the life of iqbal

1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named Muhammad Iqbal, see Muhammad Iqbal (disambiguation).
Muhammad Iqbal
ب ال
م ح م د اق
Born 9 November 1877
Sialkot, Punjab, British India
Died 21 April 1938 (aged 60)
Lahore, Punjab, British India
Other names Allama Iqbal
Era 20th-century philosophy
Region British India
Main interests Urdu poetry, Persian poetry
Notable ideas Two-nation theory,Conception of Pakistan

2. Influences[show]
Influenced[show]
Website
Allama Iqbal
Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Urdu: ب ال
9) (محمد اق November 1877 – 21 April 1938), widely known as Allama
Iqbal ( ب ال
ع لامہ اق ), was aphilosopher, poet and politician[1] in British India who is widely regarded
as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is considered one of the most important figures
in Urdu literature,[2] with literary work in both the Urdu and Persian languages.[1][2]
Iqbal is admired as a prominent classical poet by Pakistani, Indian, Iranian, and other international
scholars of literature.[3][4] Though Iqbal is best known as an eminent poet, he is also a highly
acclaimed "Muslim philosophical thinker of modern times".[1][4] His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi,
appeared in the Persian language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-
Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-
Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part ofArmughan-e-Hijaz. [5] In Iran and Afghanistan, he is
famous as Iqbāl-e Lāhorī ( اقبال لاهوری ) (Iqbal of Lahore), and his poetry enjoys immense popularity
among the masses, as well as strong support from ideologues of the Iranian Revolution. [6][7] Along
with his Urdu and Persian poetry, his various Urdu and English lectures and letters have been very
influential in cultural, social, religious and political disputes over the years.[5]
In 1922, he was knighted by King George V,[7][8] giving him the title "Sir".[9] While studying law and
philosophy in England, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim
League.[4][5] Later, in one of his most famous speeches, Iqbal pushed for the creation of a Muslim
state in Northwest India. This took place in his presidential speech in the League's December 1930
session.[4][5]
In much of Southern Asia and Urdu speaking world, Iqbal is regarded as the Shair-e-Mashriq ( شاعر
م شرق , "Poet of the East").[10][11][12]He is also called Mufakkir-e-Pakistan ( م ف کر پ اک س تان , "The Thinker
of Pakistan") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat ( ح ک یم الامت , "The Sage of theUmmah"). The Pakistan
government officially named him a "national poet".[4] His birthday Yōm-e Welādat-e Muḥammad
Iqbāl ( ی وم ولادت محمد اق بال ) or (Iqbal Day) is a public holiday in Pakistan.[13] In India he is also
remembered as the author of the popular songSaare Jahaan Se Achcha.[14]
Contents
[hide]

3.  1 Personal life
o 1.1 Background
o 1.2 Higher education in Europe
o 1.3 Academic
o 1.4 Final years and death
 2 Efforts and influences
o 2.1 Political
o 2.2 Iqbal, Jinnah and concept of Pakistan
 3 Revival of Islamic polity
o 3.1 Patron of The Journal Tolu-e-Islam
 4 Literary work
o 4.1 Persian
o 4.2 Urdu
o 4.3 English
 5 Iqbal known in subcontinent
o 5.1 As Poet of the East
 6 International influence
o 6.1 Iqbal in Iran
o 6.2 Iqbal and the West
 7 Bibliography
 8 Gallery
 9 See also
 10 References
 11 Further reading
 12 External links
Personal life[edit]
Background[edit]
Iqbal was born in Sialkot on 9 November 1877 within the Punjab Province of British India (now in
Pakistan). His grandparents were Kashmiri Pandits, the Brahmins of the Sapruclan
from Kashmir who converted to Islam.[11][15] In the 19th century, when Sikhs were taking over rule of
Kashmir, his grandfather's family migrated to Punjab. Iqbal often mentioned and commemorated
about his Kashmiri Pandit Brahmin lineage in his writings.[11]

4. Allama Iqbal with his son Javed Iqbal in 1930
Mother of Allama Muhammad Iqbal who died on 9 November 1914. Iqbal expressed his feeling of pathos in a poetic
form on death
Iqbal's father, Sheikh Noor Muhammad, was a tailor, not formally educated but a religious
man.[7][16]Iqbal's mother Imam Bibi was a polite and humble woman who helped the poor and solved
the problems of neighbours. She died on 9 November 1914 in Sialkot. [8][15] Iqbal loved his mother,
and on her death he expressed his feelings of pathos in a poetic form elegy.[7]
Who would wait for me anxiously in my native place?
Who would display restlessness if my letter fails to arrive?
I will visit thy grave with this complaint:

5. Who will now think of me in midnight prayers?
All thy life thy love served me with devotion—
When I became fit to serve thee, thou hast departed. [7]
Iqbal was four years old when he was admitted to the mosque for learning the Qur'an, he learned the
Arabic language from his teacher Syed Mir Hassan, the head of the madrassa and professor of
Arabic language at Scotch Mission College in Sialkot, where Iqbal completed matriculation in 1893.
He receivedIntermediate with the Faculty of Arts diploma from Murray College Sialkot in
1895.[8][11][17] The same year he enrolled Government College Lahore where he qualified for Bachelor
of Arts in philosophy,English literature and Arabic as his subjects from Government College
Lahore in 1897, and won the Khan Bahadurddin F.S. Jalaluddin medal as he took higher numbers in
Arabic class.[8] In 1899, he received Masters of Arts degree from the same college and had the first
place in Punjab University, Lahore.[8][11][17]
Iqbal had married three times, in 1895 while studying Bachelor of Arts he had his first marriage with
Karim Bibi, the daughter of a Gujarati physician Khan Bahadur Ata Muhammad Khan, through an
arranged marriage. They had daughter Miraj Begum and son Aftab Iqbal. Later Iqbal's second
marriage was with Sardar Begum mother of Javid Iqbal and third marriage with Mukhtar Begum in
December 1914.[8][10]
Iqbal in Spain, 1933
Higher education in Europe[edit]
Iqbal was influenced by the teachings of Sir Thomas Arnold, his philosophy teacher at Government
college Lahore, Arnold's teachings determined Iqbal to pursue higher education in the West. In 1905,
he travelled to England for his higher education. Iqbal qualified for a scholarship from Trinity College,
University of Cambridge and obtained Bachelor of Arts in 1906, and in the same year he was called
to the bar as a barrister from Lincoln's Inn. In 1907, Iqbal moved to Germany to study doctorate and
earned Doctor of Philosophy degree from the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munichin 1908. Working

6. under the guidance of Friedrich Hommel, Iqbal published his doctoral thesis in 1908 entitled: The
Development of Metaphysics in Persia.[11][18][19][20]
During Iqbal's stay in Heidelberg, Germany in 1907 his German teacher Emma Wegenast taught him
about Goethe's Faust, Heine andNietzsche.[21] During his study in Europe, Iqbal began to write poetry
in Persian. He prioritized it because he believed he had found an easy way to express his thoughts.
He would write continuously in Persian throughout his life. [11]
Academic[edit]
Allama Iqbal as Youth in 1899
Iqbal, after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, initiated his career as a reader of Ar abic
at Oriental College and shortly was selected as a junior professor of philosophy at Government
College Lahore, where he had also been a student, and worked there until he left for England in
1905. In 1908, Iqbal returned from England and joined the same college again as a professor of
philosophy and English literature.[22] At the same period Iqbal began practicing law at Chief Court
Lahore, but soon Iqbal quit law practice, and devoted himself in literary works and became an active
member of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam.[8] In 1919, he became the general secretary of the same
organisation. Iqbal's thoughts in his work primarily focus on the spiritual direction and development
of human society, centered around experiences from his travels and stays in Western Europe and
the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such as Friedrich
Nietzsche, Henri Bergson and Goethe.[7][21]
The poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbal's mind. Deeply
grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal began intensely concentrating on the study of Islam, the
culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, while embracing Rumi as "his
guide".[7] Iqbal would feature Rumi in the role of guide in many of his poems. Iqbal's works focus on
reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization, and delivering the message of a pure,
spiritual focus on Islam as a source for sociopolitical liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced

7. political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms
of the global Muslim community or the Ummah.[7][23]
Iqbal's poetry has been translated into many European languages, at the time when his work was
famous during the early part of the 20th century.[4] Iqbal's Asrar-i-Khudi andJaved Nama were
translated into English by R. A. Nicholson and A. J. Arberry respectively.[4][12]
Final years and death[edit]
The tomb of Muhammad Iqbal at the entrance of the Badshahi Mosque inLahore.
In 1933, after returning from a trip to Spain and Afghanistan, Iqbal had suffered from a mysterious
throat illness.[24] He spent his final years helping Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan to establish the Dar ul Islam
Trust Institute at Jamalpur estate near Pathankot,[25][26] where studies in classical Islam and
contemporary social science were plan to be subsidised, and Iqbal also advocated the demand for
an independent Muslim state.
Iqbal as a Barrister-at-Law.
Iqbal ceased practising law in 1934 and was granted pension by the Nawab of Bhopal. In his final
years he frequently visited the Dargah of famous Sufi Hazrat Ali Hujwiri in Lahore for spiritual
guidance. After suffering for months from his illness, Iqbal died in Lahore on 21 April 1938. [5][11] His
tomb is located in Hazuri Bagh, the enclosed garden between the entrance of the Badshahi
Mosque and the Lahore Fort, and official guards are provided by the Government of Pakistan.

8. A night view of the tomb.
Iqbal is commemorated widely in Pakistan, where he is regarded as the ideological founder of the
state. HisTarana-e-Hind is a song that is widely used in India as a patriotic song speaking of
communal harmony. His birthday is annually commemorated in Pakistan as Iqbal Day, a national
holiday. Iqbal is the namesake of many public institutions, including the Allama Iqbal Campus Punjab
University in Lahore, the Allama Iqbal Medical College in Lahore, Iqbal
Stadium in Faisalabad, Allama Iqbal Open University in Pakistan, the Allama Iqbal International
Airport in Lahore, the Allama Iqbal hall in Nishtar Medical College in Multan and Gulshan-e-Iqbal
Town in Karachi and Allama Iqbal Hall at AMU, India.
The government and public organizations have sponsored the establishment of educational
institutions, colleges and schools dedicated to Iqbal, and have established the Iqbal Academy
Pakistan to research, teach and preserve the works, literature and philosophy of Iqbal. Allama Iqbal
Stamps Society established for the promotion of Iqbaliyat inphilately and in other hobbies. His
son Javid Iqbal has served as a justice on the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Javaid Manzil was the
last residence of Allama Iqbal.[27]
Efforts and influences[edit]
Political[edit]
Further information: Pakistan Movement
While dividing his time between law practice and poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim
League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with
Muslim political leaders such as Mohammad Ali Jouhar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic
of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus and was
disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between
the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.[28][unreliable
source?][citation needed]

9. Iqbal with Muslim politicians.
(L to R): M. Iqbal (third), Syed Zafarul Hasan(sixth) at Aligarh Muslim University.
In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested for a seat in
the Punjab Legislative Assemblyfrom the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a
margin of 3,177 votes.[29] He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim
of guaranteeing Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress, and worked
with the Aga Khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the
Muslim League.[28][unreliable source?][citation needed] While in Lahore he was a friend of Abdul Sattar Ranjo