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The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 85 of 210
1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
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69.14 The For Loops uses the local scope
Starting from Ring 1.8, when the For Loop deļ¬nes new identiļ¬er (variable) it will deļ¬ne it in the local scope.
Example:
x = 10
? x # Print 10
test1()
? x # Print 10
test2()
? x # Print 10
func test1
for x = 1 to 5
next
? x # Print 6
func test2
list = 1:5
for x in list
next
? x # Print NULL (The "For In" loop will kill the reference after the loop)
Output:
10
6
10
NULL
10
69.15 Summary of Scope Rules
At ļ¬rst remember that
1 - Each programming language comes with itās scope rules based on the language goals
2 - Programming in the small is different than Programming in the Large
3 - Some programming language are designed for developing small programs while others are designed for large
programs
69.14. The For Loops uses the local scope 809
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4 - In programming, If we have access to more than one scope - Then problems may come if we donāt manage things
correctly
5 - Itās always more secure to reduce the number of visible scopes
6 - Some programming languages force you to manage the scope in some way, while others not!
In Ring
1 - Special and very simple scope rules that are designed for Flexibility ļ¬rst then Security
2 - Ring is designed to support programming in the small and programming in the large.
3 - The language provide the different programming paradigms that you may select from based on the project size.
Errors comes only if you selected a bad paradigm for the target project or you are using the paradigm in a way that is
not correct or at least not common.
4 - In Ring you have the choice, you can use global variables or avoid them. you can give them a special $ mark or
leave them. you can use object-oriented or stay with procedures. you can use the class region (after the class name
and before any method) just for attributes or use it for code too.
5 - Just read the next scope rules and think about them then use them in your favorite way.
Scope Rules:
1 - At any place in our program code we have only at maximum Three Scopes (Local Scope, Object Scope and Global
Scope).
2 - When Ring ļ¬nd a variable it will search in the local scope ļ¬rst then in the object scope then in the global scope.
3 - At any time inside procedures or methods you can use braces { } to access an object and change the current object
scope.
4 - In the class region (After the class name and before any method) this is a special region where both of the object
scope and the local scope point to the object scope. I.e. No local variables where each variable you deļ¬ne in this
region will become an attribute.
5 - Before deļ¬ning any variable (in any scope and in the class region too) a search process will be done to use the
variable if itās found.
6 - Functions and Methods parameters are deļ¬ned automatically as local variables to these functions or methods.
7 - Using Object.Attribute will search in the object attributes only.
8 - Using Self.Attribute will lead to a search for Self ļ¬rst then search in Self Attributes.
9 - The Self reference inside class region (after the class name and before any method) always point to the object scope
created from the class.
10- The Self reference inside methods will be changed when we uses Braces to be a reference to the object that we
access.
11- Writing variable names directly in the class region (after the class name and before any method) means using them
or deļ¬ne then (in order).
12- Using self.attribute in the class region reduce search to the object scope (avoid conļ¬ict with global scope).
From these rules you can understand all types of conļ¬icts and why you may have them and how to avoid them
Simple advices to avoid any conļ¬ict and use the scope rules in a better way
1 - Try to avoid global variables
2 - Use the Main Function - This will help you to avoid global variables
3 - If you are going to use many global variables use the $ mark before the variable name
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4 - In the class region if you donāt respect the advice number three ($) then use self.attribute when you deļ¬ne your
attributes
5 - You can use object.attribute and object.method() instead of object { attribute } and object { method() } if you donāt
like changing the object scope.
6 - If you will use nested braces in a class - think about using the class region if possible because in this region you
will have access to the object that you access using { } + access to the class attributes
7 - If you are inside a class method and used nested braces you will change the object scope with each brace and you
will loss the access to the class attributes directly but you have access to the local scope before and after using brace
{ } , if you will read/modify the class attribute from braces then use This.Attribute because using āThisā means (The
object created from this class) while using āSelfā means (The object in the current object scope).
After understanding all of the previous points, You will master this topic.
69.15. Summary of Scope Rules 811
4. CHAPTER
SEVENTY
SCOPE RULES FOR FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
In this chapter we will learn about the scope rules for functions and methods.
You need to know the next information once you started using Ring for large applications.
These applications may contains and use
ā¢ Many Packages and Classes written in Ring
ā¢ Many Functions written in Ring
ā¢ Standard Ring Functions (Written in C language)
ā¢ Functions and Classes written in C/C++ languages
70.1 How Ring ļ¬nd the Functions and Methods?
When you call a method or function, Ring will start a search process to ļ¬nd this function
If found ā> Call the function and store the function pointer in the cache so Ring can use it again with doing another
search.
If not found ā> Runtime error message (That you can avoid using Try/Catch)
How the search process is done?
Search for functions/methods follow the next order
1 - Search in methods (if we are inside class method or object using braces {})
2 - Search in functions written by the programmer using Ring Code
3 - Search in functions written in C/C++ like standard Ring functions
This enable us to write clean code inside classes methods and avoid any conļ¬ict with functions.
If we want to call a function with the same name as a method in the class we will need a wrapper function or we will
access a temp. object using { } then call that function there.
We can replace C/C++ Functions with Ring Functions.
We can replace Ring Functions with Ring Methods.
Note: Using self.method() is not necessary in any use case.
Tip: We can use this.method() to escape from the current active scope that we access using braces {} and call a
method in the class that we are inside.
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70.2 Example about Sharing Names between Functions and Methods
Look at the next example
func main
o1 = new myclass { test() test2() }
test2()
func f1
see "f1 function" + nl
func f2
see "f2 function" + nl
func f3
see "f3 function" + nl
func test2
myline()
see "test2 function" + nl
new myclass {
f1()
f2()
f3()
self.f3()
}
myobj = new myclass
myobj.f3()
myline()
func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl
Class myclass
func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3()
myline()
func f3
see "f3 method" + nl
func test2
myline()
see "test2 method" + nl
self {
f1()
f2()
f3()
}
myline()
Output:
70.2. Example about Sharing Names between Functions and Methods 813
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========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
========================================
========================================
test2 function
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 method
f3 method
========================================
70.3 Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current
class
In the previous example we have a function called f3() and we have a method called f3()
How we can call the f3() function from the test() method ?
Solution (1) : Change the current object scope to another object scope
In this solution we will have an empty class called local that we will use to change the current object scope.
func main
o1 = new myclass { test()}
func f1
see "f1 function" + nl
func f2
see "f2 function" + nl
func f3
see "f3 function" + nl
func myline
see copy("=",40) + nl
Class myclass
func test
myline()
see "test method" + nl
f1()
f2()
f3() # call f3() method
new local { f3() } # call f3() function
myline()
70.3. Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current class 814
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func f3
see "f3 method" + nl
class local
Output:
========================================
test method
f1 function
f2 function
f3 method
f3 function
========================================
70.3. Calling a function sharing the name with a method in the current class 815
8. CHAPTER
SEVENTYONE
SYNTAX FLEXIBILITY
In this chapter we will learn about some options that are provided automatically by the Ring compiler for syntax
ļ¬exibility.
71.1 Change Language Keywords
We can change any keyword using the ChangeRingKeyword command.
Note: Remember to restore the keyword again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.
Tip: The ChangeRingKeyword command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Syntax:
ChangeRingKeyword <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>
Example:
ChangeRingKeyword see print
print "welcome" + nl
ChangeRingKeyword print see
see "Welcome" + nl
Example:
ChangeRingKeyword func function
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile
x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor
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x--
endwhile
test()
function test
print "message from test" + nl
ChangeRingKeyword function func
ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end
71.2 Change Language Operators
We can change any operator using the ChangeRingOperator command.
Note: Remember to restore the operator again if the team will mix between styles in the same project.
Tip: The ChangeRingOperartor command is executed in the scanner stage by the compiler (before parsing).
Syntax:
ChangeRingOperator <oldkeyword> <newkeyword>
Example:
The next program hide the + operator by changing it to _+
changeringoperator + _+
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT
try
print 5 + 10
catch
print nl print "error" print nl
done
changeringoperator _+ +
The next program change the + operator to āplusā.
changeringoperator + plus
changeringkeyword SEE PRINT
Print 5 plus 5
changeringoperator plus +
changeringkeyword PRINT SEE
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71.3 Load Syntax Files
You may store a group of ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands in a ļ¬le to use later in many
source ļ¬les. You canāt use the Load command to call these ļ¬les because
ā¢ ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator commands are executed in the scanner phase by the compiler
(before parsing).
ā¢ The load command is executed in the parsing phase (after the scanner phase).
Solution: Use the LoadSyntax Command which is executed in the scanner phase.
Syntax:
LoadSyntax "syntaxfile.ring"
Example:
File : StyleBasicOn.ring
ChangeRingKeyword see print
ChangeRingKeyword ok endif
ChangeRingKeyword next endfor
ChangeRingKeyword end endwhile
File : StyleBasicOff.ring
ChangeRingKeyword print see
ChangeRingKeyword endif ok
ChangeRingKeyword endfor next
ChangeRingKeyword endwhile end
File : UseStyleBasic.ring
LoadSyntax "stylebasicon.ring"
x = 10
while x > 0
print "x = " + x + nl
for t = 1 to 10
if t = 3
print "number three" + nl
endif
endfor
x--
endwhile
LoadSyntax "stylebasicoff.ring"
see "done" + nl
Note: ļ¬les called by the LoadSyntax command must contains ChangeRingKeyword and ChangeRingOperator com-
mands only.
Tip: ļ¬les called by the LoadSyntax command doesnāt support functions, packages and classes. just imperative
commands only.
Note: Using this feature you can create many styles that you can use in the same project and you can support Ring
71.3. Load Syntax Files 818