am--sam-¶pw Cu-Sm-¡m-m-Im-Xn-cp-¶ tI-c-fo-b cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS {]-[m- h-cp-am--amÀ-Kw
Iptd Im-gv-N-Ifpw Np-¦-§-fp-am-bn-cp¶p þ B-fp-I-sf A-Sn-a-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f X-e-¸-Ww, ap-e-¸-W-w, sX-§n I-b-
dp-hm³ Cu-g-hÀ sIm-Sp-t¡-­ X-f-¡m-Ww, G-Wn-¡m-Ww, B--sb ta-bv-¡m³ A-p-h-Zn-bv-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f ]-Ww,
s]m-¶-cn-¡m³ A-p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f ]-Ww, taÂ-ao-i h-bv-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f Im-gv-N, Io-gv-Pm-Xn-¡mÀ-¡v X-e-bn D-dp-
am sI-«p-¶-Xn-pw hn-c-ep-I-fn tam-Xn-cw C-Sp-¶-Xn-pw a-äpap-f-f Im-gv-N, kzÀ-®w sIm-­p-f-f B-`-c-Ww [-cn-¡p-¶-
Xn-p-f-f Im-gv-N XpS-§nbh. C-h-sb-¡q-Sm-sXbp-­m-bn-cp-¶ km-c-am-b h-cp-am-w Ip-cp-ap-f-In-sâ-bpw a-e-©-c-¡p-I-
fp-sS-bpw hym-]m-cw kw-_-Ôn-¨p-ffXmWv. Cu N-c-¡p-I-fp-sS hym-]m-ctasdbpw Xp-d-ap-J-§-sf tI-{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp-
¶p n-e-n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv F¶Xn-m {][m- Xp-d-ap-J§-sf DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ m-«p-cm-Py-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p G-sd hn-Im-kw
{]m-]n-¨Xv.
[sI. ]n. ]-ßm-` ta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n cm-Py-N-cn-{Xw, amXr`qan _pIvkv, 1996. t]Pvþ 623þ624]
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21. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXI
am-bn-cp-¶p 12 ap-X 16 h-sc-bp-f-f q-äm-­p-IÄ. Cu Im-e-L«§fnse N-cn-{X-tc-
J-I-fp-sS A-`m-hhpw i-à-am-b A-[n-Im-c-Øm--§-fp-sSbpw Øm]§fpsSbpw
CÃm-bv-a-bn-te-¡p X-s¶-bm-Wv hnc Nq­p¶Xpw. hn-tZ-i-k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS Ip-dn-
¸p-I-fn n¶pw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn n-¶pw {K-Ù-h-cn-I-fn n-¶pw tIm-hn-e-
Iw tc-J-I-fn n-¶psam-s¡-bp-f-f ZznXo-b-t{i-Wn-bn s]-Sp-¶ hn-h-c-§-fn-eq-
sS-bmWv Cu Im-e-L«-s¯ ]Tn-¡m-m-Ip-¶Xv. C¯csamcp A-hy-à-X-bnÂ
n¶pamWv Xp-SÀ-¶p-f-f Im-e-§-fn tIc-fw F-s´-¶p-f-f-Xn-v {]m-Y-an-Iam-b
nÀ-ÆN-w Â-Inb aq-¶p m-«p-cm-Py-§-Ä þ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n, ae_mÀ
F-¶n-h þ]Xn-sb-¸-Xn-sb DÂ-¡À-jw {]m-]n-¨Xv.
7. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnsâ DZbwþ (1) F.Un. F«mw iX-Iw ap-X-ep-f-f ]m-Þy-im-
k--§-fn th-Wm-Sv F¶ cmPys¯¡pdn¨v ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-­v. C-´y-bp-sS sX-t¡
ap-¼p ap-X G-I-tZ-iw mKÀ-tIm-hn h-sc-bp-f-f {]-tZ-i-§-fn tNm-fcpw ]m-
Þy-cpw, A-hnS-¶p h-S-t¡m-«v G-I-tZ-iw Xn-cp-h--´-]p-c-¯n-sâ h-S-¡³ `m-K-
§Ä h-sc B-bv cm-Pm-¡-·m-cpw `-c-Ww -S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n s]-cp-
amÄ-t¡c-f-¯n-sâ sX-t¡ A-ä-amb B-bv cm-Pym-XnÀ-¯n ap-XÂ h-S-t¡m-«v C¶-
s¯ I-cp-m-K-¸f-fn Xm-eq-¡n-ep-f-f I-t¶än h-sc-bp-f-f {]-tZ-i-s¯-bm-Wv th-Wm-
Sv F-¶v hn-fn-¨p h¶ncp¶Xv. sImÃ-¯n-pw Xn-cp-h--´-]p-c-¯npw C-S-bv-¡p Øn-
Xn sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶ H-cp sN-dpIn-S m-Sp am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p F.Un. F«v, H³]-Xv i-X-I-
§-fn th-WmSv. Nn-d-hmbv, Io-gv-t¸-cqÀ, C-c-WnbÂ, Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-tImSv, IÂ-¡pfw,
Xr-¸m-¸qÀ XpS-§n ]-e B-Øm--§-Ä kzo-I-cn-¨v `c-Ww -S¯n-b Iq]-Iw AY-
hm sImÃw, Xr-¸m-¸qÀ, Nn-d-hmbv, F-f-bn-Sw F-¶o im-J-IÄ AY-hm kz-cq-]-§-Ä
s]cp-amÄ `-c-W-¯n-sâ A-h-km--Ime¯v e-bn-¨v th-Wm-Sv cm-P-hw-iw cq-]-s¸-Sp-
¶-tXm-sS 12þmw i-XI-¯n-sâ B-cw-`-¯n am-{X-ta thWm-Sv cm-P-hw-i-¯n-v kz-
X-{´-]Z-hn ssI-h-cp-¶p-ffp13
. th-Wm-«n-se {][m- cm-Pm-hn-s Nnd-hm aq-¸-s-
¶pw, {io-]-Zv-a-m-`-kzm-an t£-{X-¯n-tâbpw a-äp t£-{X-§-fp-tSbpw `-c-W-Im-cy-
§Ä tIm-bn-e-[n-Im-cn-IÄ F-¶-t]mse nÀ-Æ-ln¨p-t]m-¶ bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s Xr-
¸m-¸qÀ aq-¸-s¶pamWv hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶Xv.
(2) ]Xn-aq¶mw q-äm-­n-sâ B-cw-`-¯n th-Wm-Sn-sâ h-S-¡p-`m-K-§-fnÂ
Hm-S-mSpw sh¬-s]m-en-mSpw t]m-ep-f-f ]pXn-b kz-cq-]-§Ä cq-]w sIm-f-fp-I-bpw
]Xn-memw q-äm-­n C-h kz-X-{´-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbv-X-tXmsS cm-PyL-S- in-Yn-
eam-hp-I-bpw th-Wm-Sv cm-Pm-hv F-¶ ]Z-hn CÃm-Xm-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-h-km-
s¯ ]p-cp-jmw-Kw A-´-cn-¨-Xn-m F.Un. 1652þ Xr-¸m-¸qÀ aq-¯ Xn-cph-Sn
F¶ Øm-w h-ln-¡p-hm³ BÄ C-Ãm-sX-bmIpI-bpw F.Un. 1685þÂ {io-]-Zv-a-
13. th-Wm-Sn-tâbpw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-tâbpw ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä kw-_-Ôn-¨v ]-e hm-Z-§-fp-­m-bn-«p­v.
[Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ (th-WmSv) cm-P-hw-iw þ sI. ]n. ]-Zv-a-m-`ta-tm³, tIcf kmlnXy A¡mUan, 1989. t]Pvþ53;
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ N-cn{Xw þ ]n. i-¦p-®nta-tm³, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2015. t]Pvþ 31-þ47;
C-fw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-f-f-bp-sS Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ Ir-XnIÄ. t]Pvþ 356,354;
th-WmSpw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw þ ]n. in-h-i-¦-c³ m-bÀ; t]Pvþ 10;
]n. `m-kv-I-c-p-®n þ sImÃ-¯n-sâ N-cn{Xw, sImÃw ]»nIv sse{_dn B³Uv dnkÀ¨v skâÀ, 1 9 9 4 .
t]Pvþ 62þ71]
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22. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXII
m-`-kzm-an t£{Xw Xo-¸n-Sn-¨p -in¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXmsS Ip-Spw-_-¯-e-h³ F-
¶ ]Z-hn X-s¶bpw A-{]-k-à-am-bn. A-tX-¯p-SÀ-¶v th-Wm-Sv A-m-Y-am-Ip-I-
bpw km-a-´-kz-cq-]-§Ä kzX-{´-am-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Cu Øn-Xn-hn-ti-j-¯n-v
A´yap­mb-Xv F.Un. 1729þÂ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cm-Pm-hm-bn `-c-W-ta-ä A-n-gw-
Xn-cp-mÄ amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-bp-sS Im-ew ap-X-emWv. B-än-§Â dm-Wn-am-cn H-cm-
fp-sS ]p-{X-m-I-bm Xr-¸m-¸qÀ aq-¯-Xn-cph-Sn Øm--¯n-v AÀ-l-m-bn-
cp¶psh¦nepw {io-]-Zv-a-m-`-kzm-an t£-{Xw A-¶v CÃm-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-m A-t±-l-
¯n-v B Øm--taÂ-¡p-hm-m-bnÃ. F.Un. 1736þÂ t£-{X-¯n-sâ ]-Wn ]qÀ-
¯n-bm-¡n-b-ti-jw sXm«-Sp-¯-hÀ-jw A-t±-lw B Øm-w G-sä-Sp¯p. Xp-SÀ-¶v
km-a-´-kz-cq-]§-sf h-cp-Xn-bn-em-¡p-Ibpw th-Wm-«n n¶pw hn«p-t]m-b m-SpI-
sf X-{´hpw _-ehpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v Xncn-sI-t¨À-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv
th-Wm-Sv Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dm-bn-¯oÀ-¶Xv.
8. sIm¨n cmPy¯nsâ DÛhwþ (1) sIm-¨n cm-Py-¯n-sâ D-Ûhhpw hn-Im-
khpw ]-d-bm³ {i-an-¨n-«p-f-f G-Xm-­v FÃm N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-
sS h-c-hn-p (F.Un. 1500) ap-¼p-f-f N-cn{Xw A-Úm-X-am-sW-¶14
Im-cy-¯nÂ
G-Im-`n-{]m-b-¡m-cmWv. sIm-¨n cm-Py-s¯-¸-än-bm-Is«, A-hnS-s¯ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
I-sf-¸-än-bm-Is«, s]-cp-amÄ-¡m-e-¯p-f-f tc-J-IÄ bm-sXm-cp kq-N-bpw Â-
Ip¶panÃ. ht¶-cn-bn-se s]-cp-¼-S-¸n-ep-f-f Nn-{X-Iq-Sw F-¶ B-Øm-w 13þmw
q-äm-­n C¶s¯ sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-se-¶p I-cp-Xs¸Sp¶ a-tlm-Z-b-]p-c-t¯-¡pw
Xp-SÀ-¶v 1405þÂ sIm-¨n-bn-te-¡pw am-äp-¶-Xn-p km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS B-{I-aWam-Wp
Im-c-W-sa-¶Xp X-s¶ sIm-¨n-bp-sS ssi-i-hm-hØsb sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶p-­v. F.Un.
1341þse sh-f-f-s¸m-¡-s¯-¯p-SÀ-¶v sIm-¨n A-gn-bn cq-]w sIm-­ {]-Ir-Xn-Z-
¯ Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv s]-cp-¼S-¸v kz-cq]-s¯ sIm-¨n-bn D-d-¸n-¨p nÀ-¯n-b-Xpw cm-
Py-nÀ-½n-Xn-¡p Im-c-W-am-b-Xpw. F.Un. 1419-1444 Ime¯v tI-c-f-¯n-ep-­m-
bn-cp-¶ C-ä-en-¡m-cm-b n-t¡mtfm tIm-­n sIm-¨n cm-Py-¯n-sâ hn-kv-Xr-Xn A-
©p ssaÂ-kv B-sW-¶p tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. F.Un. 1465þte-Xm-sW-¶p
IcpXs¸Sp¶ A-bn-cm-Wn-¡p-fw t£-{X-{K-Ù-h-cn-bnÂ15
“s]-cp-¼S-¸p kz-cq-]-
¯n-¦Â cm-a-hÀ-½ tI-c-f³ a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-p-f-f cm-Pm-[n-]-Xy-§-fn n¶pw t£-
{X-§-fn A-hn-sS-bp-f-f B-dp Øm--§-fnÂ.....” F¶pw “H-cp a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-p-f-f
Øm--¯n A-I-t¡mbv-a IÂ-¸n¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-f-f-XÃm-sX bm-sXm-¶p-anÔ F-
¶ {]-kv-Xm-h-§fpw Xn-cp-h-©n-¡p-fw G-fw-Ip-¶¸p-g, C-cn-§m-e¡p-S {K-Ù-h-cnIfn-
sebpw A-h-W-t¡m-«v, kzÀ-®¯v Xp-S§n-b a--I-fnse {KÙ-§-fn-sebpw16
]-
cm-aÀ-i-§fpw 16þmw q-äm-­n-p ap-¼v sIm-¨n cm-Pm-hn-v {]-[m--s¸-« t£-{X-§-
fn-se tIm-hn-e-[n-Im-c-Øm-§-tfm- tIm-bv-a Øm-§tfm AÃmsX h³-tXm-Xn-
14. [kn. A-¨p-Xta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n³ tÌ-äv am-p-hÂ, tIcf kÀ¡mÀ, 1995. t]Pvþ37;
sI. ]-n. ]-ßm-` ta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n cm-Py-N-cn{Xw, amXr`qan _pIvkv, 1996. t]Pvþ 17]
15. []n.sI.cm-L-h³ m-bÀ þ A-bn-cm-Wn-¡p-fw {K-Ùh-cn, 2010. t]Pvþ 11]
16. [Rama Varma Research Institute Bullettin Vol X Part I Page- 13-18]
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23. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXIII
epf-f `cWm-[-n-Imc-§tfm A-h-Im-i-§tfm D­m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶p X-s¶-bm-Wv
Ønco-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Xr-ÈqÀ, s]-cp-aw (s]cphw), C-cn-§m-e-¡p-S, A-hn-«-¯qÀ,
sN½-­, A-bn-cm-Wn-¡pfw, aq-gn-¡pfw, s]-cp-hmcw, Xn-cp-hmÃqÀ, F-f-¦p-¶-¸p-g, Xn-
cp-hà XpS§nb {]-[m--t£-{X-k-t¦-X-§-Ä FÃmwX-s¶ sIm-¨n A-h-Im-i-hm-
Zw D-¶-bn-¡p-¶ A-XnÀ-¯n-IÄ-¡-I-¯m-bn-cp¶p F¶ h-kv-Xp-Xbpw sIm-¨n cm-
Py-¯n-sâ DÂ-¸-¯n-Imes¯ `-c-W-kw-hn-[m--s¯-¸-än hy-Xy-kv-X-aÃm-¯ kq-N-
IÄ Xs¶bmWv ÂIp¶Xv.
(2) F.Un. 1500þ tIm-gn-t¡m-s«¯nb c­mw t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv I¸Â-kw-
L-¯n-sâ X-e-hmb I-{_mÄ, km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am-bn I-e-ln-¨v sIm-¨n cm-Pm-hp-am-
bn kJyw sN-¿p-¶-tXm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-Wv sIm-¨n-bp-sS D-bÀ-¨ B-cw`n¡p-¶Xv. kpi-
àm-b km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS A-{]-am-ZnXzw n-e-n¶ncp¶ A¡me¯v sIm-¨n-bn-se
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS Øn-Xn ]-t£ ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-bn-cp¶p. sIm-¨n cm-P-hw-i-
¯n-sâ A-©p Xm-h-gn-I-fn (aq-¯- Xm-hgn, C-f-b -Xm-hgn, ap-cn-§qÀ Xm-hgn, Nm-
gqÀ Xm-hgn, ]-f-fp-cp-¯n Xmh-gn F¶nh) s]«hcn Gähpw {]m-bw Iq-Sn-b-bmÄ
s]cp-¼S-¸v aq-¸-s¶ Øm--t¯msS cm-Pm-hm-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw, A-bmÄ hr-²-m-
Ip-t¼mÄ A-Sp-¯ B-fn-p-th-­n Øm--sam-gn-ªp sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bp-sa-¶ ]-Xn-hv
B-`y-´-c-am-b H-cp ssi-Yn-ey-¯n-v h-gn-h¨p. A-[n-Im-c-sam-gn-ª cm-Pm-hnsâ B-
Úm-phÀ-¯n-Ifpw A-[n-Im-c-ta-ä cm-Pm-hnsâ ]mÀ-izhÀ-¯n-I-fp-am-bn c-­p hn-
cp-²-i-àn-IÄ FÃm-bv-t¸mgpw cm-Py-¯v {]-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-­n-cp¶p. Xpd-ap-J-¯n-
sâ I-¨-h-S-km-²y-X-I-fpw I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ ]n³-_-e-¯n-ep-f-f A-[n-Im-c-_-ehpa-dn-
bmambncp-¶ km-aq-XncnbmIs« sIm-¨n-bp-sS `-c-W-Øn-c-X-bpw B-`y-´-c-k-am-[m-
hpw sa-¨-s¸-Sm-sX tm-¡p-¶-Xnv Cu _-e-lo-X-sb D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯pIbpw
sNbvXp. iàm-b H-cp k-Jy-I-£n-bp-sS B-h-iy-I-X n-e-n¶ncp¶ Cu km-
l-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv sIm-¨n t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-am-bpw Xp-SÀ-¶v U-¨p-Im-cp-am-bpw k-
Jy-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. G-sX-¦nep-sam-cp bq-tdm-]y³ i-àn-bp-am-bn D-S-¼-Sn-bn-teÀ-
s¸-Sp-¶ BZy C³-Uy³ cm-Py-§fn-sem¶mWp sIm-¨n. hntZ-in-I-fp-am-bpff hmWn-
Py-_-Ô-§-fp-sS ]n³-_-e-¯n ]n¶oSv sIm-¨n H-cp m-«p-cm-Py-sa-¶ n-e-bnÂ
tSnb h-fÀ-¨ I®©n¸n¡p¶Xmbncp¶p.
9. a-e-_mÀ -þ DZbwþ (1) s]-cp-amÄ Im-e-L-«-¯n-se Pq-X sN-t¸-Sn (F.Un.
1000) G-dmÄ-mSp-ssS-bm-b am--th-]-e-am--ho-b³ H-cp km-£n-bm-bn {]-Xy-£-
s¸-Sp-¶Xm-Wv G-d-m-Sn-s-¡p-dn-¨p-f-f B-Zy -]-cm-aÀiw. F.Un. 1102þse cm-taizcw
tc-J-bn s]-cp-am-fp-sS km-a-´³ F-¶-n-e-bnepw F.Un. 1225þse ho-c-cm-L-h-
]-«-b-¯nepw G-d-m-Sp­v. X-an-gv `m-j-bn-se-gpXn-b H-cp tI-c-tfmÂ-¸-¯n-bn s-
Sn-bn-cn-¸n-se Nn-{X-Iq-S-am-Wv GdmÄ-¸m-Snsâ B-Øm-w F-¶p ImWp¶p. Ø-e-
t¸-cp tNÀ-¯pw hÀ-¤-t¸-cp tNÀ¯pw Øm--t¸-cp ]-d-bp¶-Xv m-Sp-hm-gn hw-i-§-
fn kÀÆkm-[m-c-W-am-bncp¶Xn-m sIm-t­m-«n-¡-Sp-¯pff s-Sn-bn-cn-
¸mbncp¶p GdmÄ-¸m-Snsâ B-Øm-sa-¶pw C-Xn n-¶p-am-Wv 17
s-Sn-bn-cn-¸v
17. [F³.Fw. -¼q-Xn-cn þ a-e-_mÀþ kmaqXncnmSv, tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, 2013. ]T-§Ä, t]-Pv þ92]
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24. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXIV
kz-cq-]-ap-­m-b-sX¶pw I-cp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. G-dmÄ-m-Sv F-¶ B-Zn-cq-]w 13þmw i-X-
I-t¯m-Sp Iq-Sn G-dm-m-Spw, ]-Xn--©mw i-X-I-¯n-p ti-jw G-d-m-Sp-am-bn am-dp-
I-bm-Wp-­m-b-Xv. aq¯ GdmÄ-¸m-Sn-s hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶ kmaq-Xn-cn F-¶ hm-
¡v ]Xn-©mw q-äm-­n-em-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp-¶Xv. F.Un. 1402þ1405þse
No-m tc-J-I-fnse “am--hn{I-a km-an-cn”bpw F.Un. 1452þse Nn-d-bv-¡Â tIm-
hne-Iw tc-J-bn-se “km-aq-Xn-cn”bp-am-Wv B-ZyIm-e sXfn-hpIÄ. HutZymKn-I hn-
fw-_-c-§-fn H-cp _n-cp-Z-sa¶ t]m-se D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp-¶ ]q-´p-d-t¡m³ F-
¶ {]-tbm-K-¯n-v Iq-Sp-XÂ ]-g-¡-ap-s­-¦nepw18
tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv Xp-d-bp-sS A-[n-]³
F-¶n-Xn-s I-cp-Xm-m-hnÃ. s-Sn-bn-cn-¸n n-¶-pw B-Øm-w tIm-gn-t¡m-tS¡v
am-dn-b-Xnpw q-äm-­p-IÄ ap-¼m-bn-cp-¶p Cu hn-ti-j-W-¯n-sâ B-Zy {]-tbmKw.
t]-cpw _n-cp-Z-hpw IqSn F.Un. 1402 ap-X-em-Wv {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-¶pw hn-e-bn-
cp-¯ep­v. hmWn-Py-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«v IStem-c-hpw Xp-d-ap-Jhpw tX-Sn-bmI-Ww
km-aq-Xncn ]qÀ-Æ-Ip-Spw-_-Øm--am-b- s-Sn-bn-cn-¸v hn«v tIm-gn-t¡m-Sn-s B-Øm-
-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨-sX¶pw n-co-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. Cu Im-e-t¯m-Sv A-Sp-¸n-¨m-Wv G-
d-m-Sv hm-gp-¶-h-cn n¶pw h-f-fp-h-m-Spw t]m-f-mSp-sam-s¡ DÄs¡m-f-fp-¶ kmaq-
Xn-cn-sb¶ H-scm-ä cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-¯n-p Io-gn a-e-_mÀ19
cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
(2) sIm-¨n-sb Øn-c-am-bn B-{I-an¨p-sIm-­n-cp-¶ km-aq-Xn-cn-¡v20
]-t£
]n¶oSp­mb ssa-kqÀ B-{I-aW-s¯ sN-dp-¡m-m-bncp¶nÃ. F.Un. 1766þÂ
ssl-ZÀ A-en a-e-_m-dn-s Io-g-S-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp Iq-Sn B-cw-`n-¨ ]-Xw, F.Un.
1799þ {_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-sS ]qÀ-®m-[n-]-Xy-¯n F-¯n n¶p. `qn-Ip-Xn-bp-sS
Im-cy-¯n k-a-Im-en-Icm-b A-bÂ-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS A-tX n-e-]m-Sm-bn-cp-¶p (C¯-
c-sam-¶v D-­m-bn-cp-¶nà F-¶-XnÂ) km-aq-XncnbptSXpw F¶Xpw {]kàamWv.
10. ]gb Imes¯ Im-kÀ-tKm-Uvþ tIm-e-¯p-m-sS¶pw Xp-fp-m-sS¶pw c-­m-
bn-cp-¶ m-Sp-I-fm-Wv {]-[m--ambpw ImkÀ-tKm-Uv {]-tZ-i-¯p-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. C-h-
bp-sS D-Â]-¯n-bpw 12þmw q-äm-t­m-sSbmsW-¶v A-p-am-n¡p-hm-t X-c-ap-f-fp.
18. s]-cp-am-fp-sS km-a-´³ F-¶ -n-e-bn F.Un. 1102þse cm-ta-iz-cw tc-J-bnse “G-d-m-Sp hm-gvssI am--hn-¡n-
c-am- ]q´p-ssd-t¡m³” F-¶ {]-tbm-K-¯n n¶v
[Fw.Pn.Fkv. m-cm-bW³ þ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sn-sâ IY, amXr`qan _pIvkv, 2017. t]Pvþ92]
19. ae_mÀ F-¶ hm-¡v F.Un. B-Zy q-äm-­p-I-fn-sebpw aäpw hn-tZiob tc-J-I-fn tI-c-f-Xo-c-s¯ AY-hm sX-
t¡ C³-Uy³ ap--¼n-sâ ]-Sn-ªm-td-¡-c-sb-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. {_n-«o-jv C³-Uy³ tc-J-I-fnepw B-Zy-Ime-¯v
C-§-s-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n cq-]-s¸-«p h-¶-tXm-sS tIm-gn-t¡m-Sn-sâ A-[o--X-bn-
ep-f-f {]-tZ-i-t¯-¡p am-{X-ambn Cu hm-¡n-sâ ]-cn-[n Np-cp-§n. Xp-SÀ¶v, a-{Zm-kv {]-kn-U³-kn-¡p Io-gn-ep-f-f PnÃ-
bm-bm-Wv a-e-_m-À F-¶ {]-tZ-iw kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. km-aq-Xn-cn Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¡p¶ tc-J-I-fn tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv ]-
«-W-sa-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-¯ C-S-s¯Ãmw tIm-gn-t¡m-sS-¶pw a-e-_m-sd-¶p-ap-f-f {]-tbm-Kw ]nÂ-¡mes¯ {_n-«o-jv
a-e-_m-dn-s B-sI-bpÄ-s¡m-f-fp¶p.
20. hmÄ sIm-­v D-bnÀ-sIm-­ km-{am-Py-amb a-e-_mÀ AYhm tIm-gn-t¡mSv, sIm-¨n-bp-am-bn IpSn-¸-I-sb-¶h-Ww
Øn-c-am-bn B-{I-a-W-§Ä -S¯nt¸m¶p. ]-Xn-©mw q-äm-­n kmaq-Xncn sIm-¨n-b-p-sS ta B-[n-]-Xyw Øm-]n-
¡p-¶pap­v. tIm-gn-t¡m-s« A-d-_n-¡¨-h-S Xm-Xv-]-cy-§-fp-sS kw-c-£Ww, sIm-¨n cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-¯n-se `n-¶m-`n-{]m-
b§Ä, C-S-¸f-fn cm-Pm-hn-sâ n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ Xp-S§n-b-h-bmWv Cu B-{I-a-W-§Ä-¡p ]n-¶n-se Im-c-W§Ä. tIm-gn-
t¡mSnsâ sXt¡m-«p-f-f Cu I-S-¶p-Ib-äw þ km-aq-Xn-cn sX-t¡m-«p am-{X-ta sh-«n¸n-Sn-¯w -S-¯n-bn-«p-f-fp-sh-¶Xpw
þ N-cn-{X-K-Xn-sb nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-epw, tI-c-f-¯n-sâ cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nepw H-cp {]-[m- ]-¦p h-ln-¡p-¶p­v. G-Xm-bm-
epw, sIm-¨n A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw D-¶-bn-¡p-¶ ]e {]-tZ-i-§fpw ]nÂ-¡me-¯v {_n-«o-jv a-e-_m-dn DÄ-s¸-«p Im-Wp-¶p.
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25. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXV
F.Un. 1443þÂ tIm-e-¯p-m-Sn-sâ A-XnÀ-¯n-¸-«-W-am-bn A-ÐpÄ d-km-¡v aw-K-
em-]pc-s¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-­v. tIm-e-¯p-m-«n DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶ Ip¼-fw {]-
tZ-iw H-cp Ime¯v hn-P-b-K-c km-{am-Py-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-hp-I-bpw21
F.Un. 1565þse
X-fn-t¡m-« bp-²-s¯-¯p-SÀ-¶p-f-f hn-P-b--K-c-¯n-sâ ]-X--Im-e¯v Xn-cn-sI tIm-
e-¯p-mSn-tm-Sp tN-cm-m-ImsX G-sd-¡p-sd kz-X-{´-am-hp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xncp¶p.-
N{µ-Kn-cn-¸p-g-bv-¡v h-S¡v (ImkÀ-tKm-Uv Xm-eq-¡n-sâ `q-cn-`m-Khpw C-Xn DÄ-s¸-
Sp¶p) Ip-¼-f-hpw, sX-¡v o-te-iz-c-hpw (tlm-kv-ZpÀ-Kv Xm-eq-¡nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ {]-tZ-
i§Ä) F-¶n§s c-­p cm-P-Øm--§-Ä C-tXm-sS cq-]-s¸«p. sX-¡³ Im--d-
bn-se _-Zv-q-cn n-¶p-f-f C-t¡-cn m-bn-¡-·mÀ 17þmw q-äm-t­m-sS Ip-¼-f-
s¯-bpw tkm-a-ti-J-c-m-bn¡-sâ Im-e-¯v 1737þÂ o-te-iz-c-t¯bpw Io-g-S-¡p-
¶-tXmsS Cu c-­p m-Sp-Ifpw Im--d-bp-sS `m-K-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.
`q-n-Ip-Xn-bp-sSbpw h-Ip-¸n-sâbpw D-Û-hhpw hn-Im-khpw
11. `q-n-Ip-XnþDÛhwþ (1) D¯tc-´y-sbbpw Z-£n-tW-´y-bp-sS a-äp `m-K§-
sfbpw A-t]-£n¨v `q-hp-S-a-Ø-X, A-h-Im-i-{Iaw, Pm-Xn-k-{¼-Zm-bw Xp-S-§n-b-h-
bn tIc-fw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶ hy-Xn-cn-à-X n-Ip-Xn-hy-h-Ø-bnepw {]-Xy-£-amWv.
ap-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se ]-cm-aÀ-i-§-fn-epw aucyþKp]v-X Im-e-L-«-§-fn-se tc-J-I-fnepw
`-q-n-Ip-Xn-sb-bpw A-Xp ]n-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f kw-hn-[m--§-sfbpw ]än hy-à-
am-b kq-N--I-fp­v. Kp-]v-X-Im-e-¯n-p ti-jw D-¯-tc-´y-bn-se `q-anIÄ
H«pan¡hbpw {_-Ò-tZ-b, tZ-h-Zm-, A-{Klm-c `q-an F-¶o hn`mK§fnembn
thÀ-Xn-cn-bp-I-bpw, C-hÀ b-YmÀ° ssI-h-i-¡mÀ¡pw cm-Pm-hnpw C-S-bn-se `q-n-
Ip-Xn-bp-sS Im-cy-¡m-cmbn amdpIbpw sN¿p¶pap­v. ap-KÄ `-c-W-Ime-¯v taÂ-¸-
d-ª-h-cp-sS Øm-¯v kp-t_-ZmÀkv, Pm-KnÀ-ZmÀkv, C-mw-ZmÀ-kv F-¶o t]-cp-I-
fm-Wv Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. A-¡m-e-s¯ `q-n-Ip-Xn, _m¡À, Pn-Kvbm F-¶n§-s a-X-
¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm--¯n hn-`-Pn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXncp¶p. `mcX¯nemZyambn
tjÀjm kq-cn-bpsS (F.Un. 1540-45) Im-e-¯m-Wv `q-an kÀ-sÆ S-¯n `q-n-Ip-
Xn n-Ý-bn-¡m-p-f-f {]-{In-b B-cw-`n-¨Xv. A-Iv_À N{IhÀ¯n (F.Un. 1556-
1605) A-Xv Iq-Sp-X B-[p-n-I-h-ÂI-cn-¡pIbp­mbn. sXt¡ C-´y-bn tNm-
f-`-c-W-¯n-p Io-gn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶ `q-an-bp-sS n-Ip-XnL-S- kw-_-Ôn-¨ [mcmfw
hn-Z-Kv-[-]T--§fpw22
C¶p e-`y-amWv.
(2) tIc-f-¯n-em-Is«, s]-cp-amÄ-¡m-e¯pw Xp-SÀ¶pw an-¡-hmdpw `q-an-IÄ
{_-Ò-kzhpw tZ-h-kz-hp-ambn m-Sp-hm-gn-IÄ-¡v D-S-a-Ø-X-Xbpw A-[n-Im-c-hp-anÃm-
sX taÂ-t¡m-bv-am-h-Im-i-sa-¶ c-£m-hr-¯n am-{X-ap-f-f km-aq-lnI-{I-a-¯n-p Io-gv-
21. Ip¼-fw cm-Pm-hv hn-P-b--K-c-¯n-sâ Io-gn-em-sW-¶v F.Un. 1515þÂ _À-t_m-k tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p
[Uyp-hmÀ-s« _À-t_mk þ Description of the coast of East Africa and Malabar, Page- 83.]
22. [kpº-cmb-ep þ South India under the Cholas. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Page- 92-115]
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26. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXVI
s¸-«-Xn-m `q-n-Ip-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-f-f hn-Zq-c-Nn´ t]mepw A-Ø-m--¯m-bn-cp¶p.
F.Un. 1677þÂ hm³ do-Upw, F.Un. 1743þÂ hm³ tKm-e-bpw F.Un. 1781þÂ
hm³ tam-bnÂkpw tIcfw kµÀin¨v X¿mdm¡nb m«p-cm-Pm-¡-·m-sc-¸-änbpff
hn-h-c-W-§fnepw `q-n-Ip-Xn-sb¸-än hn-i-Zmwi-§-sfm-¶p-anÃ23
. ap³-Im-e-§-fn-se
`-c-W-Øm-§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v Xm-c-X-tay- Øn-c-Xbpw A-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-f-f m-«p-
cm-Py-§Ä cq-]-s¸-«-Xn-p ti-j-am-Wv n-Ip-Xn-L-S--bpw A-Xp ]n-cn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-
p-ff Nn-«-h-«-§fpw cq-]-s¸-«p Im-Wp-¶Xv. B[p-n-I-Imes¯ `c-W-kw-hn-[m--
¯n-p k-am-am-b Hu-tZym-Kn-I-t{i-Wn-bpw Np-a-X-em-hn-`-P--§-fp-ap-ff s]m-Xp-`-c-
W-{I-aw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-p A-p-{I-a-am-bm-Wv n-Ip-Xn-]n-cnhpw hy-h-Øm-]n-X-am-
bXv.
12. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse dhyq skänÂsaâpw24
`qnIpXnbpwþ (1) B[pn-
I Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cq-]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnpw ap³]v th-Wm-Sv `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶
c-hn-hÀ-½bp-sS Im-e-¯m-Wv (F.Un. 1683-84) Np-a-X-e-IÄ IrXyambn
nÀ®bn¨pff Hcp Hu-tZym-Kn-I-t{i-Wn -S-¸n-em-bn-¡m-Wp-¶Xv. cm-Pm-hpw cm-P-
[m-n-bn X-s¶-bp-f-f hen-b Im-cy-¡mÀ (a{´n), o-s«-gp-¯p-]nf-f (sk-{I«-dn),
cm-b-kw-]nf-f (sl-Uv ¢À¡v) ]n-s¶ GXmpw cm-b-k-§-Ä (¢À-¡p-amÀ) I-W-¡-
¸n-f-f-amÀ (A-¡u-­â v) F¶nhcpa-S-§p-¶ kw-hn-[m--am-bncp-¶p CXv. am-S-¼n-
am-cn n-¶p-f-f hn-ln-Xw cm-Pm-hp t-cn-«p kzo-I-cn¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zm-b¯np am-äw
h-cp¯pIbpw cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS hn-ln-Xw n-Ý-bn-¨v A-Xp ti-J-cn-¨v J-P-m-hn-
te¡v F-¯n-¡p-hm³ {]-Xn-n-[n-sb Np-a-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯pIbpw sNbvXp.]cm-Xn-I-fpÄ-
s¸-sS FÃm-¡m-cy-¯n-epw- cm-Pm-hv t-cn-«p Xo-cp-am--sa-Sp-¡p-¶ co-Xn F.Un. 1728þÂ
cm-a-hÀ-½-bp-sS Im-e-¯m-Wv ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. `-c-W-kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ {]-
[m-n-bm-bn h-en-b-kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡msc nb-an¡pIbpw A-t±-l-¯n-p Io-gnÂ
o-s«-gp-¯p ]n-f-f-amÀ (sk-{I«-dn), cm-b-kw-]nf-f (sl-Uv-¢À-¡v), cm-b-k-§Ä, I-
W-¡-¸n-f-f-amÀ F-¶n§sbm-¡n ]p-Xp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hen-b-kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-
cy-¡m-c-p-sS dn-t¸mÀ-«n-sâ A-Sn-Øm--¯n {][m- kw-K-Xn-I-fn cm-Pm-hv Xo-cp-
am--sa-Sp-¯p Xp-S§n. t-c-t¯-bp-f-f L-S--bn n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn A-bÂ-
cm-Py-§-fp-am-bpw bq-tdm-¸p-ambpw cm-Py-¯n-p th-­n D-S-¼-Sn-bn H-¸n-Sp-hmpw h-
en-b-kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ-¡v A-[n-Im-c-ap-­m-bn-cp¶p. cma-hÀ½-sb Xp-SÀ-¶v A-
23. [Rama Varma Research Institute Bullettin No.IV. Page- 11-19.]
24. ]-¯p hÀ-jw sIm-­p ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡nb Cu I-s­-gp-¯n-s¸-än C-§n-s ]-d-bp¶p.
“914þam-­v cmPyw AS-¦w n-e-¯npw ]p-c-bn-S-¯n-pw I-s­-gp-Xn Xn-«w h-cp-¯n tZ-h-Zm-bw, {_-Ò-Zmbw, Zmw, D-Z-I-
]qÀ-Æ-Zmw, Ip-Sn-P·w, ]-­m-c-h-I-Hän, ]m«w, C-d-bnen, Ip-gÂ-h-I-C-d-bnen, im-th-äp-hn-cp¯n, Ip-Spw-_-hn-cp¯n, iw-
Jvhn-cp¯n, Xm-t¡mÂ-hn-cp¯n, taÂ-¸mXn, ]-SpI-ew ]-en-i, Ip-Sn-]-en-i, N-´n-c-sN-ehv, t-cp-]-en-i, c£m-t`mKw, A-
©men, hn-c-bn-«p-N-¯-Iq-en, am-¯m³-]-bdv, X-cn-¡S-a, sXmÂ-¸m«w, Ip-¸-Im-gv-N, DÄ-s¸-« h-I-bv-¡v h-I-Xncn-¨v H-gpIpw
t]cpw A-Shpw B-b-s¡-«v F-gp-Xn-¨v B-b-Xn³]-Sn ap-XÂ-¡q«pw Bdp-aThpw {io-]-­mc-h-I n-e-¯npw ]p-c-bn-S-
¯npw sÃp-h-I ]-W-h-I-bv¡pw I-W¡pw F-gp-Xn-¡-­p......{io-]-Zv-a-m-`-s¸-cp-amÄ-¡p ]q-P A-Sn-b{´w DÄ-s¸-« Nn-
e-hn-p t-c-o-¡w Iq-Sm-sX I-­ sÃp m-©-m-«p ]-Ww C-c-«-¸-Sn-bnepw A-Xm-Xp amkw 1þp ap-XÂ D-f-f Nn-e-
hnp ap³-am-kw 30þpw a-äp amk-s¯ Nne-hp I-­p sIm-Sp-¸m-pw X-n-cp-DÕ-hw `-{Z-Zo-]w Xn-¦Ä DÄ-s¸-« h-Ih-¨p
IW-¡p aó i-¦c-p s]-cp-amÄ {io]-ß-m-`-s]-cp-amÄ t£-{X-¯n Ic-hp I-­ I-W¡pw IÂ-¸n¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p
A-dp-¡q-«w ]n-f-f-am-cp-sS ]-än-bn-cp-¶ I-W-¡p-Ifpw GÂ-¸n-¨ ti-jw ...... “
[Travancore Revenue Manual hm-eywþ 5, XncphnXmwIqÀ kÀ¡mÀ, 1916. t]Pvþ 1]
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27. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXVII
[n-Im-c-ta-ä A-n-gw Xn-cp-mÄ amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-bpsS Im-e-¯m-Wv (F.Un. 1729
-1758) th-Wm-Sv Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dm-bn am-dp-¶Xv. Cu Im-e-¯p Xs¶bm-Wv B-Zy-
s¯ d-hyq sk-änÂ-saâ v (F.Un. 1736-1747) -S-¡p-¶Xpw BZyambn `qnIpXn
CuSm¡n¯pS§p¶Xpw. sImÃ-hÀ-jw 918 (1743)þÂ kÀ-sÆ tPm-en-¡mÀ-¡v
ÂIn-b h-cntbme-bn Xm-sg ]-d-bp-¶ nÀ-t±-i-§Ä Â-In-bn-cp¶p:
(i) I-s­-gp-¯v d-Pn-Ì-dn h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ ¼À, hn-kv-XoÀ®w, P-·n-
bp-sS t]cv, ssI-h-i-`q-an-bp-sS kz-`m-hw ap-X-em-b-h tNÀ-¡Ww.
(ii) tZ-h-kzw, {_-Ò-kzw `q-anbpw Im-cm-bv-a, Hän, Xn-cp-n-ew, Ip-Sn-P-
·-¯n-se sI-«p-IS-a (A-h-Im-iw) ap-X-em-b-hbpw ssI-h-i-¡m-cp-sS t]-cp-I-fnepw
tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯Ww. ssI-h-i-¡mÀ hÀ-jw tXmdpw `q-n-Ip-Xn sIm-Sp-t¡-­-Xm-sW-
¶v Ah-sc A-dn-bn-¡Ww.
(iii) ]-­mc-h-I `q-an Ip-Sn-P-·-am-bn h-¨-p-`-hn-¡p-¶psh¦n ap¼pff-
`q-n-Ip-Xn Øn-c-s¸-Sp-¯Ww. `q-n-Ip-Xn Øn-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-v -Sphsc sIm-­v
n-Ip-Xn Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯Ww. `q-an-bp-sS Â-]p-nÂ-¸-p-k-cn-¨v n-Ip-Xn n-Ý-bn-¡Ww.
(iv) ]-d-¼p-IÄ-¡v -Sp-h-cp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-Sp Iq-Sn nÝnX tXm-X-
p-k-cn-¨v n-Ip-Xn Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯Ww25
.
(2) A¡me¯p n-e-hn-en-cp-¶ `q-n-Ip-Xn hy-h-Ø-I-fn-se Nn-e c-k-I-c-am-
b h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn-te¡v I-s­-gp-¯v dn-¡mÀ-Up-IÄ sh-fn-¨w ho-ip-¶p­v. ChbnÂ
NneXv NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.
(i) n-e-§-fp-sS I-cw n-Ý-bn-¨n-cp¶-Xv H-cp-¸q- hn-f-Ifp-sS ]m-«w I-
W-¡m-¡n-bn-«m-bn-cp¶p. F-¶m C-cp-¸q-`q-an-bv-¡v H-cp-¸q-hn-sâ Cc-«n ]m-«w n-Ý-
bn-¨n-cp¶p.
(ii) ]nÂ-¡me-s¯ `]-Xn-hv’, `]-«’ F-¶n-h-bpsS Øm¯v IÀ-jI-
v Hcp `Ipdn’ Â-In-t¸m¶ncp¶p.
(iii) `I-cn’hnpw `X³ssa’bv-¡pw (tam-iam-b hn-fhv) ]m-«-¯n-sâ
men-sem-¶p h-sc ]m-«-¡pd-hv A-p-h-Zn-¨n-cp¶p.
(iv) am-dm-¸m«w (Øn-cw-]m-«w), tNm-cm-H-än (H-gn-hm-¡m³ I-gn-bm-Xn-
cp-¶ H-än), hn-cp-¯n A-h-Im-i-¯nepw `q-an ssI-h-iw h-¨n-cp¶p.
(v) Zmw `q-an H-än-bm-bn am-än-b-t¸mÄ B `q-an-sb Ip-Sn-P-·-am-bn I-
W-¡m¡n.
(vi) H-än-bp-sS Im-emh-[n Iq-Sn-b-Xv 60 hÀ-j-am-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-p
ti-jw A-Xv H-gn-¸n¡m³ ]-äm-¯-Xm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¨n-cp¶p.
25. [tUm. F.]n. C-{_m-lnw-Ipªv þ amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ½þB-[pn-I Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sâ DZbw, kmwkvImcnI
{]kn²oIcW hIp¸v, tIcf kÀ¡mÀ,2005þ t]-Pv 130]
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28. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXVIII
(vii) Nntämän, ta-semän, hn-f-shmän, a--sbmän, taÂ-hm-c-Hän XpS§n
At-I X-c-¯n-ep-f-f H-än-IÄ n-e-n-¶n-cp-¶p.
(3) C¯c¯nepff I-s­-gp-¯v kÀ-sÆ-bn n-¶pw e-`n-¨ hn-h-c§-sf
A-Sn-Ø-m--s¸-Sp-¯n- nÀ-®-bn-¡-s¸-« n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS ]n-cn-hv -S-¸n h-cp-¯p-¶-
Xnp th-­n-bp-f-f `-c-W-{I-a-o-I-c-W-§fpw Xp-SÀ-¶v n-e-hn hcnIbp­mbn.
sImÃhÀjw 923 (F.Un. 1748) þse hcn-tbm-e-{]-Im-cw cmPyw a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-
Xn-epIÄ (C¶s¯ Xm-eq-¡v Hm^okpIÄ) Bbpw a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-Xn-epI-sf
tIÄ-hn-IÄ Bbpw (C¶s¯ hn-tÃ-Pv Hm^okpIÄ) hn-`-Pn¨p. tIÄ-hn-I-fpsS
A-[n-Im-cnbmbn {]-hr-¯n-Im-c-sbpw, {]hr-¯n-Imcp Io-gn -IW-¡-¸n-f-f-amÀ,
X­-¡mÀ, sXm-d-¡mÀ, tIÄ-hn-¡mÀ F¶n-h-scbpw n-tbm-Kn¨p. a-Þ-]-¯pw-
hm-XnÂ-¡en-sâ Np-aX-ebpff Im-cy-¡mÀ¡v (X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ) `q-n-IpXn Cu-Sm-
¡Â Iq-Sm-sX a-Pn-Ìo-cnbÂ, Pp-Uo-jyÂ, an-en«-dn F-¶n-§-s-bp-f-f Np-a-X-eIÄ
-Iq-Sn nÀ-Æ-ln-¡-W-am-bn-cp¶p. sIm-¨n-bn n¶pw I-c-¸p-dw bp-²w (F.Un. 1749)
h-gn Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn-tm-Sp tNÀ-¡-s¸-« `m-K§-sf tNÀ-¯-e a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-Xn-
en-p Io-gn {]-hr-¯n-I-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-¨-XpÄ-s¸-sS, A-¶phsc Iq-«n-t¨À-¡-s¸-«
FÃm {]-tZ-i-§-fp-tSbpw kÀ-sÆ -S-]-Sn-IÄ sImÃhÀjw 926þÂ (F.Un. 1750-
51) B-cw-`n-¨v aq-¶p hÀ-jw sIm-­p ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡pIbp­mbn. C{]-Im-cw Xm-eq-
¡p-Ifpw {]-hr-¯n-Ifpw cq-]o-I-cn-¨v n-Ip-Xn-]ncn-hp kw-hn-[m--¯n-v A-Sn-Øm--
]-cam-b LS cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-s26
Zn-hmm-bncp¶ {io. Sn. am-[-h-dm-hp ]nÂ-
¡me-¯v d-hyq h-Ip-¸n-sâ B-hn-jv-I-cW-sa-¶ n-e-bn {i-t²-bam-b -S-]-Sn-
bm-bn hn-e-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p­v.
(4) ImÀ¯n-I Xn-cp-mÄ cm-a-hÀ-½ (F.Un. 1758-1798) bp-sS Im-e-¯m-
Wv apXÂ-]n-Sn-sb-¶pw, ]nÂ-¡me-¯v P-am-_-´n-sb¶pw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶, C¶-
s¯ d-hyp h-Ip-¸n-sâ B-Zy-cq-]-¯n-p Im-c-Wam-b ]p-x-kwL-S- -S-¡p-¶Xv.27
cmPys¯ h-S-t¡-apJw, ]-Sn-ªm-td-apJw, sX-t¡-ap-Jw F-¶n§-s t]-cn-«p hn-
fn¡p-¶ aq-¶p ap-J-§Ä AY-hm Un-hn-jpIfmbn (dhyq UnhnjpIÄ) hn-
26. [Travancore Revenue Manual, hm-eyw 4 ]pdw 117, hm-eyw 5 ]pdw 3]
27. Cu kw-hn-[m--s¯¸-än ]nÂ-¡m-e-¯v F.Un. 1811 ap-X 1814 h-sc Zn-hm-m-bn-cp-¶ tI-W a¬tdm hn-h-cn-¡p-
¶p­v. Cu hn-h-c-W-a-p-k-cn¨v ImÀ¯n-I Xn-cp-mÄ cm-a-hÀ-½ (F.Un. 1758þ1798) bp-sS Im-e-¯v Zn-hm-sâ Io-gnÂ
c-­p Un-hn-j-p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p D-­m-bn-cp-¶Xv. h-S-t¡-apJw, sX-t¡-ap-Jw F-¶p hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶ Un-hn-j-p-IÄ hen-b
kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cp-sS Io-gn-em-bn-cp¶p. Hmtcm hen-b kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cp-sSbpw Io-gn m-ep kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-
¡mÀ ho-X-hpw AhÀ Hm-tcm-cp-¯-cp-sSbpw Io-gn m-ep Im-cy-¡mÀ ho-X-hpw A-hÀ-¡p Io-gn {]-hr-¯n-ImÀ, N-{µ-
¡mÀ, sXm-d-¡mÀ F-¶n-§-s-bpambn-cp-¶p LS-. ]n-¶o-Sv C-Xv aq-¶p Un-hn-j-p-Ifpw A-Xn-p Io-gn aq-¶v A-sÃ-
¦n m-ev k-t_mÀ-Un-t-äv ap-J-§fpw A-Xn-p Io-gn a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-Xp-¡-epw F-¶mbn. Hmtcm a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-
Xp-¡-epw 7 ap-X 10 h-sc {]-hr-¯n-I-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-¡-s¸-«p. {]-hr-¯n-IÄ ho­pw tZ-iw A-sÃ-¦n ap-dn B-bn {I-ao-
I-cn¨p. Cu kw-hn-[m--¯n hen-b kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ, Im-cy-¡mÀ, {]-hr-¯n-ImÀ, aqe¡mÀ F-¶n-§-s-bm-bn-cp-
¶p A-[n-Im-c-t{iWn. sN-t¦m-« a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-Xp-¡-en-v a-Wn-bw F-¶pw, Im-cy-¡m-sc a-Wn-¡m-c³ F¶pw hn-ti-
jn-¸n-¨n-cp¶p. a¬tdm-bp-sS `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä hsc Cu co-Xn Xp-SÀ¶p. sXt¡-ap-Jw Zn-hm³ t]-jv-Im-cm-bn-cp-¶
Sn. am-[-h-dm-hp Zn-hm-m-bn-cp-¶ Im-e¯v (F.Un. 1857þ1872) c-­p d-hyp Un-hn-j-p-IÄ (sImÃw, tIm«bw) IqSn cq-
]o-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-­mbn.
[Kerala Society Papers, hm-eyw 2, Kerala Gazetteers, 1997 t]-Pv 47]
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29. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXIX
`-Pn¨p.GXmpw a-Þ-]-¯pw-hm-Xn-ep-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ Hmtcm ap-J-¯n-sâbpw
d-h-yp, sIm-ta-gv-kyÂ, Pp-Uo-jy NpaXeIÄ hen-bkÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ-¡p
ÂIn. ChÀ-¡p Io-gn kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cpw, A-hÀ-¡p Io-gn Im-cy-¡m-cpw,
{]-hr-¯n-¡m-cpw, N-{´-¡mc·mcpw a-äp-f-f-hcpw n-e-hn h¶p. Cu h-Ip-¸n-sâ X-
e-h-m-bn Zf-hm AY-hm Zn-hm-s n-b-an-¡p-¶Xpw C-¡m-e-¯mWv. (am-th-en-¡-c-
bn-em-bn-cp¶ Z-f-h-bp-sS B-ZyIm-e Hm-^o-kv ]n¶o-Sv sImÃ-t¯¡pw 1831þ Xn-
cp-h--´-]p-c-t¯-¡pw amäpIbp­mbn)
(5) Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se XpSÀ¶pff sk-änÂ-saâ v -S-¡p¶-Xv F.Un.
1802þÂ Ahn-«w Xn-cp-mÄ _m-e-cm-a-hÀ-½ (F.Un. 1798 - 1810)bpsS Io-gnÂ
th-ep¯-¼n, Zf-h B-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv. F.Un. 1773þ Ir-jn-`q-an-bn -S¯n-
b tI-s«-gp-¯v kÀ-sÆ-bp-sS sX-äp-Ip-ä-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-m-Wv 30 hÀ-j-¯n-
p ti-jw A-tX `q-an-Ifn¯-s¶ I-s­-gp-¯v kÀ-sÆ -S-¯n-bXv. cm-Py-¯pÅ-
Ø-e-§-fp-sSbpw tXm-¸p-I-fp-sSbpw Ir-Xyam-b hn-kv-XoÀ-®w n-P-s¸-Sp¯n `q-hp-
S-a-IÄ-¡v ]p-Xn-b ]-«-b-§Ä Â-In. ]p-Xn-b- n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hp I-W-¡p-IÄ X-¿m-dm-
¡p-¶Xnpw I-W-¡p-IÄ kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xnpw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶-Xnpw
kphyàamb Nn-«h«§Ä Bhn-jv-I-cn-¨v -S-¸m-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. CtX XpSÀ¶v
`q-n-Ip-Xn-bn--¯n km-cam-b hÀ-²-hv D­mIpIbpw sNbvXp.
(6) m«p-Imcm-b cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-w Z-f-h-amcpw -S-¸n-em-¡n-h¶ncp-¶ `cW]-
cn-jv-I-c-W§-sf B-[p-o-I-c-W-¯n-sâ X-e-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n¨-Xv {_n-«o-jv d-knUâ v
]-Z-hn-bn n¶pw dm-Wn Bbneyw Xn-cp-mÄ Ku-cn e-£v-an `m-bn F.Un. 1811þÂ
Zn-hm³ ]-Z-hn-bn A-h-tcm-[n-¨ tI-W a¬-tdm (F.Un. 1811-1814)-bmWv. Imcy-
¡mÀ-¡p-­m-bn-cp¶ o-Xn-ym-bm-[n-Im-c-§Ä thÀ-s]-Sp-¯n A-¸o tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw
PnÃm tIm-S-Xn-Ifpw Øm-]n-¨v ym-bm-[n-]-·mÀ-¡p Â-InbXpw henbkÀ-Æm-[n-
Im-cy-¡m-cp-sSbpw k-À-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡m-cp-sSbpw Hm-^o-kp-IÄ nÀ-¯Â sN-bvXv Im-
cy-¡m-sc X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ F-¶p t]-cp-am-än X-sâ Io-gn-ep-f-f c-­p Zn-hm³ t]-jv-ImÀ-
am-cp-sS (C¶s¯ PnÃm I-f-ÎÀ¡p k-amw) n-b-{´-W-¯n-em¡nbXpw XlknÂ-
Zm-cp-sS Io-gn I-W-¡p-IÄ ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-v k-{¼-Xn-¸nf-f (Xm-eq-¡v I-
t¨-cn am-tPÀþ C¶s¯ slUv IzmÀt«gvkv sU]yq«n XlknÂZmÀ) F-s¶m-cp-
DtZym-K-Ø-s n-b-an¨Xpsams¡ tIWÂ a¬tdmbpsS ]cnjvIcW
S]SnIfpsS `mKambmbncp¶p. h¼n-¨ `-q-kz-¯pw, X-·q-ew hym-]-Iam-b A-[n-
Im-chpw kzm-[o--hp-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶ tZ-h-kz§-sf kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ A-[o--X-bn sIm-
­p-h-cm-pw A-h-bn n-¶p-f-f B-Zm-bw kÀ-¡mÀ J-P-m-hn-te-¡v F-¯n¡m-p-
ap-f-f th-ep¯-¼n Z-f-h-bp-sS {i-a-§Ä n-b-aam¡n --S-¸m-¡n-bXpw tI-W a¬-
tdm-bp-sS Im-e-¯mWv. Cu c-­p ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§-fpw cm-Py-`-Þm-c-¯n-te-bv-¡p-f-f
hcpams¯ Imcy-ambn ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n¡pIbp­mbn.
(7) F.Un. 1802 apXÂ -S-¶ kÀ-sÆ-I-fnepw sk-änÂ-saâp-I-fnepw kÀsÆ-
IÄ S-¯n `q-an-, A-Xn-sâ hnn-tbmKw,ssI-h-i-¡m-c³ Xp-S-§n-b -hn-i-Zmw-i-§-
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30. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXX
fpw, A-Xph-gn n-Ip-Xnbpw Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n H-gpIv, hn-f-§n-t¸À, ]-Xn-hn³-]Sn, B-b-
s¡«v, X-­-t¸-cv F-¶n-§-s-bp-f-f `q-an kw-_-Ô-am-b- dn-¡m-ÀUp-IÄ X¿m-dm-
¡nbtijhpw X-§Ä F-{X Xp-I-bm-Wv n-Ip-Xn-bm-bn A-S-bv-t¡-­-sX-t¶m A-
Xp I-W-¡m-¡n-b-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm--sa-s´-t¶m ssI-h-i-¡mc-v A-dn-hp-­m-bn-cp-
¶nÃ. kÀ-¡m-cn-te¡v h-tc-­p-¶ B-Zm-bw Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n A-Xp ]n-cn-s¨-Sp¡p-I
F-¶-XnÂ-¡-hnªv Cu-h-I hn-i-Zmw-i-§Ä ssI-h-i-¡mÀ-¡p Â-Ip-I-sb¶-Xv
kÀ-sÆ -S-]-Sn-IfpsS D-t±-iy-hp-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Cu A-h-Ø-bv-¡v am-äw h-cp-¯n-
s¡m-­v tI-W a¬tdm -S-¸n h-cp¯n-b kp-{]-[m-am-b ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-am-Wv
ssI-h-i-`q-an-bp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-§-fpw, A-Xn ]-Xn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ n-Ip-Xnbpw IpSn-
bm-bv-a-bp-sS {]-Ir-Xhpw n-jv-IÀ-jn¨p-sIm-­v ]«-bw28
Â-Ip-I-sb-¶Xv. B-Zy-
s¯ I-s­-gp-¯n-sâ k-ab¯v Hcp “Ipdn” Â-In-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-sXm-gn-¨mÂ, Cu
Zn-i-bn-ep-Å {]-hÀ-¯-§-sfm¶pw A-Xph-sc -S-¶n-cp-¶nÃ. C-tXm-sSm¸w, `q-an-
bn n-¶p-Å B-Zm-b-¯n-sâ H-cp hn-ln-X-am-Wv cm-Pm-hn-p-f-f Aw-i-sa-¶ ho-
£Ww amdn, `q-an-bp-sS taÂ]-Xn-ªn-«p-f-f cm-Pmw-i-am-Wv `qn-Ip-Xn F-¶ Im-gv-N-
¸m-Sv {]-Xn-jvTn-X-am-Ip-¶Xpw C-¡m-e-¯mWv.
(8) `-c-W-¯n-sâ Im-cy£-a-X hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-I F¶ Dt±iyt¯msS lPqÀ
I-t¨-cn-sb-¶ Zn-hmsâ Hm-^o-kn tI-{µo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶ A-[n-Im-c§-sf h-Ip-¸p-I-fm-
¡n thÀ-Xn-cn¨p hntI{µoIrX `cWhyhØbv¡p XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xpw a¬-tdm-bp-
sS a-säm-cp {]-[m- ]cnjvIcW -S-]Snbmbncp¶p. A-¡m-ew h-sc FÃm `-c-W-
-S-]-Sn-I-fpw Zn-hm-sâ t-cn-«p-f-f taÂ-tm-«-¯n-p Io-gn-em-bn-cp¶p. C-Xn-p hy-
Xym-kw h-cp-¯ns¡m­v P-am_-´n I-½n-än- Â-In-b amÀ-K-tc-J-IÄ-¡v A-p-kr-X-
am-bn d-h-yp (CXn FIv-sskkv, ^n-j-dokv, A-{Kn-¡Ä¨À F¶n-h DÄ-s¸-«n-
cp¶p), J-P-mhv, [--Im-cyw F-¶nh-sb H-ä h-Ip-¸m¡n (C-Xn-s P-am_-´n h-Ip-
¸v F-¶v ]nÂ-¡me-¯v hn-fn-¨p Im-Wp¶p29
) hen-b ta-se-gp-¯v ]n-f-f AY-hm A-
¡u-­-â v P-dÂ, ta-se-gp-¯p ]n-f-f AYhm sU-]yq-«n A-¡u-­â v P--d F-
¶n-h-cp-sS taÂ-tm-«-¯n-em¡n.
(9) F.Un. 1837þ XncphnXmwIqdn H-cp KmÀU³ A-k-Êv-saâpw (]-d-
¼p I-s­-gp¯v) -S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Cu I-s­-gp-¯n nÀ-®-bn-¨ n-Ip-Xn-sbbpw
aäpw ]p-Xp-¡n n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-pw I-s­-gp-¯v co-Xn aq-e-ap-f-f A-]m-I§-sf ]-cn-
l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-p-ambn F.Un. 1876 -h-¼-dn H-cp kq-{]-­pw c-­v Cw-¥o-jv ¢À-
¡p-am-cpw aq-¶p {Um-^v-äv-kv-am³-am-cpw mÂ-¸-¯n-tb-gp Kp-a-kv-X-·m-cpw 13 in-]m-bn-
am-cp-am-bn Xm-ÂImen-I G-P³-kn-sb-¶ n-e-bn d-hyq kÀ-sÆ sk-änÂ-saâ v
Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâ v n-e-hn h-¶p. im-kv-{Xo-bam-b d-hyp sk-änÂ-saâ v -S-¯-W-sa-
¶ 1877þse A-Uv-an-n-kv-t{S-j³ dn-t¸mÀ-«ns Xp-SÀ¶v F.Un. 1883þsâ ]-IpXn-
tbms-S S¶ ]p--kw-L-S--bn FIv-sskkv, Irjn, ^n-j-do-kv F¶n-h tNÀ-
28. [Travancore Revenue Manual hm-eyw 5 ]pdw 209, Kerala Society Papers, hm-eyw 2, t]-Pv 51]
29. [Nagam Aiya V. Travancore State Manual, Vol.3, Travancore Govt Press, 1906. Page 379-380]
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¶ d-h-yq hn-`m-K-¯nte-¡v Cu Xm-ÂImen-I Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâns Iq-«n-t¨À¡p-I
hgn d-hyq sk-änÂ-saâ v Un-¸mÀ-«p-saâ v cq-]oIcn-¡-s¸SpIbmbncp¶p.
(10) AUv-an-n-kv-t{S-j³ dn-t¸mÀ-«n ip-]mÀ-i sN-¿-s¸« sk-änÂ-saâ v -
S-]-Sn-IÄ ssh-Ip-¶-Xn-m n-Ip-Xn-]-n-cn-hv Ip-ä-a-ä-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn-m-bn 1879þ Xm-
ÂImen-Iambn H-cp t]m-¡p-hc-hv Un-¸mÀ-«p-sa-â v cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw h-kv-Xp-¡Ä
t]m-¡p-hc-hv sN-¿p-¶ ap-d-bv-¡v t]m-¡p-hc-hv ]-«-b-§Ä Â-I-pIbpw sN-bvXp.
F.Un. 1880þÂ Cu Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâ v nÀ-¯-em¡n Zn-hm³ t]-jv-Im-cp-sS taÂ-tm-
«¯n t]m-¡p-h-c-hn-sâ Npa-X-e {]-hr-¯n-ImÀ¡pw X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ¡pw Â-I-n.30
imkv{Xobamb dhyq skänÂsaâ v S]SnIÄ {]Jym]n¨psIm­v sImÃhÀjw
1061 (F.Un 1886) emWv skänÂsaâ v hnfw_cw {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. tIs«gp¯v,
[sImÃhÀjw 948 (F.Un.1772)], Is­gp¯v [sImÃhÀjw 978 (F.Un.1802)],
sImÃhÀjw 993 (F.Un. 1818), 1012 (F.Un.1837) sebpw ]pcbnS§Ä¡p
am{XapÅ skänÂsaâ v S]SnIÄ F¶nhbnse yqXIÄ ]cnlcn¡p¶Xnpw
imkv{Xobamb kÀsÆ S¯n nIpXn IrXyambn nÀ®bn¡p¶Xnpambncp¶p
{ioaqew XncpmÄ almcmPmhv sImÃw 1061 Ipw`w 14 v (F.Un. 1886
s^{_phcn 24) skänÂsaâ v hnfw_cw ]pds¸Sphn¨Xv. 1911-Â skänÂsaâ v
S]SnIÄ ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbtXmsS Hmtcm IpSnbmsâbpw hkvXp¡Ä¡v B
hkvXp¡fpsS hnhchpw Ic¯nsâ kwJybpw kÀ¡mcn HSp¡phmpÅ XhW
DÄs¸sSbpff an¡ hnhc§fpw ImWn¨v skänÂsaâ v ]«bhpw
ÂIpIbp­mbn31
. Cu skänÂsaâ v {]ImcapÅ Icw 30 hÀjt¯¡v
Øncambncnt¡­XmsW¶pw t`ZKXn sNt¿­Xnsöpw hnfw_c¯nÂ
hyhØ sNbvXncp¶p. skänÂsaâ v hnfw_c{]ImcapÅ S]SnIfpsS
{it²bamb khntijXIÄ Xmsg ]dbp¶p.
(i) kÀsÆ sNbvX {]Imcw `qhnkvXrXn G¡dpw skâpw Bbn
Afhp S¯n IW¡n ]Xn¨p. ne§sf kw_Ôn¨v ]d, CS§gn
F¶n§sbmbncp¶p tcJs¸Sp¯epIÄ.
(ii) hr£§fpff ]pcbnS§sf AXpIfpsS InS¸pw a¬]mSnsâ
¸pn¸pw DÂ]¯nbpsS tbmKyX t]msebpw ap³Xcw h¨p GÀ¸mSp
sNbvXncp¶ ]m« icmicn¡pkrXambpw kwØmsam«p¡pw Xcw Xncn¨p.
(iii) hr£w n¸nÃm¯ ]pcbnS§sf AXnsâ InS¸pw
a¬]mSnsâ ØnXnbpw tm¡n Xcw Xncn¨p.
(iv) ne§sf `qanbpsS InS¸pw a¬]mSnsâ KpWmKpWhpw
DÂ]¯nbpsS ØnXnbpw It¼mf§Ä¡pÅ Zqckmao]yhpw AXpt]msebpÅ
aäp ImcW§fpw ]cntim[n¨p Xcw Xncn¨p.
30. []ßm-` A-¿À þ sk-änÂ-saâ v ss^- dn-t¸mÀ«v, 1911. t]-Pv 20þ32]
31. [sXc-sª-Sp-¯ cm-PIo-b hn-fw-_-c§Ä, kwØm ]pcmtcJm hIp¸v, 2005. t]-Pv 393þ95]
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32. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXXII
(11) IqSmsX tZhkzw, {_Òkzw, {io]­mchI, amS¼nhI
hkvXp¡Ä¡pÅ cmPt`mK¯npÅ hyhØIfpw Hän, Cdbnen, ASna,
Apt`mKw apXemb Cmw hkvXp¡Ä¡pÅ IchyhØbpw ]pdhI,
Ip¯I¸m«w F¶n§sbpÅ hkvXp¡Ä¡pÅ XoÀ¸pIfpw Cu
hnfw_c¯nsâ {]tXyIXIfmbncp¶p. F.Un. 1910  ]qÀ¯nbmb
skänÂsaâ v S]SnIfpsS Ahkm dnt¸mÀ«v ]pd¯nd§nbXv F.Un. 1911
emWv. Hmtcm ssIhi¡mcsâbpw ssIhihnkvXoÀ®w , Cw, Icw, F¶nh
DÄs¸Sp¯nb NphsS tNÀ¡p¶ tcJIfpw skänÂsaâ v Un¸mÀ«psaâ v
X¿mdm¡pIbp­mbn.
(i) ]«b¸IÀ¸v
(ii) X­t¸À AYhm Rent Roll
(iii) Ap`hhnhcw enÌv AYhm Hmtcm ^oÂUnsebpw
ssIhi¡mcpsS t]cphnhcw ImWn¡p¶ enÌv
(iv) k_v Unhnj³ kvsI¨pIÄ
(v) ]pdt¼m¡v enÌv
(vi) Xcniv enÌv AYhm list of unregistered waste lands
(vii) XXv Nnä `qanIÄ, XSnhnetbm Xdhnetbm ASbv¡m¯
Xnm ]Xnhp S¯m¯Xpw F¶m At]£bpkcnt¨m ssIhimp`hw
]cnKWnt¨m nIpXn nÀ®bn¨Xpamb Xcnip `qanIÄ, sIm«mc§Ä, kÀ¡mÀ
Hm^okpIÄ XpS§nbh n¡p¶Xnm kÀ¡mcnsâ ssIhimp`h
¯nencn¡p¶Xpw F¶m ]«bw AphZnt¡­XnÃm ¯Xpamb hkvXp¡Ä
F¶nhbpsS enÌv
(viii) Icsamgnhp Nnä AYhm list of tax-free land
(ix) skänÂsaâ v cPnÌÀ
(12) sk-änÂ-saâ v Ime-¯v m-ep Un-hnj-pIÄ¡p Io-gnembn 32 Xm-eq-
¡p-I-fpw 422 ]-Ip-XnIÄ AY-hm hn-tÃ-Pp-Ifpw n-e-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶Xv Nn-e am-
ä-§Ä aq-ew ]n¶oSv aq-¶p dhyq Un-hn-j-p-I-fpw 30 Xm-eq-¡p-I-fpw 484 ]-Ip-Xn-
I-fp-am-bn ]-cn-W-an¨p. 1886 s^{_phcn 24 se skänÂsaâ v hnfw_c¯nsâ
kvacWmÀ°amWv kwØm kÀ¡mÀ s^{_phcn 24 dhyq Znambn BNcn¨p
hcp¶Xv. ap¸Xp hÀjt¯¡v Ic¯n t`ZKXnsbm¶pw ]mSnà F¶Xmbncp¶p
1886þse skänÂsaâ v hnfw_c¯nse 31þmw hIp¸nse hyhØ. XpSÀ¶v
sImÃhÀjw 1121 anYpw 25v (9.7.1946) XncphnXmwIqdn ASnØm
`qnIpXn hnfw_cw ]pds¸Sphn¡pIbp­mbn. {]kvXpX hnfw_c¯nse 4-mw
hIp¸p {]Imcw ASnØm nIpXn F¶ nebn FÃm¯cw `qanIÄ¡pw
Hcp nÝnX annaw nIpXn nÀ®bn¡s¸«p.
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13. em³-Uv dh-yq h-Ip¸v- XncphnXmwIqdnÂþ {Sj-dn, FIv-sskkv, Irjn,
^n-j-do-kv, d-h-yq F¶n-h tNÀ-¶ kw-tbm-Pn-X- hIp-¸nÂn¶pw F.Un. 1905þÂ
FIv-ssk-kv32
, {Sj-dn33
hn-`m-K-§fpw F.Un. 1908þÂ Irjn, ^n-j-do-kv hn-`m-K-
§fpw kz-X-{´-hn-`m-K-§-sf-¶ n-e-bv-¡v {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-hm³ B-cw-`n¨p. sImÃhÀjw
1097 Nn§w 1þp (F.Un. 1921 B-K-Ìv 12) kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ BÀ.Hm.kn. 1832/21
-¼À D-¯-c-hn-eqsS d-hyq h-Ip-¸n-sâ X-e-h-m-bn- em³-Uv d-hyq I-½o-j-WÀ
n-banXmbn. F.Un. 1923þÂ tZ-hkzw h-Ip-¸v cq-]o-I-cWt¯msS t£-{X-`q-an-I-
fp-sS `-c-W-¨p-a-X-e-IÄ H-gn-ªtXmsS-bm-Wv kz-X-{´am-b em³-Uv d-hyq `cW-
kw-hn-[mw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. em³-Uv d-hyq I-½o-jWÀ, Un-hn-j³ t]-jv-ImÀ, A-
kn-Ìâ v t]-jv-ImÀ, X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ, {]-hr-¯n-ImÀ F-¶ {I-a-¯n Hu-tZym-Kn-I-
t{i-Wn C-tXm-sS cq-]-s¸-«psh-¦n-epw X-l-knÂ-Zm-cp-sS n-b-{´-Wm-[n-Im-cn Un-
hn-j³ t]-jv-Im-cm-bn- XpSÀ¶p t]m-¶p. Iq-Sp-X `q-an Irjn-tbm-Ky-am-¡n- n-Ip-Xn-
]n-cn-hv h-À-²n-¸n-¡pI, n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hpw A-Xpam-bn _-Ô-s¸-« hnhn-[ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-
§fpw kw-_-Ôn-¨v Un-hn-j-p-Isf X½n G-tIm-]n-¸n-¡pI, kÀ-sÆ -S-¯p-I-
bpw `q-tc-J-IÄ X-¿m-dm-¡n kq-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I, n-b-a-§fpw N-«-§fpw X-
¿m-dm-¡p-I-bpw am-p-h-ep-IÄ m-f-Xo-Icn¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-bn-cp-
¶p em³-Uv d-hyq I-½o-j-W-dp-sS {]-[m- Np-a-X-e-IÄ. A©Â, ]p-cm-h-kvXp, h-
w kw-_-Ô-amb-h, A-hIm-i kÀ-«n-^n-¡äv, k-l-I-c-W-Øm-]-§Ä, hn-tÃ-Pv-]-
©m-b¯v, P-e-K-Xm-KXw, FIv-sskkv, n-[n, cmPIo-b kÀ-¡o-«p-IÄ XpS-§n ap-
¸-¯nb-©p hnjb§-fn em³-Uv d-hyq I-½o-j-WÀ h-gn-bÃmsX, kÀ-¡m-cn-
te-¡v t-cn-«m-bn-cp-¶p34
Un-hn-j³ t]-jv-ImÀ hn-h-c-§-f-dn-bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. a-äp hn-j-
b-§-fn I-½o-j-WÀ h-gn-bpw.
14. sIm¨nbn dhyq hIp¸nsâ {]hÀ¯mcw`wþ (1) {]-[m--s¸-« kz-cq-
]-§-fp-sS Iq-«-¯n-te-¡v 16þmw q-äm-­n-p ti-jw s]-cp-¼S-¸v cq]m´cw
{]m]n¨psh¦n-epw 18þmw q-äm-­np ap³-]v Hcp kpØm]nXamb `-c-WIq-S
hyhØnXn cq-]-s¸«psh¶p ]-d-bm-m-InÃ. t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kp-ImÀ sIm-¨n hn«p-t]m-
b 17þmw q-äm-­n-sâ ]-Ip-Xn-bn sIm-¨n cm-Py-¯n-I-s¯ a-äp kz-cq-]-m[n-Im-cn-
I-fp-sS Io-gn-ep-f-f Ø-e§Ä, t£-{X-k-t¦-X§Ä, a-äp {]-`p-¡-·mÀ ap-X-em-b-h-cp-
32. lPqÀ I-t¨-cn-bn¯-s¶ sImÃhÀjw 1080þ(F.Un. 1905)þ ]nd-h-I F-¶ hn-`m-K-am-bm-Wv FIv-ssk-kv h-Ip-¸v
B-cw-`-Ime-¯v {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶Xv. D-¸v, A-_v-Im-cn, I-Ìw-kv C--§-fn-ep-f-f `-c-W-]-c-hpw n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hpam-bpw _-
Ô-s¸-« FÃm {]-hÀ-¯--§Ä-¡p-ap-f-f kÀ-¡mÀ G-P³-kn-bm-bn-cp-¶p CXv.
33. Znhm-p Io-gn lPqÀ I-t¨-cn B-Øm--am-bn lp-kqÀ JPm- F-¶ t]-cn-em-Wv {S-j-dn hn-`m-Kw {]-hÀ-¯--am-cw-
`n-¨Xv. Unhn-j-p-I-fn Hcp A-¡u-­vkv Hm-^o-k-dp-sS Io-gn Un-hn-j-W {S-j-dn-I-fpw, A-h-bv-¡p Hmtcm Xm-eq-
¡p-I-fn X-l-knÂ-Zm-cp-sS Io-gn k-_vþ{S-j-dn-I-fp-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p [--Im-cy hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ `-c-W-kw-hn-[mw. ]-
W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄ-¡p ]p-d-ta, sk³-{S Ìm-¼v Un-t¸m-bp-sS Io-gn kv-äm-¼p-I-fpsS (C-Xn s]m-Xp-, A©Â, tImÀ-
«v ^o Ìm-¼p-IÄ DÄ-s¸-Sp¶p) ssI-Imcyw Iq-Sn {S-j-dn-IÄ sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p. C-{]-Im-c-ap-f-f {Sj-dn kw-hn-[m--¯n-sâ
taÂ-tm-«w AX-Xv Un-hn-j³ t]-jv-ImÀ nÀ-Æ-ln-¨p t]m¶p. Cu kw-hn-[m--s¯-bm-Wv 1905þÂ ]-cn-jv-I-cn¨v, A-
¡u-­v-kv & Hm-Unäv Hm-^o-k-dp-sS Io-gn ta-PÀ {S-j-dn-I-fpw, Xm-eq-¡v k-_v {S-j-dn-Ifpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ kzX-{´ hn-`m-
K-am-¡n-bXv. H-cp h-Ip-¸m-bn 1963þÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xp h-sc {Sj-dn d-hyq h-Ip-¸n-tm-Sv A-p-_-Ôam-b kzX-
{´ hn-`m-K-am-bn Xp-SÀ¶p.
34. [T K Velu Pillai - Travancore State Manual, Vol. 4, Govt of Travancore, 1940. Page 27-28]
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34. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXXIV
sS A-[o--{]-tZ-i-§Ä F¶n-h H-gn-¨p-f-f `m-K-§-fn sIm-¨n cm-Pm-hv Im-cy-¡m-c-
·mÀ ap-Jm´-cw t-cn-«p `-cWw S¯n h-¶n-cp-¶p. U-¨p-Im-cp-am-bn [m-c-W-bn-em-
b-Xn-p ti-jw cm-Py-Im-cy§-sf hy-h-Ø sN-¿p-¶-Xn cm-Pmhn-tm-sSm-¸w U-¨p
K-hÀ-®dpw tNÀ-¶n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. cm-Pm-hv n-b-an-¡p-¶ Im-cy-¡m-c-·m-scbpw
ta-tm-·m-scbpw sIm-­v Im-cy-§Ä -S¯nh¶ncp¶Xv ]m-en-b-¯-¨-pw (tXm-
«m-tÈ-cn) X-e-s¨-t¶m-cpw a--t¡m-«-¨-pw U-¨v I-¼-n-bp-sS I-¸n-¯mpw Iq-Snbm-
tem-Nn-¨m-bn-cp¶p.
(2) sImÃhÀjw 849 (F.Un. 1674)þse U-¨p-Im-cp-am-bp-f-f D-S¼-Sn {]-Im-
cw Im-cym-tz-j-W-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-¯n-te-¡m-bn sIm-¨n cm-Py-s¯ hnhn[ {]-hr-
¯n-I-fm-bn (hntÃPv Hm^okpIÄ) Xn-cn-¨n-cp¶p. kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ, Im-cy-¡mÀ,
ta-tm-·mÀ, In-gn-¡mÀ, ap-XÂ-]nSn, n-tbm-K-·mÀ F-¶o D-tZym-K-t¸-cp-IÄ F.Un.
1674 ap-X ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn-«m-Wv n-e-hn h-cp-¶Xv. ta-tm-·m-sc-s¡m-­v IW-¡v
F-gp-Xn-¨v FÃm I-W-¡p-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-¨v cm-Pm-hn-s t_m-[n-¸n-¡m-pw -’In-gn-
¡mc³’ F¶ D-tZym-K-Ø-s-s¡m-­v h-cp-am-w kq-£n¸n-¡m-p-apff NpaX-e m-
ep a-{´n-am-cn {]-[m-nbm-bn-cp¶ ]m-en-b-¯-¨-m-bn-cp¶p35
. A-¡me-¯v cm-Py-
¯p-­m-bn-cp-¶ hchn--§fn {][ms¸«h ]-en-i, ]m-«-¡mWw, I¸-, t]-
cm-t¼dv, h-gn-]n-g, ]p-cp-jm-´cw, Np¦w, tN-cn-¡ew, Ip-¯p-a-Xn, Im-gv-N, X-e-¸Ww,
A¦w, G-g, tIm-g, X-¸v, ]n-g, ]p-e-bm-«p-sh-®, s]m-¶-cn¸v, A-äm-e-S¡w, A-Sn-a-¸-
Ww, tN-cn¡Â, A-bv-ap-e, ap½p-e, c£m-t`mKw, N-§Xw, sN-s¦m¼v, sN-s¦m¼vv
I-®-S-¸p-ffn, B--¸nSn, D-S-ª- D-cp¡Ä, In-W-änÂ-]¶n, sIm¼v, Ip-d-hv, hmev,
tXmÂ, c-Xv--§Ä, tem-l-§Ä F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡- B-bn-cp¶p. F-¶m `q-an-bnÂ
n-t¶m hr-£-^-e-§-fn nt¶m n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hv F¶ k{¼Zmbw Xs¶ D-­m-
bn-cp-¶panÃ.
(3) sIm¨nbn B-Zy-am-bn `q-an-bn-t·Â n-Ip-Xn n-Ý-bn¨-Xv F.Un.
1762þemWv. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv, ssa-kqÀ cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-am-bp­m-b bp-
²-s¨-e-hp-IÄ¡pw ssa-kq-cn-te¡p-f-f I-¸-¯npw aäpw n-e-hn-ep-f-f h-cp-am-w
Xn-I-bm-sX h¶tXm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-Wv `q-n-Ip-Xn Np-a-¯n-¯p-S-§n-bXv. km-aq-Xn-cn-sb
H-gn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw cm-Py-t{Zm-ln-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-ªn-cp-¶ C-S-{]-`p-¡-·m-cp-sS kz-¯p-¡Ä
FÃmw A-[o--X-bn-em-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-tXm-sS cm-P-Øm--¯n-p ssI-h-¶ {]-_-
e-X- F.Un. 1763þÂ cm-Py-Im-cy§fpsS co-Xn ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-p km-l-Ncy-
sam-cp¡n. A-Xphsc m-Sp-hm-gn-I-fp-sS `-c-W-¯n m-Sp-I-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-¨n-cp-¶ GÀ-
¸m-Sn-s t`-Z-s¸-Sp-¯n cm-Py-s¯, sX-t¡ ap-J-sa¶pw hS-t¡ ap-J-sa¶pw c-­m-
bn `m-Kn-¨v Hmtcm ap-J-t¯-¡pw Hmtcm kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡msc36
FÃm-änpw ta-e-
35. [sI. ]-n. ]-ßm-` ta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n cm-Py-N-cn{Xw, t]-Pv þ622]
36. ^mZÀ _À-¯-tem-taym-hnsâ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯Â {]-Im-cw A-¡me-s¯ tI-c-f-¯n-se D-tZym-K-ØÀ I-S¡-c, ]p-g
ap-X-em-b-Xn-sâ taÂ-hn-Nm-c-¡mc³, A-sÃ-¦n Np-¦-¸n-cnhv, hym-]mcw C-Xp-I-fp-sS taÂ-hn-Nm-c-¡m-c³, t-km-]Xn,
Xpd-¡mc³, kÀ-Æm-[n-Im-cy-¡mÀ, A-[n-Im-cn A-sÃ-¦n ]mÀ-Æ-Xy-¡mc³, ]n-f-f A-sÃ-¦n F-gp-¯pImc³
F¶nhcmbncp¶p. sIm-¨n-bn Ch-sc ta-tm³ F¶pw h-n-fn¨ncp¶p
[th-em-bp-[³ ]-Wn-¡-tÈcn þ k-©m-cn-IÄ I-­ tIc-fw, Idâ v _pIvkv, 2017. t]-Pv 364. ]
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35. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXXV
[n-Im-cn-bmbn n-b-an¨p. ap-J§sf tIm-hn-e-I-¯pw-hm-Xn-ep-I-fm-bn (C¶s¯ Xm-
eq-¡n-p k-amw) Xn-cn¡p-I-bpw, ta-e-[n-Im-cn-bmbn Im-cy-¡m-sc n-Ý-bn¡p-I-
bpw sN-bvXp. tIm-hn-e-I-¯pwhm-Xn-epI-sf {]-hr-¯n-I-fm-bn (C¶s¯ hn-tÃ-Pn-
p k-amw) Xn-cn-¨v {]-hr-¯n-Im-c-·m-scbpw IW-¡v F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-m-bn ta-tm-
·m-scbpw ap-XÂ kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-v N-{´-¡m-c-·m-scbpw n-Ý-bn¨p. tZ-i-¯p -
S-¡p-¶ kw-K-Xn-Isf¸än ta-e-[n-Im-cn-IÄ-¡v A-dn-hp ÂIp-hm³ tZ-i-§Ä tXmdpw
Hmtcm {]-am-W-¡m-c-p-ap-­m-bn-cp¶p. i¼f-anÃm-Xn-cp-¶ Cu Ømw, Hmtcm X-
d-hm-t«-¡pw im-iz-Xm-h-Im-i-am-bn-cp¶p. Pm-Xn-a-X-t`-Zw Iq-Sm-sX-bm-Wv {]-am-W-¡msc
GÀ¸mSm¡nbncp¶Xv. tZi-s¯ NnÃ-d-¡m-cy-§Ä ap-X {]-hr-¯n-Im-c-·m-À sNt¿-
­Xm-b Im-cy-§Ä h-sc C-h-cp-sS A-tz-j-W-¯n s]-«n-cp¶p. If-hv ap-Xemb
Ip-ä-§Ä h-À-²n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ Im-h k-©-cn¡phmmbn tZ-i-Im-hÂ-¡mscbpw
GÀ-s¸-Sp¯n. C§-s cmPyw ap-gp-h³ cmPm-hn-sâ A-[n-Im-c-¯n-em-hp-Ibpw kz-
cq-]nIÄ, {]-`p-¡-·mÀ F-¶n-h-cp-sS A-[n-Im-cw {ItaW CÃm-Xm-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
(4) F.Un. 1790 ap-XÂ 1805 h-sc sIm-¨n cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp¶- i-à-³ X¼p-
cm³ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-« cm-a-hÀ-½ H³-]-Xm-a-³ ssa-kqÀ `-c-W-co-Xn-sb A-p-I-cn¨v
cm-Py`-c-W k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n Nn-e ]-cn-jv-I-m-c-§Ä h-cp-¯p-I-bp-­mbn. c-­p Xm-
eq-¡p-IÄ Iq-Sp-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nv `kp-º’ F-¶p t]-cn«v AhbpsS taÂ-hn-Nm-c-
¯npw Io-gp-tZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-sS S-]-SnI-sf ]cn-tim-[n-¨p dn-t¸mÀ-«p sN-¿p-¶Xnpw
`I-¸n-¯m³’am-sc ntbmKn¨p. ssI-¡q-en-¡mcm-b D-tZym-K-ØÀ-¡v XS-hv in-£-bv-
¡p ]pd-ta A-Snbpw hn-[n-¨n-cp¶p. A-h-cps-S h-I ]qÀ-Æn-I-hpw kz-bmÀ-Ön-X-hpam-
b kz-¯p ap-gp-hpw kÀ-¡m-cn-te¡p AS-¡n F-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXpt]m¶p.
A¡me-¯p ssI-¡q-en-¡mcm-b A-[n-Im-cn-IÄ m-«n [m-cm-f-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-
m Ah-sc in-£n-¡p-¶-Xn n-¶vv J-P-m-hn-te-¡v CSapdnbmsX B-Zm-bw
h¶p-sIm-­pancp¶p.
(5) s]-cp-¼S-¸v kz-cq-]hpw Cw-¥ojv Cu-Ìv C´ym I-¼-n-bp-am-bp­mb D-
S-¼-Sn- h-gn I-¼-n-¡p e-`n-¨ taÂ-t¡m-bv-a, F.Un. 1795þÂ sIm-¨n-t¡m-« U-¨p-Im-
cn n¶pw ssI-h-i-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-tXm-sS G-sd-¡p-sd ta-e-[n-Im-c-am-bn D-d¨p. B-
cw-`-¯n (F.Un. 1792 apXÂ) t_mw-s_ {]-kn-U³-kn -S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ ta-e-
tzj-Ww F.Un. 1800þ a-e-_mÀ, sX-¡³ IÀ-®mS-Iw F-¶o {]-tZ-i-§Ä a-{Zm-
kv {]-kn-U³kn-tbm-Sp tNÀ-¯-t¸mÄ a-{Zm-kv {]-kn-U³-kn-bp-sS Np-a-X-e-bn-embn.
F.Un. 1812þ Zn-hm-m-bn n-b-an-¡-s¸« tI-W a¬tdm Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn -
S-¸n-em-¡n-b-Xn-p k-am-am-b ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä sIm-¨n-bnepw -S-¸n-em¡n. Im-cy-
¡mÀ-¡p-­m-bn-cp-¶ o-Xn-nÀ-Æ-l-Wm-[n-Im-c-§Ä nÀ-¯-em-¡n Ahsb Xr-¸q-
Wn-¯p-d-bn-epw Xr-Èq-cnepw B-cw-`n-¨ sNdnb tIm-S-Xn-IÄ-¡pw F-d-Wm-Ipf-¯v
B-cw-`n-¨ A-¸o tIm-S-Xn-¡p-am-bn GÂ-¸n¨p-sIm-Sp¯p. C-tXm-sS Im-cy-¡m-cp-sS
Np-a-X-e-IÄ n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hn am-{X-am-bn tI-{µo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p. F.Un. 1818þ -
©-¸-¿-³ Zn-hm-m-bn-cns¡ “Im-cy-¡mÀ”F¶pw “Xn-cpap-J”sa¶pw D-f-f D-tZym-K-
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36. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXXVI
t¸-cp-IÄ amän “X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ” F¶pw “k-{¼Xn” F¶pw B-¡n D-tZym-K-Ø-·m-
cp-sS {]-hr-¯nI-sf hy-h-Ø-s¸-Sp-¯n-37
.
(6) sImÃhÀjw 937 (F.Un. 1762)þepw A-XnÂ-¸n-s¶ ]-e-t¸m-gmbpw
Nn-e tI-s«-gp-¯p-Ifpw sImÃhÀjw 964 (F.Un. 1789)þ n-e-§Ä¡p Im-em-
n-Ip-Xn Np-a-¯nbXp-aÃmsX cmPy-s¯ n-ew, ]-d-¼pI-sf i-cn-bm-bn I-s­-gp-Xn-
bn-«nÃmXn-cp¶ sIm-¨n-bn Is­-gp-¯v nÀ-t±-in¨p-sIm-­pw A-Xn-p-th-­p-¶
N-«§-sf hn-h-cn¨p-sIm­pw sImÃhÀjw 989 (F.Un. 1814)þ Zn-hm-m-bn-cp-¶
tI-WÂ a¬tdm D-¯-c-hn-«n-cp¶p. C-X-p-k-cn-¨p-f-f ]d-¼v I-s­-gp-¯v sImÃhÀjw
990 (F.Un. 1814-15)þepw n-ew I-s­-gp-¯v ©¸-¿³ Zn-hm-m-bn-cn-s¡
sImÃhÀjw 996 (F.Un. 1821)þepw B-cw-`n-¨p. ]n¶oSv sh-¦n-S-kp-º-¿-cp-sS Im-
e-¯mWv (F.Un. 1835-1840) sImÃhÀjw 1012 (F.Un. 1837)þÂ ]-d-¼v I-s­-
gp-¯p S-¯n `q-an-bn n-¶p-ap-f-f ap-X-se-Sp-¸v Iq-«n-b-Xv. sImÃhÀjw 990þse
]d-¼v I-s­-gp-¯np tijw ]pXn-b-Xm-bn sh-«n-s¯-fn-s¨-Sp-¯ ]-d-¼p-I-fp-sS-bpw
A-Xn h-¨p ]n-Sn-¸n-¨ hr-£-§-fp-sS-bpw sX§pw In-g-§pw a-äp ]-d-¼p-hn-f-I-fp-am-
bn hn-I-kn-¨n-cp-¶ ]-d-¼p-Ir-jn-bp-sSbpw I-W-s¡-Sp-¡pIbpw I-cw ]-Xn-¡p-Ibpw
sN-bvXXntm-sSm¸w ssI-h-i-am-bn¡-­ `-q-an-I-sf-bpw Ir-jn-¡p tbm-Ky-am-bn-«p-
ff ssI-h-i-aÃm-¯ `q-an-I-sfbpw i-cn-bm-bf-¶v H-cp c-Pn-ÌÀ X-¿m-dm¡pIbpw sN-
bvXp. ]e-h-I ap-X-se-Sp-¸n-s ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¨v taÂ-hn-Nm-c-¯n-p I¬-kÀ-th-ä-dm-bn
tIm-e-^n-sbpw n-Ý-bn¨p. Cu {]-{In-b 20 sImÃw I-gn-ªv sImÃhÀjw
1032 (F.Un. 1857)þÂ ho­pw S¯pIbp­mbn.38
(7) sIm-¨n Xm-eq-¡nepw I-W-b-¶qÀ Xm-eq-¡nepw sh-dp-¼m-«m-h-Im-i-ap-f-f
]-­mc-h-I n-e-§-fp-sS I-c-¯n ]m-«hpw n-e-h-cnbpw ]m-«-¡m-gv-Nbpw DÄ-s¸-«n-
cp¶p. Nnäq-scm-gn-sIbpff Xm-eq-¡p-I-fp-sS I-c-¯n ]m-«hpw ]m-«-¡m-gv-Nbpw n-
Ip-Xnbpw ]-e-hpw DÄ-s¸-«n-cp¶p. Nn-äqÀ Xm-eq-¡n ]m-«hpw ]-ehpw am-{X-ta D-
37. Im-cy-¡m-cp-sS t]À X-l-knÂ-ZmÀ F-¶m-¡n am-ä-nb-Xv tI-WÂ a¬-tdm-bp-sS Im-e-¯m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Regional
Archives, Ernakulam ]p-d-¯n-d-¡n-bn-«pff Guide to Archives Series 2-Â ]p-dw 12þÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. F-
¶m 1818þem-Wv C-sX-¶v sIm-¨n³ tÌ-äv am-p-h-en ]-d-bp¶p. tI-W a¬tdm sIm-¨n-bp-sS d-knUâ v ]Z-hn cm-
Pn h-bv-¡p-¶-Xv 1819þemWv. A-Xn-v H-cp hÀ-jw ap-¼v -©-¸¿-sb sIm-¨n-cm-Pm-hv Zn-hm-m-bn n-b-an-¡p-¶-Xv a¬-tdm-
bp-am-bn B-tem-Nn-¨n-«mbncp¶p.
[sI. ]-n. ]-ßm-` ta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n cm-Py-N-cn{Xw, t]-Pv 717]
38. I-cw Np-a-¯m-hp-¶ hr-£-§-fp-f-f ]-d-¼p-IÄ-¡p hr-£-¸m-«hpw A-h-bnÃm-¯-h-bv-¡p ]-b-äp-]m-«hpw n-Ý-bn¨p.
]-­mc-h-I ]-d-¼p-I-fn-t·Â H-cp ]-d-bv-¡p Ø-e-¯n-v `q-an-bp-sS Kp-Ww t]m-se ]t¯m At©m ss]-k ho-X-ap-f-
f ]-b-äp-]m-«hpw ]pd-h-I ]-d-¼p-IÄ-¡v A-Xn-sâ F-«n-sem-¶p ho-Xhpw Np-a¯n. Nn-äqÀ Xm-eq-¡n ]-­m-c-h-I-bm-
Is«, ]p-d-h-I-bm-Is«, FÃm `qan-IÄ-¡pw Hcp-t]m-se ]-d-bv-¡v G-gp ss]-k ho-X-ap-f-f I-chpw ]-Xn¨p.
n-ew I-s­-gp-¯n A-¶v -S-¸p-­m-bn-cp-¶ FÃm n-e-§fpw DÄ-s¸-«n-cp¶psh¦nepw n-ew i-cn-bm-bn A-f-¶n-
«p-­m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. I-s­-gp-¯p-tZym-K-Ø-·mÀ t-cn-«p ]cn-tim-[n-¨-Xn-sâ ti-jw H-cp n-e-¯n hn-X-bv-¡m-hp-¶ hn-
¯n-sâ Xp-I-b-p-k-cn-¨v A-Xn-sâ h-en-¸w I-W-¡m-¡p-Ibpw h-kv-Xp ssI-h-i-¡m-cp-tSbpw k-ao-]-Ø-·m-cp-tSbpw I-
W-¡n-s {]-am-W-am-¡n-s¡m-­v kÀ-¡m-cn-te-¡v I-cw n-P-s¸-Sp-¯p-IbpamWp­m-bXv.
ssa-kqÀ A-[n-n-th-i-¯n--n-S-¡p-f-f sNdn-sbm-cp Im-e-b-f-shm-gn-¨mÂ, `q-an-¡p n-Ip-Xn Np-a-¯n-¯p-S-§nb-Xp
ap-X G-I-tZ-iw 50 sImÃ-t¯m-fw n-e-§-fn n-¶p-f-f n-Ip-Xn sÃm-bm-Wv ]n-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F.Un. 1813þ tI-WÂ
a¬tdm n-Ip-Xn ]-W-am-bn ]n-cn-¨p Xp-S-§n-sb-¦nepw F.Un. 1855þepw, F.Un. 1856þepw i-¦-c-hm-cyÀ Zn-hm-m-bn-cn-s¡
G-Xm-pw n-Ip-Xn sÃmbpw ]n-cn-¡p-I-bp-­mbn. n-Ip-Xn ]-W-am-bn ]n-cn-¨p Xp-S-§n-bn«pw ]-d-hm-in, Np-a-«p-Iqen
XpS-§nbh nÀ-¯Â sN¿msX n-IpXn-tbm-Sv Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p-I-bm-Wp-­m-bXv.
[kn. A-¨p-Xta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n³ tÌ-äv am-p-hÂ. t]Pvþ 396þ397.]
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37. I½ojWtdäv amzÂXXXVII
­m-bn-cp-¶p-ffp. ]-­m-c-h-I Im-W n-e-§-fp-sS I-chpw sh-dp-¼m-«-n-e-§Ä-¡p-
ff-Xp t]m-se X-s¶-bm-Wv I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]m-«-¯n-p ]I-cw an-¨-hm-c-am-
Wv ]n-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv F¶Xp am{Xambncp¶p hyXymkw. Im-W-¨mÀ-¯pIÄ, km-[m-
c-W P-·n-I-fp-sS Io-gn Ip-Sn-bm-·mÀ NmÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡p¶-Xp t]m-se Xs¶, Im-
ew I-gn-bp-¶-tXm-Sp Iq-Sn s]m-fn-s¨-gp-Xm³ A-h-Im-iw sIm-Sp-¯p s]m-fn-s¨-gp-Xn
]n-Sn-¡-¯-¡-h-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-Sn-atbm Ap-t`m-Ktam D-f-f n-e-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ
]m-«-¯n n¶pw D-S³-Ipd-hv Fs¶mcp XpI Ipd-hp sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-¯ ti-jw n-
Ip-Xn-bn--§-sf-sbÃmw Im-W-n-e-§Ä-s¡¶ t]m-se Np-a-¯n. Im-cmbv-a n-e-
§Ä-¡v ta-em-bv-a A-sÃ-¦n cm-P-t`m-Kw (CXv ]m-«-¯n-tâbpw ]m-«-¡m-gv-N-bp-
tSbpw qäp¡v c-­-c ho-X-ap-f-f Aw-iambn-cp¶p) am-{X-ta Np-a-¯n-bn-cp-¶p-ffp. I-
c-sam-gn-hv n-e-§Ä-¡v s]m-Xpsh H-cp hn-[-¯n-ep-ap-f-f n-Ip-Xnbpw Np-a-¯n-bn-cp-
¶nsænepw Nn-äqÀ Xm-eq-¡n A-{]-Im-c-ap-f-f n-e-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯n ]ew am-
{X-w H-gn-hm-¡n- ]m-«w h-kq-em-¡n-bn-cp¶p. ]pd-h-I n-e-§Ä¡p ]m-«tam ]m-«-¡m-
gv-Ntbm CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw sX-¡³ Xm-eq-¡p-I-fn B h-I n-e-§Ä¡p ap-
¸-dbpw n-e-h-cnbpw h-S-¡³ Xm-eq-¡p-I-fn n-Ip-Xnbpw ]ehp-w39
am{Xhpw Np-
a-¯n-bn-cp¶p.
(8) Is­-gp-¯p-I-fn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-« `q-an-bp-sS A-f-hn-ep-f-f Ir-Xy-X-
bnÃm-bv-a, ssI-h-i-§-fp-sS-bpw D-]-tbm-K-¯n-tâbpw Im-en-Iam-b am-ä-§Ä aq-ew
tc-J-I-fn hÀ-²n-¨p-h¶ s]m-cp-¯-anÃm-bv-a, C-h Imc-Ww I-cw ]n-c-nhn h¶p-
sIm-­n-cp-¶ £-bw Xp-S-§n-b-h ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-mbn cm-Py-am-kI-ew im-kv-
{Xo-b-kÀ-sÆ S-¯n hn-kv-XoÀ-®-s¯bpw hn-f-hn-sbpw A-Sn-Øm--s¸-Sp-¯n I-
cw nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-m-bm-Wv im-kv-{Xo-bam-b d-h-yp kÀ-sÆ sk-änÂ-saâ v -S-
¯n-bXv. a-{Zm-kv kÀ-sÆ Un-¸mÀv-«v-saân n¶pff tXmw-k¬ F-¶-bm-fp-sS ta-
Âtm«¯n d-hyq kw-_-Ôam-b cPn-kv-äÀ X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-p-f-f kÀ-sÆ
sImÃhÀjw 1074 (F.Un. 1898) þÂ B-cw-`n¨p. sImÃhÀjw 1077 (F.Un.
1902)þÂ -S¯nb {]m-Yan-I X-e-¯n-ep-f-f H-cp am-Xr-Im kÀ-sÆ-tbm-Sp IqSn d-
hyq sk-änÂ-saâ v Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâ v n-e-hn h¶p. I-W-b-¶qÀ, sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ
Xm-eq-¡p-I-fp-sS kÀ-sÆ sIm-ÃhÀjw 1075þepw, sIm-¨n-bn-te-Xp sImÃhÀjw
1076þepw, ap-Ip-µ-]pcw, Nn-äqÀ, Xr-Èn-h-t]-cqÀ, X-e-¸nf-fn F-¶o Xm-eq-¡p-I-fn-
39 ]m«hpw ]-ehpw n-e-h-cn-bpw:
P-·n-bv-¡pf-f Hm-l-cn-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-ho-Xw A-sÃ-¦n sNe-hp I-gn-¨p-f-f B-Zm-b-¯n-sâ G-I-tZ-iw aq-¶n-sem-¶p
ho-Xw B-Wv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn -]m-«-am-bn n-Ý-bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. H-cp ]-d n-e-¯n-v Im ]-d sÃp ap-X B-dp ]-d
sÃp h-sc h-¶n-cp¶p. ]-d-bv-¡v G-gc ss]-k ho-Xhpw A-]qÀ-Æw Nn-e kw-K-Xn-I-fn 15 ss]-k hoX-hw B-Wv n-
eh-cn ]n-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. ]m-«-Imgv-N F¶-Xv P-·n-¡p sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶ H-cp Im-gv-N-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xp ssI-h-i-ap-f-f `q-an-bp-
sS h-en-¸w t]m-se 10 ss]-k ap-XÂ 4 cq] 9 AW 2 ss]-k h-sc D-­m-bn-cp¶p. n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS tXm-Xv h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ
Kp-Ww t]m-se H-cp ]-d n-e-¯n-v Im ]-d sÃv ap-X H-cp ]-d sÃp h-sc-bm-bn- ]-e hn-[-am-bn-cp¶p. A-{]-Im-cw
X-s¶ ]-e-¯n-sâ tXm-Xv H-cn-S§-gn sÃp ap-XÂ G-g-c C-S§-gn sÃp h-sc ]-e X-c-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. H-cp ]-d n-e-
¯n-p aq-¶n-S§-gn sÃp ho-Xw h-cp-¶ ]-e-s¯ `ap¸-d’ F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶p. n-eh-cn n-c-¸n ]-d-bv-¡p 15 -ss]-kbpw,
A-]qÀÆw Nn-e n-e-§Ä-¡p ]-d-bv-¡v G-gc ss]-k ho-X-hpamWv Np-a-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]m-«-¡m-gv-N- 20 ss]k ap-X H-
t¶-Im cq-] h-sc ]-e-{]-Im-c-¯n ]n-cn¨p-t]m¶p.
[kn. A-¨p-Xta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n³ tÌ-äv am-p-hÂ. t]Pvþ 397þ399]
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38. tIcf em³Uv dhyq amz hmeywþ1 XXXVIII
teXp b-Ym-{I-aw sImÃhÀjw 1078, 1079, 1080, 1082 F-¶nhbnepw A-h-km-
n¨p. X-e-¸nf-fn Xm-eq-¡n-se A-h-km-s¯ kÀ-sÆ dn-¡m-ÀUp-IÄ sImÃhÀjw
1083þm-am-­n (F.Un. 1908) sk-änÂ-saâ v Un-¸mÀ-«v-saân GÂ-¸n-¨-tXm-Sp
Iq-Sn cm-Pys¯ FÃmhn[ kÀsÆ {]hr¯nIfpw ]qÀ¯nbmIpIbp­mbn.
(9) sImÃhÀjw 1080þem-Wv (F.Un. 1905) sk-änÂ-saâ v hn-fw_-cw ]p-
d-s¸-Sp-hn-¨Xv. A-¶p Zn-hm-m-bn-cp-¶ ]-«m-`n cm-a-¿ cq]w ÂIn-b sk-änÂ-saâ v
D¯-c-hnÂ40
`q-anI-sf X-cw Xn-cn-¡p-I, n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS tXm-Xp-IÄ n-Ý-bn-¡p-I, ]-
e-hn-[-¯n-ep-f-f A-h-Im-i-§-tf-b-pw ssI-h-i-§-tfbpw XoÀ-¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-I, I-c-Sp-]-
«-b-hpw, A-ÊÂ-]-«-bhpw sIm-Sp-¡p-I, cPn-Ì-dp-IÄ X-¿m-dm-¡p-I F-¶n-§-s-bp-
ff GÀ-¸m-Sp-IÄ-¡v ]pd-ta B hn-fw-_-c-¯n C-mw, I-c-sam-gnhv, A-yw-nÂ-¸v
F-¶n-h kw-_-Ôn-¨ tI-kp-I-sf¸-än n-jv-IÀ-j-tbm-Sp IqSn-b A-tzj-Ww -S-
¯p-¶-Xn-te-¡pw A-h-bp-sS A-h-Im-i§-sf Xo-cp-am--s¸-Sp-¯p¶Xn-te-¡pw th-
­ amÀK-nÀ-t±-i§fpw D-­m-bn-cp¶p. S¸n-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶ NnÃ-d I-c§-sf F-Sp-
¯p-I-f-ªXpw s]m-fn-s¨-gp¯pw s]m-fn-s¨-gp-¯-h-Im-i-§fpw nÀ-¯Â sN-bv-X-
Xpw ]-­m-c-h-I -sh-dp-¼m«-¡mÀ¡pw Im-W-¡mÀ¡pw ssI-h-i-ap-f-f h-kv-Xp-¡-fn-
t·Â ]qÀ-®m-h-Im-iw ÂInb-Xp-apÄ-s¸-sSbpff Im-em-p-kr-Xam-b ]-cn-jv-Im-c-
§sf DÄ-s¡m-f-fn¨pw, d-hyq k-{¼-Zm-bw Im-cy-£-a-am-¡p¶Xn-v D-tZym-K-ØÀ
A-p-hÀ-¯n-bv-t¡-­ -S-]-Sn-{I-a-§-Ä n-jv-IÀ-jn¨p-sIm-­p-ap-f-f sk-änÂ-saâ v
-S-]-Sn-IÄ `-c-W-hy-h-Ø-bv-¡v Ir-Xyam-b Nn-«-h«-§fpw hy-à-Xbpw Â-In. sk-
änÂ-saâ v 30 hÀ-jw n-e-nÂ-¡p¶Xm-sW-¶pw A-Xn-n-S-bv-¡v bm-sXm-cp Im-c-W-
h-imepw n-Ip-Xn Iq«p-I-bn-söpw n-Ý-b-ap-­m¡n.
(10) F.Un. 1905 h-sc Pam_-´n F-¶ t]-cn d-h-yp (C-Xn FIv-
sskkv, Irjn, ^n-j-do-kv F¶n-h DÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶p), {S-j-dn, [--Im-cy hn-`m-K-§Ä
H-cp-an-¨m-bn-cp-¶p H-cp h-Ip-¸m-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Irjn, FIv-sskkv, hm-Wn-
Py n-Ip-Xn F-¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p d-h-yp h-Ip-¸n-sâ {]-[m--s¸-« im-J-IÄ. 1905þÂ
FIv-ssk-kpw, Xp-SÀ-¶v Ir-jnbpw ^n-j-do-kpw kzX-{´ hn-`m-K-§-fm-Ip-I-bpw F.Un.
1907þÂ d-hyq tPm-enbpw a-Pn-kv-t{S-äv tPm-enbpw thÀ-Xn-cn-bp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. tZ-
hkzw `-c-W-w 1923þÂ kzX-{´ Un-¸mÀ-«v-saâ v B-b-tXmsS Gsd-¡p-sd X-Xm-b
em³-Uv d-h-yq h-Ip-¸v D-cp-¯n-cnbpIbp­mbn. F.Un. 1895þ n-e-hn h-¶
40. n-Ip-Xn n-P-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-p th-­n ]-­mc-h-I sh-dp-¼m-« `q-an-I-sf-bm-Wv G-I-I-am-bn-s«-Sp-¯Xv. n-e-§Ä-¡v
n-Ip-Xn n-P-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-v B-Zy-s¯ hnf-hp sIm-bv-Xp tm-¡n I-­-{]-Im-cw H-cp n-e-¯n-ep-­m-Ip-¶ sÃn-sâ
Xp-I I-W-¡m¡n. A-Xp-{]-Im-cw I-­ XpI-sb ]-d-bv-¡p m-e-W Ggp- ss]-k hn-e {]-Im-cw ]-W-am-¡n Xn-cn-¨p. H-
cp-¸q n-e-§-fn n¶pw c-­m-a-sXm-cp hn-f-sh-Sp-¡p-¶-Xm-bm A-Xn-v H-cp-¸q n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn ho-Xw Iq-Sp-
X I-cw Np-a¯n. Øn-c-am-bn-«p-f-f C-cp-¸q n-e-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯n H¶mw hn-f-hn-v ]-Xn-¨n-«p-f-f I-c-¯n-sâ m-en-
e¶v, th-W-sa-¦n B I-c-t¯m-Sp Iq-«n-t¨À-¯-S-bv-¡p-¶-Xn-p Ip-Sn-bm-·mÀ-¡v A-pa-Xn sIm-Sp¯p. ]t£, c­mw
hn-f-sh-Sp-¯mepw C-sÃ-¦nepw B Ip-Sp-X kw-Jy A-hÀ -sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw n-Ý-bn¨p. ]-b-äp-]m-«-§Ä A-sÃ-
¦n ]m-«w h-bv-¡m-hp-¶ hr-£-§-fnÃm-¯ ]-d-¼p-IÄ `q-an-bp-sS Kp-W-¯n-sâ Xm-c-Xayw t]m-se-bpw, hr-£-¸m-« ]-
d-¼p-I-fp-sS Im-cy-¯n `q-an-¡p ]I-cw hy-£-§Ä-¡p-am-Wv I-cw n-Ý-bn-¨Xv. h-kv-Xp D-S-a-Ø-·m-cp-sS ssI-¿nÂ
n¶v, A-Xv G-Xp X-c-¯n-epw C--¯n-ep-ap-f-f `q-an-bm-bn-cp-¶mepw icn, A-hÀ B-sI A-S-bv-t¡-­ I-c-¯n cq-]-bv-
¡v B-dp ss]-k h-sc ]c-s¡ H-cp Xn-cp-apÂ-¡m-gv-N-bpw n-Ý-bn¨p.
[kn. A-¨p-Xta-tm³ þ sIm-¨n³ tÌ-äv am-p-hÂ. t]Pvþ 406þ407]
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