Collecting Evidence CRJS406-IP3 Name Class Date Professor Collecting Evidence at Crime Scene Once a crime scene is properly secured and the initial walk through has been conducted the collection of the evidence located during the walk through will be commence. Evidence is essential to providing the police with the clues they need to determine who committed the crime and to prove in a court of law a criminal defendant is guilty of the crime they are accused. While evidence can be collected at the crime scene if it is not properly collected and documented it will not be eligible for a court of law. Each type of evidence located at the crime scene can provide valuable information about the crime. Once physical evidence is located at a crime scene it must be documented were it sits. How evidence is documented is through sketches and photographs. The crime scene collector will place an evidence marker by the evidence and take photographs from every angle to show the court where the evidence was located at the scene. The evidence is then collected using the established uniform standards and properly packaging the evidence for transportation to the lab. This includes properly labeling the container the evidence is packaged in. Explosives When collecting evidence at a crime scene some evidence is extremely volatile and dangerous and must be handled carefully. If the scene contains actual explosive the scene will be evacuated and a bomb squad will be called to remove the dangerous evidence. Once the explosives are removed or if the forensic team is looking for proof an explosive was used at a crime scene they will begin the search for explosive residue. The research for residue involves the use of an alternative light source and knowledge of the different accelerants used at the scene. Just like in the collection of all evidence once the residue is located through swabbing techniques it will be tested before being transported to the lab. Once the evidence is swabbed it will be placed in a dry, clean envelope. Each swab will be packaged and labeled separately to avoid cross contamination. Potential bomb or explosive fragments are collected using tweezers or gloved hands and placed separately in a dry clean container and properly labeled. When an explosion occurs the evidence comes in the form of tiny fragments. This includes collecting bomb fragments and bomb components. Computers Computers have become an important part of everyday life for just about every citizen in the nation. When crimes are committed in the 21st Century the computer can provide an important source of evidence of the criminal investigation. Collecting computers is a delicate process requiring skill and knowledge from the forensic investigator. A long with every piece of evidence collected at the scene the computer needs to be photographed from every possible angle before being collected. Once the evidence has been photograph.

1. Collecting Evidence
CRJS406-IP3
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Collecting Evidence at Crime Scene
Once a crime scene is properly secured and the initial walk
through has been conducted the collection of the evidence
located during the walk through will be commence. Evidence is
essential to providing the police with the clues they need to
determine who committed the crime and to prove in a court of
law a criminal defendant is guilty of the crime they are accused.

2. While evidence can be collected at the crime scene if it is not
properly collected and documented it will not be eligible for a
court of law. Each type of evidence located at the crime scene
can provide valuable information about the crime.
Once physical evidence is located at a crime scene it must be
documented were it sits. How evidence is documented is
through sketches and photographs. The crime scene collector
will place an evidence marker by the evidence and take
photographs from every angle to show the court where the
evidence was located at the scene. The evidence is then
collected using the established uniform standards and properly
packaging the evidence for transportation to the lab. This
includes properly labeling the container the evidence is
packaged in.
Explosives
When collecting evidence at a crime scene some evidence is
extremely volatile and dangerous and must be handled carefully.
If the scene contains actual explosive the scene will be
evacuated and a bomb squad will be called to remove the
dangerous evidence. Once the explosives are removed or if the
forensic team is looking for proof an explosive was used at a
crime scene they will begin the search for explosive residue.
The research for residue involves the use of an alternative light
source and knowledge of the different accelerants used at the
scene.
Just like in the collection of all evidence once the residue is
located through swabbing techniques it will be tested before
being transported to the lab. Once the evidence is swabbed it
will be placed in a dry, clean envelope. Each swab will be
packaged and labeled separately to avoid cross contamination.
Potential bomb or explosive fragments are collected using
tweezers or gloved hands and placed separately in a dry clean
container and properly labeled. When an explosion occurs the
evidence comes in the form of tiny fragments. This includes
collecting bomb fragments and bomb components.
Computers

3. Computers have become an important part of everyday life
for just about every citizen in the nation. When crimes are
committed in the 21st Century the computer can provide an
important source of evidence of the criminal investigation.
Collecting computers is a delicate process requiring skill and
knowledge from the forensic investigator. A long with every
piece of evidence collected at the scene the computer needs to
be photographed from every possible angle before being
collected. Once the evidence has been photographed including
the screen of the computer the collection process can begin.
If the computer is one the forensic investigator must collect
live data. The investigator will start with RAM image (Live
Response locally or remotely via F-Response) and then collect
other live data "as required" such as network connection state,
logged on users, currently executing processes etc (Henry,
2009). The first thing the forensic investigator must do is turn
of the computer once the live data is collected and then
disconnect external devices connected to the computer. The
computer stack or modem is then removed and each drive is
taped shut. The computer evidence is then packaged with
evidence tape.
The computer will be totally wrapped in evidence tape
before being labeled. The label will contain information
including where the computer was located at the scene and who
collected the evidence, when the evidence was collected, at
what time, etc. Once the computer modem is collected any
external devices connected to the computer will be collected
and packaged totally separately. Each external device could
contain important information pertaining to the crime or the
behavior of the criminal defendant.
Fingerprints
Fingerprints are still one of the most valuable pieces of
forensic evidence available for law enforcement to identify the
criminal offender responsible for committing a crime.
Fingerprints are extremely difficult to see and extremely
delicate. In order to detect fingerprints on all types of different

4. surfaces different techniques will be used. In order to detect
fingerprints on removable objects that is not easily discernible
to the eye the forensic investigator will package the object in a
clean dry envelope in order to transport it too the lab. If an
object can be tested at the lab instead of the scene it will be
properly packaged, labeled, and then transported to the forensic
lab. These objects must be handled as little as possible but
always with gloves.
When fingerprints are located on objects that cannot be
removed from the scene the collection of the fingerprints will
be lifted from the object and then transported to the lab. How
the fingerprint is lifted is dependent on the type of surface the
fingerprints needs to be lifted from the scene. Before a print is
lifted it must be photographed. In order to develop the
fingerprint to make it visible in a photograph it must be
developed with dusting powder. The fingerprint is photographed
to scale with an evidence marker.
A fingerprint on a dark surface will be dusted with white
powder until the entire fingerprint appears. The print is then
lifted using tape before being sealed in a clean, dry envelope.
Each fingerprint is packaged separately and labeled. The
package will identify who lifted the print and where the print
was located at the scene as well as date, time, etc. When the
fingerprint is located on a white surface black powder is used to
highlight the print before it is lifted and placed in a clean
evidence envelope.
Most fingerprints submitted will be located on paper, glass,
metal, or other smooth surfaced objects. It is harder to collect
fingerprints from some surfaces over others. Smooth surfaces
yield good fingerprints that are easy to lift but rough surfaces
are fair more difficult to yield fingerprints. If the rough
surfaced items can be removed it will be collected, packaged,
labeled, documented, and then shipped to the lab.
Firearms
When firearms are located at the crime scene it will be
collected through the trigger ring using a pencil or other object

5. but only after the gun has been put on safety. The fire arm must
be handled with gloves and any bullets must be removed.
Bullets can remain in the magazine but the magazine must be
removed from the gun as well as any bullets in the chamber.
Before the gun can be packaged important information on the
gun must first be noted. The forensic investigator will record
the serial number, make, model, and caliber of the weapon, and
mark it in some inconspicuous manner that does not detract
from its value before sending it to the Laboratory (Shapiro,
2009).
Once of all of the important information is recorded and the
gun marked t will be packaged in a cardboard evidence box.
Guns can be heavy requiring a strong evidence collection box
and to prevent it from falling out or moving around. If the
weapon is a rifle or a shotgun it will not be broken down but
will be transported in a cardboard box. If there is blood, trace,
or fingerprints on the weapon paper must be line the box first to
preserve this evidence. Fingerprints can be collected at the
scene following the provided collection standards.
Bullets are collected and placed in an envelope separate
from the gun. All recovered bullets are first wrapped in paper
and sealed in a separate labeled pill box or envelope (). The
bullets are wrapped in paper in case they contain evidence.
Bullets can provide forensic investigators with valuable
information about the gun and any bullets used at the scene.
Once the bullets are placed in the evidence envelope they are
labeled with the necessary information to protect the chain of
evidence.
Fibers
Fibers and threads are on clothing, carpet, furniture, and
bedding. These fibers can connect a criminal suspect to a crime
scene or a victim to a criminals suspect. When fibers are located
they can be picked up with fingers or tweezers. Once the fiber is
collected it is placed in a small coin envelope. Never place
loose fibers directly into a mailing envelope since they can be
lost from this type of envelope (Shapiro, 2006). Since fibers are

6. not always visible to the eye they are also collected by taking
tape and lifting any fibers on items associated to the crime.
For example tape would be used to lift fibers and hair from
the clothes of a murder victim or the chairs in a criminal
suspect’s car. Fibers are valuable pieces of evidence tying a
suspect to a victim. If a fiber from the suspect’s shirt is
matched to a fiber found in the hair of the victim this shows the
suspect has had close contact with the victim. Fibers tie two
scene together by showing a suspect was in the victim’s home
because unique fibers from a blanket in the home were found on
the clothes of the suspect.
Impressions
Fingerprints are only one form of impression that is
collected at a crime scene. When criminal suspects are at a
crime scene they leave behind evidence they were present at the
scene. The two most common impressions beside fingerprints at
the crime scene are tire impressions and footwear impressions.
The tire impression is collected different if it is located on a
hard surface over the soft surface. Before the tire or footwear
impression can be collected it must be photographed. In some
case the photographic can be used to match the impression
evidence to the tire or footwear.
If a tire or footwear impression is left on a soft surface it
will be filled with dental stone and left to dry. Once the dental
stone dries the impression left behind on the dental stone is
collected. If the soil is soft or sandy, first use hairspray to firm
it up so that you’ll be able to lift the cast (Fuller, 2010). If the
impression is being lifted from snow the forensic investigator
will first place snow print wax into the impression. The
collected dental stone will be placed in a large, cardboard
evidence box if the impression is from a tire impression and a
smaller cardboard box if the impression lifted was from
footwear.
When collecting the tire or footwear impression evidence
from a hard surface a completely different procedure will be
followed. Photographs to scale are very important in the

7. collection of impressions from hard surfaces. Tire and footwear
impressions on hard surfaces are collecting using fingerprint
electrostatic powder and lifting the impression with tape. This
is far more difficult than with a fingerprint due to the size of
the objects. The evidence once collected is placed in evidence
enveloped and labeled.
Tool Marks
Tool marks are a form of impression evidence. When a
criminal uses a tool to alter evidence or to cause damage to a
victim or property the marks left by the tool used provides
evidence to the criminal investigator. For example if a criminal
uses a screwdriver to pry open a window the evidence left
behind can then be used to math to the tool. The tool leaves a
fingerprint behind allowing the criminal investigator to match
them to a specific weapon used in a crime. In many cases, it is
possible to identify the specific tool which made the questioned
marks by means of a Laboratory comparison of tools and
marked objects (Shapiro, 2006).
Tool marks are left behind on objects at the crime scene
making the evidence harder to collect. The marking left on the
window sill or door jamb must be photographed carefully to
ensure there is sufficient evidence to match a tool. Any
evidence continued around the tool marking, such as paint chips
should be collected. Any tools at the scene should also be
collected and packaged separately and later matched to the
marking at the scene.
Each piece of evidence collected at the scene must be
collected following uniform guidelines. These guidelines will
protect the chain of evidence and ensure it is eligible or
authenticated in a court of law. If the evidence is not properly
documented or collected using uniform standards it may be
excluded from the court process. Without physical evidence
pointing to the criminal’s guilt it is far more difficult to prove
they committed the crime. Juries expect forensic evidence
pointing to the suspect’s guilt.

8. References
Fuller, J. (2010). Impression Evidence -- Footprints, Tire Tread
and Tool Marks. Retrieved
October 27, 2013 from
http://science.howstuffworks.com/impression-evidence1.htm
Henry, P. (2009). Best Practices in Digital Evidence Collection.
Retrieved October 27, 2013
from http://computer-
forensics.sans.org/blog/2009/09/12/best-practices-in-digital-
evidence
Shapiro, G. (2006). Evidence Collection Guidelines. Retrieved
October 27, 2013 from
http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/collect.html#4
If an athlete functions out of an internal locus of control and
believes an outcome is going to happen repeatedly (stable
outcome), he will most likely attribute the result to:
Answer
a.
Luck
b.
Effort
c.
Task Difficulty
d.
Ability
e.

9. It is impossible to ascertain an attribution given the facts
2 points
Question 2
In the previous example (stable outcome, internal locus of
control), how does the athlete attribute the result if he is in
control of the outcome?
Answer
a.
Luck
b.
Mood
c.
Task Complexity
d.
Ability
e.
Performer's Stable effort
2 points
Question 3
What attributional factors are typically present in "Learned
Helplessness"?
Answer
a.
External Locus of Control, Stable Outcome, Self Controls
Outcome
b.
External Locus of Control, Stable Outcome, Others Control

10. Outcome
c.
Internal Locus of Control, Stable Outcome, Others Control
Outcome
d.
External Locus of Control, Unstable Outcome, Others Control
Outcome
e.
External Locus of Control, Unstable Outcome, Self Controls
Outcome
2 points
Question 4
What factor(s) in a child's cognitive maturity will indicate he or
she is ready to play competitive sports?
Answer
a.
Understanding one's role on a team
b.
Appreciation of other's perspectives
c.
Knowing the importance of cooperation
d.
A and B
e.
All of the above
2 points
Question 5

11. Which of the following is a good suggestion for parents to do to
encourage their children in sports participation?
Answer
a.
Allow them to quit when it gets difficult.
b.
Remind them of how much money you will save when they earn
a scholarship.
c.
Help them to set challenging goals.
d.
Remind them of how much better they are than the next door
neighbor's kids.
e.
While watching their games, constantly give performance
feedback.
2 points
Question 6
How early do children typically display cooperative behavior?
Answer
a.
4-5 years of age
b.
5-6 years of age
c.
7-8 years of age

12. d.
8-10 years of age
e.
Children don't cooperate unless they are forced to.
2 points
Question 7
If a child you are working with wants to drop out of sports,
what is one thing you as a coach could do?
Answer
a.
Let them, who needs a quitter around?
b.
Point out the athletes individual strides made in increased effort
and determination.
c.
Tell a little white lie and say how good he is and how much you
need him to win.
d.
Give him a trophy for his participation.
e.
Let him play with the bigger kids. After all, they look like they
are having more fun.
2 points
Question 8
Unacceptable aggression, the primary intent of which is to reach
a goal such as scoring a touchdown, is termed:
Answer

13. 1.
Goal Aggression
2.
Instrumental Aggression
3.
Proactive Assertion
4.
Unintentional Harm
5.
Active non-niceness
2 points
Question 9
The theory that violence and aggression in sports is learned by
modeling and vicarious experience is:
Answer
a.
Cathartic Effect
b.
Moral Reasoning Theory
c.
Social Learning Theory
d.
Frustration-Aggression Theory
e.
Murphy's Theory

14. 2 points
Question 10
According the the Frustration- Aggression Theory, what is the
key emotional component that bridges the gap between
Aggression and Frustration
Answer
a.
Fear
b.
Defensiveness
c.
Confusion
d.
Anger
e.
Apathy
2 points
Question 11
Transient feelings of apprehension and or tension in response to
upcoming events, describes
Answer
a.
A-State
b.
A-Trait
c.

15. Florida State
d.
State Anxiety
e.
A and D
2 points
Question 12
A Heightened state of arousal in which the athlete shuts out
necessary cues in the environment, describes:
Answer
a.
The Inverted U of Arousal
b.
Catastrophe Theory
c.
Over Narrowing of Attention
d.
Zone of optimal functioning
e.
Self-Handicapping
2 points
Question 13
Which of the following phenomena argue against the home court
advantage?
Answer
a.

16. More pressure to win
b.
Increase in functional assertiveness
c.
If season isn't going well, home court might be a hostile
environment.
d.
A and C
e.
All of the above
2 points
Question 14
Rehabilitation rehearsal will assist what stage in the injury
response cycle?
Answer
a.
Cognitive Appraisal
b.
Emotional Response
c.
Behavioral Response
d.
Bargaining Response
e.
Negative Self-Talk
2 points

17. Question 15
What psychological factor(s) can make an athlete more injury
prone?
Answer
a.
Internal Locus of Control
b.
Good Stress Management
c.
Fear of Failure
d.
A and C
e.
All of the above
2 points
Question 16
Which of the following is not a psychological benefit of regular
exercise?
Answer
a.
Stress Management
b.
Temporary release from problems
c.
Controls A-trait

18. d.
Increased Self-Esteem
e.
All of the above are psychological benefits of regular exercise
2 points
Question 17
According to the Transtheoretical model, at what stage would a
person have intentions to start exercising, but has not made any
plans to act on them?
Answer
a.
Pre- Contemplation
b.
Contemplation
c.
Preparation
d.
Action
e.
Termination
2 points
Question 18
Which of the following are cognitive adherence strategies to
assist someone in maintaining an exercise program?
Answer
a.
Visualization

19. b.
Bizarre Imagery
c.
Thought Stopping
d.
Effort linking to success
e.
All of the above are appropriate strategies
2 points
Question 19
Which of the following describes the proper order of the steps
to follow in a pre-shot strategy?
Answer
a.
Readying, Imaging, External Focus, Execution, Evaluation
b.
Imaging, Readying, External Focus, Execution, Evaluation
c.
Evaluation, Readying, Imaging, External Focus, Execution
d.
Imaging, Readying, External Focus, Execution, Evaluation
e.
External Focus, Imaging, Readying, Evaluation, Execution
2 points
Question 20

20. According to the two-dimensional model of imagery proposed
by Paivio, what function(s) does imagery provide that make it
effective?
Answer
a.
Cognitive
b.
Motivational
c.
Affective
d.
A and B
e.
All of the above
2 points
Question 21
Negative outcomes can have a positive effect on motivation
depending on an athlete's attributions.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 22
Favorable outcomes tend to make an athlete concentrate more
on attributions than unfavorable outcomes.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 23

21. Allowing a child to play a number of different sports will only
confuse them and cause them to lose interest in athletics.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 24
Spectator violence can be prompted by the misconception that
other fans in the vicinity feel the same aggressive behaviors as
the initiator.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 25
All aggressive behavior is intentional.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 26
All Competitive sports have a similar inverted U when you
graph optimal perfomance against arousal level.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 27
Prior injury can have a profound psychological effect on the
chance of re-injury.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 28
If the perceived costs of not starting to exercise are acceptable,

22. a person will be more motivated to iniate an exercise program
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 29
If a routine is maintained for over 6 months, it has a strong
probability of becoming a habit.
Answer True
False
2 points
Question 30
Imagining the correct performance of a sport specific skill is an
example of the cognitive specific function or imagery.
Answer True
False
· List 5 techniques one can use to manipulate athletes'
attributions
· List 5 reasons why kids drop out of sports
· Team cohesion is an important concept in successful teams
and consequently the success of the individual athletes on the
team. Describe how coaching leadership styles and player roles
contribute to this concept