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- 1. State Formation in SEA
- 2. How Did the Dominant Ethnolinguistic Groups Come to Be large, Dominant and Widespread? Warfare and Conquest? The Early Farming Dispersal Hypothesis- What is this? State Formation?
- 3. State Formation Usually Involves: Agriculture (use of plough or irrigation) Trade and Markets A Lingua Franca Common or Dominant Religious Traditions Cities or Political and religious Centers? Writing Common Scripts, Calendars? Social and/or Ethnic Stratification Monumental Architecture
- 4. Outside Influences in the Development of Civilization in SEA China (Sinitic)- predominate among the Vietnamese and some hill minorities in the North They influenced: Religion (Buddhism and Ancestor worship), Architecture, and Philosophy (Confucianism). India (Indic)- predominant in Western Indonesia, Malaysia and the Mainland outside of Vietnam They Influenced: Kingship and the State, Religion (Hinduism and Buddhism), and
- 5. Temple of Literature, Hanoi (1070) Main gate to the Fourth temple courtyard Well of heavenly Clarity Altar to Confucius and his disciples
- 7. Why did people from India want to sail to SEA? Cloves- Syzgium aromaticum Nutmeg- Myristica fragrans Moluku Islands or “Spice Islands”
- 8. Brief Timeline of the Angkor Kingdom • Phase 1 • 4300-4000 ya- first rice farming communities in Cambodia • 3500-2500 ya- Bronze age of SEA • 2500-1600 ya –Iron age of SEA
- 9. Phase 2 • 1850-1450 ya- The rise and fall of Funan (The Delta State) Early Sanskrit writings from Funan mid 5th century AD
- 10. Phase 3 • 1450-1200 ya -Chenla State Formation in the Mekong Valley
- 11. Phase 4 • 1200-570 ya (abandoned by 1432 AD) • Capitals constructed on the plains near Tonle Sap lake • The capital radiated spiritual power • Stratified society • Wars and unrest • Preserving Angkor Today
- 12. Mt. Meru Influence Annamalaiya Temple in Thiruvannamahi The Rathas in Mahalabalapurham India
- 13. Borobudor Mahalbalipuram Tamil Nadu Bagan, Burma
- 14. Later Influences: India and the Middle East: Islam (i.e: the term sultan) European Colonial influences Sri Hamengkubuwono X the Sultan of Yogyakarta and
- 15. Why did much of Insular SEA Convert to Islam? And what were the effects? Islam spread peacefully, not by conquest Islam was linked to trade and traders Islam spread from India rather than the Middle East Islamicization was gradual and did not require radical changes in social organization
Editor's Notes
- Dominant groups gain power and territories in many cases through warfare and conquest. It was common throughout the world for the winners of a combat to take slaves. Furthermore winning a war and conquering new territory showed the power of a king or ruler. Also gaining control or power over trade routes was an impprtant factor in state formation. Winzeler talks about this with the early malay states rulers and elites took slavesThe early farming dispersal hypothesis postulates that the spread of early farming lifestyles were often correlated with prehistoric episodes of human population and language dispersal from agricultural homelands. It suggests that major episodes of human population expansion occurred as dependence upon farming grew. ( this is not suggesting that only early farmers ever dispersed since as we know hunter-gatherers dispersed across the globe except for a few oceanic islands). Bellwood 2005:2State formation- obviously state formation involves a structure (usually of a hierarchical type ie: kings, noblemen, warriors, peasants, slaves etc.) to control larger groups of people.
- Think of the progression first it would have been village headmen, then if villages were conquered ther became a chief usually the chief and his kinsmen were then put into positions of power and they regulated taxes form the people and how they wereredistributed. Chiefs and their chiefdoms eventually after conquering more areas and strenthenging their armies etc. become kings or rulers over larger areas of land. To maintain their control and power they continued to strengthen their armies ( whther men volunteered to be warriors or it was slaves who were forced into the armies , it did not matter as long as the army was strong and people were loyal to their leader.) Perhaps part of the reason why people would be loyal was the thought that their leader had some god-like qualities.. This was often created through a dominant religion of which the leader knew the most or was venerated as a religious icon. For example in Angkor it was believed that every other night ( because on the opposite nights he had to visit his wives) a female serpent visited the king and if she did not appear to him then it meant he would die. IN many cases commoners were not allowed to touch the kings for fear that the kings divine power was too strong and sacred for a commoner to survive. The Kings and his high priests controlled the religious rituals ( and by default often the calendars then which early on were based form religious holidays/beleifs) which again gave them more power and prestige than the common people.
- India influenced more Theravada Buddhism this is closer to the original form of Buddhism and refers to Buddhism of the eldersChina influnced a Mahayana form of Buddhism Mahayana is Buddhism for enlightenment BoddhisatvaismConfucianism: ( Singapore today is also influenced by this b/c of its large Chinese population)The core of Confucianism is humanism,[2] the belief that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucianism focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics, the most basic of which are ren, yi, and li.[3]Ren is an obligation of altruism and humaneness for other individuals within a community, yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good, and li is a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act within a community.[3] Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of ren and yi.[4] Although Confucius the man may have been a believer in Chinese folk religion, Confucianism as an ideology is humanistic[2] and non-theistic, and does not involve a belief in the supernatural or in a personal god.[5]
- The temple was contrsucted in 1070 by King Ly Nong Thong … it was also a the first university in Vietnam for over 700 yearsThis ancient Confucian sanctuary is considered one of Hanoi's finest historical sites. The temple is based on the one at Confucius' hometown Qufu in the Chinese province of Shandong.The Temple of Literature is located to the south of Thang Long Citadel. It covers an area of over 54,000 square metres, including the Literature (Van) lake, Giam park and the interior courtyards surrounded by the brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four high pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae commanding horsemen to dismount.The gate leads to three pathways that run the length of the complex. The centre path was reserved for the monarch, the one to its left for administrative Mandarins and the one to its right for military Mandarins.The interior of the site is divided into five courtyards:
- Early on it was sailors from the southern area of tamil Nadu in India who learned how to sail on the monsoon winds across the Bay of Bengal. Then they had to wait on the shores of the islands and mainalandsoutehast Asia for the next Monsoon to blow them back. While sitting and waiting for months they learned to communicate with local people and began to influence them about their kingdom states systems in India including their religions of Hindu and Buddhism. Early rulers in SEA often had to be blessed or chosen by Brahmins from India, this gave them some of their semi-divine traits and “god-like” positions that allowed them to rule over the masses of people.Also, Sintic influence came from the ocean too. It travelled along the coast and eventually also out into the island areas. Trade routes were established early on ebtween India, southeast Asia and China. Goods, especially nutmeg and cloves and benzoin from the Molucca islands were highly desired thus rulers who controlled these trade routes also strengthened their power.Winzeler pg 43 ( know these characteristics) Usually the king was in some cases thought to be a reincarnation of Shiva and less commonly of Vishnu.The Kings area of domain often spread out in circles from the center of power.State space was often lowland space with access to water for irrigation purposes, the mountain areas were much more difficult to obtain and sustain power over… harder to see far distance sif your enemy was coming etc.
- Cloves were not only a culinary delight they were also used as a medicine in the traditional Ayurvedic system of IndiaNutmeg is used in several types of foods including curries which are prevalent all over Southern Asia even today we use it in egg nog mulled ciders and wines, used in meat and potatoe dishes form EuropeIndigenous to the Banda islands of MolukuIt may have been used as a psychadaleic at some point in time and may be toxic in high doses… today no medicinal uses
- Phase one is considered the prehistoric Iron-age the ultimate foundatin of Angkor was laid with this early arrival of people into settled communitties. 3500-3000ya these people learned how to smelt copper and tin ( maybe diffused from China?). They valued exotic ornaments of marble, slate and marine shells in their mortuary rituals. There is evidence of large copper mines. By 2500 ya ago they were smelting iron the ore was widely available and they were making neck rings and bracelets, arm bands, spears, daggers and hoes in time spades and sickles were createdf to show agricultural technological improvemnets. Arrowheads and spears proliferate ealry archaeological sites like ( Noen U-Loke and Non Muang Kao). There have even been male skeletons found with arrowheads logdged in their spines… as evidenceof conflict. Settlemnts and populations would have been 10 times denser with the iron age than with the Bronze age ( Higham 2001:144). Many resided in swampy lowlands for agricultural purposes they also buried their dead in clay lined coffins with rice covering them.Finger and toe rings ear-discs belts and head ornaments were made from bronze imported form central Thailand. Carnelian and agate beads were made and worn and thin ceramic vessels were also created so thein they most liekly required a specialist to make them.They were trading with other groups there were centers in Thailand ( the complex referred to as Dvarivati) Also areas in Burma ( created by the Tircul people- also had an ancient written text of Tircul which was a mixture of ancient iIndian inscriptions and some Sanskrit) and up the coast of Vietnam were the Cham. Also there was trade across the oceans with People in the philippines and Indonesia. Northern Vietanm had chiefs whose people cast bronze drums for ceremonial use. These were complex settlements ( Angkor Borei)
- Phase 2:The Delta State was termed Funan ( sites were OcEo and Angkor Borei) form Chinese writings and it is a word borrowed from Chinese, people do not know what the inhabitants of this settlement would have called themselves. Although over time there is some evidence of Sanskrit writings but usually telling stories about kings and princesses. The oldest stone writings date to about 1500 ya and they descirbe acts of religious merit by their kings who adopted Indic names such as Jayavarman and Rudravarman (varman means shield or protector- thus the kings names were often this combined with an Indic God). It was around this time that larger sates were being formed and trading across the oceans intensified. Sites along the coast of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Java) and the Cham north of Funan all become important sea ports and the delta area of Funan fell out of use. Jayavarman the 1st would have ruled in Funan his reign was from 1265-1300 ya…The text is in Sanskrit, has been dated to the mid-5th century A.D., and tells of a donation in honor of Vishnu by a Prince Gunavarman of the Kaundinya lineage.
- Phase 3 Includes Chenla (Chenla was also a chinese word tat referred to Cambodia after the fall of Funan) spread across modern day Cambodia parts of Thailand and Southern Vietnam.The first King was Isanavarman he visited China and there are inscriptions about him in modern day Thiland and Cambodia that talk about his reign.. Afster him another Jayavarman reigned and his daughter also helped rule some of his areas however, it’s suspected that the area of Chenla suffered from turmoil which caused it to break apart back into smaller political units perhaps around 1300 years ago. Evidence of this kingdom also comes from Chinese dynastic writings.
- Phase 4 The Capital at Angkor 1200- 570ya ( 1432 is when it ended) Jayavarman the II consecrated himself the king of kings on the sacred Mountain of Mahendraparvata. Suryavarman the II ( 1113-1150 or the early part of the 12th century) created the large temple complex we call Angkor Wat today, he also depicted himself in some of the stone carvings. Throughout the years of this kingdom there was a complex social order the kings had numerous officials who presided over all matters for them. The kings would give land grants and other valuable ornaments to their officials in order to maintain their loyalty. When a new area was conquered a local overlord was appointed and extravagant gifts weregiven to him to bind his loyalty to the center of power. Some of the futher reaches only paid lip service to the king and may have even resented him thus they became allies with enemies (ie the chams or the Siamese)The Angkor kingdom saw amnybattels and over thrown rulers for example a Jayavarman attacked and over threw a Suriyavarman so he then became the king. There was not a strict rule as to how the succession of the throne was granted. And because there was the practice of polygamy and lineage ran through the femal lines there was often the question of who the successor would be and half brothers were killed off or father in laws etc. so someone else could be put on the throne.Angkor Wat was eventually sacked by the Chams and Jayavarman the 7th created a new capital at Angkor Thom a few kms to the north.Founded on Hindu dieties but later included Buddhist beliefs and dieties
- Mahalabalipuram to the right…….. Borobudur to the left
- The word sultan originates from Arabic- it was an abstract noun meaning ruler strength dictatorship etc. Then it came to be used to refer to a powerful governor of a sovereign area and the area under his control became known as a sultanate. Sultans were in India as well as over Southeast Asia.. They ruled many areas thata re now provinces within the countries .. i.e.: yogyakarta in Indonesia… Also see the Indian influence with “Sri” from Sanskrit meaning Mr. or “holy”
- B With trade and traders Islam became most strongly established in the coastal areas and centers of commerceEspecially social changes involving women?