Meosis

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Meiosis ,[object Object],[object Object]

Why is meiosis necessary? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Meiosis involves two divisions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stage Descriptions/Characteristics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Crossing Over ,[object Object],[object Object]

Metaphase I ,[object Object],[object Object]

Anaphase I ,[object Object]

Telophase I ,[object Object]

Interphase (INterkinesis) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Prophase II ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Metaphase II ,[object Object]

Anaphase II ,[object Object],[object Object]

Telophase II ,[object Object],[object Object]

What phase of meiosis?

Telophase I or Telophase II?

Meiosis I or II just like Mitosis?

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The diploid number of the hypothetical animal Geneticus introductus is 2n= 44. Each diploid nucleus contains 5 ng of DNA in G1. Part A : What amount of DNA is contained in each nucleus at the end of S phase? What amount of DNA is contained in each nucleus at the end of phase? a)There are 22 chromosomes containing 2.5 ng of DNA. b)There are 44 chromosomes containing 5 ng of DNA. c)There are 44 chromosomes containing 10 ng of DNA. d)None of the above. Part B: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Telophase I of meiosis (after cytokinesis). Express your answer as two numbers separated by a comma (example: 12, 4). Part C: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Anaphase of mitosis. Part D: Write the number of chromosomes and amount of DNA (ng) present per cell at the end of Telophase II of meiosis (after cytokinesis). Solution The cell cycle of actively dividing eukaryotic cell consists of gap phases (G 1 and G2), S phase and M phase. In G 1 phase the cell prepares for cell division .In S phase DNA replication occurs and the DNA content doubles. In G 2 phase, the cell gets ready for mitosis. In mitosis, two daughter cells with same genetic content as parent are produced. Mitosis occurs through five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase: This stage extends over half of mitosis. The nuclear membrane disintegrates. The centrosome of chromosome duplicates to form two daughter centrosomes and migrates to opposite poles of the cell. The centrosomes organise the production of microtubules, from which the spindle fibres arise. The chromosomes condense and consist of two identical chromatids (or sister chromatids) held together at the centromere. Prometaphase: The chromosomes, move to the middle of the cell. The spindle fibres bind to centromere of each chromosome at kinetochore. Metaphase: The chromosomes align along the metaphase plate of the spindle apparatus. Anaphase: This is the shortest stage of mitosis. The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated and move to the opposite poles of the cell. The separated sister chromatids ordaughter chromosomesreceives a copy of each parental chromosome. Telophase: This is the final stage of mitosis. The nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, and the spindle fibres disappear. Cytokinesis: the membrane appears to divide the two daughter cells with same chromosome number and the DNA content as the parent cell. The cell then enters interphase - the interval between mitotic divisions. Meiosis is the cell division occuring in sex cells or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome). The process involves one DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear and cellular divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II). Similar to mitosis, meiosis is preceded by a process of DNA replication that converts each chromosome into two sister chrom.

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1. Describe how variation in meiosis happens and why it is beneficial? Steps and functions of mitosis and meiosis? ( I am having a hard time with defining each step in mitosis and meiosis. There is meiosis I and II and I get confused on the steps with functions. Any ideas how I can remember?) TIA :) Solution Explanation:- Variation in meiosis:- During meiosis in humans, 1 diploid cell (with 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs) undergoes 2 cycles of cell division but only 1 round of DNA replication. The result is 4 haploidHaving one copy of each chromosome, or having a single set of chromosomes. Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are haploid. daughter cells known as gametes or egg and sperm cells (each with 23 chromosomes – 1 from each pair in the diploid cell). At conception, an egg cell and a sperm cell combine to form a zygote (46 chromosomes or 23 pairs). This is the 1st cell of a new individual. The halving of the number of chromosomes in gametes ensures that zygotes have the same number of chromosomes from one generation to the next. This is critical for stable sexual reproduction through successive generations. Benefits of Meiosis:- 1. New Cell Generation- The chromosomes created during meiosis are composed of 50% copies of the parent cell and 50% new cells. ‘Â These new cells are produced during the cross-over stages of the cell division process. ‘Â During this stage half of the genetic material from the parent cell is copied into the new cells, with the other half having distinct properties and characteristics. 2. DNA Replication The process of meiosis involves copying or replication of genetic material from the parent cell into the new cells. ‘Â As much as half of the genetic properties of the parent cell are copied into the newly-created cells. ‘Â When applied to humans for example, DNA from both parents will partly be copied onto the cells of their offspring. ‘Â When DNA is copied or replicated, the offspring will also have similar qualities with either or both of his/her parents. 3. Genetic Variation With meiosis, only half of the genetic material is replicated into the new cells. ‘Â This simply means that the remaining half will be composed of unique genetic properties making each cell different from the other. ‘Â Through this process, humans for example will all have different genetic material and structure. With the process involved in meiosis, humans are able to reproduce similar yet distinct offspring. ‘Â The whole process basically explains the fact that babies may share some genetic traits from their parents but they will also have unique sets of personalities because of their unique genetic composition. Meiosis Stages:- Prophase I Chromosomes condense, Crossing over occurs Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes pair up and align in middle of cell Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes pulled apart Telophase I Nuclear Envelope reforms Cytokinesis I Cell splits into two Prophase II Centrioles divide and move to opposite poles Metaphase II Chromoso.

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Meosis

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